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Souza FD, Rodrigues Garcia D, Cuya T, Pimentel AS, Gonçalves ADS, Alencastro RBD, França TCC. Molecular Modeling Study of Uncharged Oximes Compared to HI-6 and 2-PAM Inside Human AChE Sarin and VX Conjugates. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4490-4500. [PMID: 32175496 PMCID: PMC7066550 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of nerve agents over the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) turned these compounds into the most dangerous chemical weapons known. Among the antidotes in use today against these agents, oximes in combination with other drugs are the only treatment with any action. HI-6 and 2-PAM are cationic oximes proved to be effective for the reactivation of AChE inhibited by the nerve agents VX and sarin (GB). However, when it comes to reactivation of AChE inside the central or peripheral nervous systems, charged molecules present low diffusion due to low penetration through the blood-brain barrier. Uncharged oximes appear as an interesting alternative to solve this problem, but the development and enhancement of more efficient uncharged oximes capable of reactivating human AChE is still necessary. Given the limitations for in vivo and in vitro experimental studies with nerve agents, modeling is an important tool that can contribute to a better understanding of factors that may affect the efficiency of uncharged oximes. In order to investigate the interaction and behavior of cationic and uncharged oximes, we performed here molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding energies calculations of the known cationic oximes HI-6 and 2-PAM plus four uncharged oximes found in the literature, complexed with human AChE (HssACHE) conjugated with the nerve agents VX and GB. The uncharged oximes showed different behaviors, especially RS194B, which presented stability inside AChE-VX, but presented free binding energy lower than cationic oximes, suggesting that structural alterations could favor its interactions with these complexes. In contrast, HI-6 and 2-PAM showed higher affinities with more negative binding energy values and larger contribution of the amino acid Asp74, demonstrating the importance of the quaternary nitrogen to the affinity and interaction of oximes with AChE-GB and AChE-VX conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe
Rodrigues de Souza
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling Applied
to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University
of Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Danielle Rodrigues Garcia
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling Applied
to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Teobaldo Cuya
- Faculty
of Technology, University of the State of
Rio de Janeiro, 27537-000 Resende/RJ, Brazil
| | - André Silva Pimentel
- Department
of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University
of Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Arlan da Silva Gonçalves
- Postgraduate
Program in Sustainable Technologies (PPGTECS), Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Espírito
Santo, Unit Vila Velha, 29056-255 Vila Velha/ES, Brazil
- Postgraduate
Program in Chemistry (PPGQUI), Federal University
of Espírito Santo, 29075-910 Vitória, ESBrazil
| | | | - Tanos Celmar Costa França
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling Applied
to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho
62, 50003 Hradec
Kralove, Czech Republic
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Cuquel AC, Dorandeu F, Ceppa F, Renard C, Burnat P. [The VR, the Russian version of the nerve agent VX]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2015; 73:180-9. [PMID: 25592653 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A product of the arms race during the Cold War, the Russian VX, or VR, is an organophosphorus compound that is a structural isomer of the western VX compound (or A4), with which it shares a very high toxicity. It is much less studied and known than VX because the knowledge of its existence is relatively recent. A very low volatility and high resistance in the environment make it a persistent agent. Poisoning occurs mainly following penetration through skin and mucosa but vapour inhalation is a credible risk in some circumstances. The clinical presentation may be differed by several hours and despite the absence of signs and symptoms, the casualty should not be considered as contamination or intoxication-free. This agent has a long residence time in blood, a characteristics that clearly differentiates it from other compounds such as sarin. The protocols for antidote administration may thus have to be changed accordingly. The fact that VR poisoned individuals will less respond to the current oxime therapy used in France, the 2-PAM and that VR represents a higher threat than VX, being probably possessed by some proliferating states, justify the interest for this toxic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Cuquel
- Fédération de pharmacie-biologie médicale, HIA Val-de-Grâce, 74, boulevard de Port-Royal 75230 Paris cedex, France
| | - F Dorandeu
- Département de toxicologie et risques chimiques, institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP 73, 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - F Ceppa
- Fédération de biologie médicale, hôpital d'instruction des armées Bégin, 94163 Saint-Mandé cedex, France
| | - C Renard
- Fédération de pharmacie-biologie médicale, HIA Val-de-Grâce, 74, boulevard de Port-Royal 75230 Paris cedex, France
| | - P Burnat
- Fédération de biologie médicale, hôpital d'instruction des armées Bégin, 94163 Saint-Mandé cedex, France.
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Mikler J, Tenn C, Worek F, Reiter G, Thiermann H, Garrett M, Bohnert S, Sawyer T. Immobilization of Russian VX skin depots by localized cooling: Implications for decontamination and medical countermeasures. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Voicu VA, Thiermann H, RÄdulescu FÅ, Mircioiu C, Miron DS. The Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of Organophosphonatesversusthe Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oxime Antidotes: Biological Consequences. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 106:73-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Musilek K, Holas O, Misik J, Pohanka M, Novotny L, Dohnal V, Opletalova V, Kuca K. Monooxime-monocarbamoyl Bispyridinium Xylene-Linked Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase-Synthesis, In vitro and Toxicity Evaluation, and Docking Studies. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:247-54. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tiwari S, Ghosh KK, Marek J, Kuca K. Functionalized surfactant mediated reactions of carboxylate, phosphate and sulphonate esters. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tiwari S, Ghosh KK, Marek J, Kuca K. Comparative study of nucleophilic efficacy of pralidoxime towards phosphorus, sulfur and thiophosphorus based esters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-009-0072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Time-Course Changes of Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Blood and Some Tissues in Rats After Intoxication by Russian VX. Neurotox Res 2009; 16:356-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hajek P, Bajgar J, Slizova D, Krs O, Kuca K, Capek L, Fusek J. Different inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in selected parts of the rat brain following intoxication with VX and Russian VX. Drug Chem Toxicol 2009; 32:1-8. [DOI: 10.1080/01480540802391062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bajgar J, Kuca K, Fusek J, Karasova J, Kassa J, Cabal J, Jun D, Blaha V. Inhibition of blood cholinesterases following intoxication with VX and its derivatives. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:458-63. [PMID: 17299830 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents can be divided into G-agents (sarin, soman, tabun, cyclosarin etc.) and V-agents. The studies dealing with V-agents (O-alkyl S-2-dialkylaminoethyl methyl phosphonothiolates) are limited to one or two representatives only (VX, Russian VX). Anticholinesterase properties of 11 V-agents were studied in rats in vivo. Following intoxication with these agents in doses of 1 x LD(50) (intramuscular administration), activities of cholinesterases in the blood were continuously monitored and half-lives (t(0.5)) of inhibition were determined. These values varied from 3 min (VX and some other agents) to 10-14 min (derivatives substituted on the phosphorus head by O-ethyl- or O-isopropyl-, and by dimethyl-, diethyl- and dibutyl- on the nitrogen). Acetylcholinesterase activities in selected parts of the brain and diaphragm (30 min after the intoxication) were also detected. A correlation between toxicities and rates of inhibition of the blood enzymes was demonstrated. A similar relationship between acetylcholinesterase inhibition in vitro (from literature data) and half-lives of the blood cholinesterases was also observed. Though the chemical similarity of V compounds is evident, marked differences were observed among different derivatives; however, all agents examined had high inhibition potency corresponding to their toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bajgar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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