Effect of Freeze-Dryer Design on Drying Rate of an Amorphous Protein-Formulation Determined with a Gravimetric Technique

Improved stability of polyclonal antibodies: A case study with lyophilization-conserved antibodies raised against epitopes from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

Antibodies can be produced as polyclonal (pAb) or monoclonal (mAb) liquid formulations with limited shelf-life. For pAbs, unlike mAbs, only little is known about excipients and lyophilization affecting antibody stability upon reconstitution. We used a model pAb directed against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) pyridoxal 5'-phosphate synthase 2 (Pdx2) to systemically study effects of bulking agents (amino acids, phosphate buffers, salt solutions), sugar(alcohols), surfactants and protein additions (bovine serum albumin, BSA) in liquid pAb formulations (isolated or in combinations) on the activity to detect the antigen in Pf extracts by Western blots. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles (20x) and extended room temperature storage markedly compromised pAb stability, the former being ameliorated by addition of cryoprotectants (glycerol, sucrose). Lyophilization of pure liquid pAb formulation markedly decreased antibody reactivity upon reconstitution which was not preserved by most bulking agents tested (e.g., histidine, arginine, acetate). Among the tested salt solutions (NaCl, Ringer, PBS), phosphate buffered saline had the largest lyoprotective potential, alongside sucrose, but not trehalose or maltitol. Among combinations of excipients, PBS, sucrose, low concentration BSA and Tween potently preserved PfPdx2 stability. Results for PBS were transferable to PfEnolase pAb, indicating that some of the formulations investigated here might be a low-cost solution for more general applicability to pAbs.