Assessing Extensive Cow-Calf Welfare in Namibia: Feasibility of Adapting a New Zealand Beef Cow Welfare Assessment Protocol

Risk factors underlining reproductive performance in smallholder beef cattle herds of South Africa

Improving the historically low reproductive performance of beef cattle in smallholder systems is essential for its productivity and profitability. Therefore, identifying and addressing risk factors associated with low performance in this system present an opportunity for improvement. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of animal and management risk factors on pregnancy rate (PR), fetal and calf loss (FC), calving interval (CI) and days open (DO) in smallholder beef cattle farms. A multi-stage selection approach was conducted in five provinces of South Africa. Cow records (3694) collected from 40 smallholder herds over two years (2018-2019) were analysed. Data on animal and herd management factors including body condition score (BCS), cow age class, breed type, lactation status, culling old/non-productive cows, record-keeping, and breeding and calving seasons were recorded. The GLIMMIX procedure was computed to determine risk factors associated with performance indicators (PR, FC, CI and DO). Risk factors highly associated with performance were breed type, BCS, cow-age class and breeding/calving season (P ≤ 0.05). Indicators FC, DO and CI increased with decreased BCS, autumn calving seasons, and in first calvers and aged cows. Whereas, PR increased with increasing odds of BCS and breeding seasons between December-March, November-February and January-March. Optimizing reproductive performance in smallholder beef cattle herds may involve managing cow body condition, breeding with adapted genotypes and synchronizing breeding with favourable seasons. Therefore, record keeping and regular monitoring of herd nutrition, climate and breed performance may be significant in improving reproductive performance in smallholder herds.

Assessing Reproductive Performance to Establish Benchmarks for Small-Holder Beef Cattle Herds in South Africa

Smallholder beef cattle farms in South Africa have had low reproductive performance, which has been associated with management practices. Considering current farm management practices, a multi-stage selection study was conducted to assess reproductive performance as defined by pregnancy rate, fetal and calf losses, calving interval and days open to benchmark reproductive performance. Data were collected twice, in autumn (March−May) for pregnancy diagnosis and in spring (September−November) for monitoring of confirmed pregnancies. Overall, 3694 cow records from 40 smallholder herds were collected during 2018 and 2019 breeding seasons from five provinces. The preferred 25th quartile described target performance and GLIMMIX procedure determined associations between management practices and performance. Smallholder farms on average recorded 50% pregnancy rate and 12% fetal and calf losses with 304 and 608 days open and calving interval, respectively. The derived target benchmarks for pregnancy rate, fetal and calf losses, days open and calving intervals in smallholder farms were 54%, 1.4%, 152 and 425 days, respectively. Reproductive performance was associated with no knowledge of body condition scoring before breeding, culling of old and non-productive cows, record keeping and low bull to cow ratio (p < 0.05). The performance benchmarks implied that industry averages may be improved if sustainable management services are provided through extension and advisory services.