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Zakaria NN, Convey P, Gomez-Fuentes C, Zulkharnain A, Sabri S, Shaharuddin NA, Ahmad SA. Oil Bioremediation in the Marine Environment of Antarctica: A Review and Bibliometric Keyword Cluster Analysis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020419. [PMID: 33671443 PMCID: PMC7922015 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioremediation of hydrocarbons has received much attention in recent decades, particularly relating to fuel and other oils. While of great relevance globally, there has recently been increasing interest in hydrocarbon bioremediation in the marine environments of Antarctica. To provide an objective assessment of the research interest in this field we used VOSviewer software to analyze publication data obtained from the ScienceDirect database covering the period 1970 to the present, but with a primary focus on the years 2000–2020. A bibliometric analysis of the database allowed identification of the co-occurrence of keywords. There was an increasing trend over time for publications relating to oil bioremediation in maritime Antarctica, including both studies on marine bioremediation and of the metabolic pathways of hydrocarbon degradation. Studies of marine anaerobic degradation remain under-represented compared to those of aerobic degradation. Emerging keywords in recent years included bioprospecting, metagenomic, bioindicator, and giving insight into changing research foci, such as increasing attention to microbial diversity. The study of microbial genomes using metagenomic approaches or whole genome studies is increasing rapidly and is likely to drive emerging fields in future, including rapid expansion of bioprospecting in diverse fields of biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Nadhirah Zakaria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.N.Z.); (N.A.S.)
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK;
| | - Claudio Gomez-Fuentes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Magallanes, Avda, Bulnes 01855, Chile;
- Center for Research and Antarctic Environmental Monitoring (CIMAA), Universidad de Magallanes, Avda, Bulnes 01855, Chile
| | - Azham Zulkharnain
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan;
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.N.Z.); (N.A.S.)
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.N.Z.); (N.A.S.)
- Center for Research and Antarctic Environmental Monitoring (CIMAA), Universidad de Magallanes, Avda, Bulnes 01855, Chile
- National Antarctic Research Centre, B303 Level 3, Block B, IPS Building, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Zhang Z, Guo H, Sun J, Gong X, Wang C, Wang H. Exploration of the biotransformation processes in the biodegradation of phenanthrene by a facultative anaerobe, strain PheF2, with Fe(III) or O 2 as an electron acceptor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:142245. [PMID: 33182168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study of biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with metal ions as electron acceptors is still in its infancy. Here, a pure culture of PheF2 sharing 99.79% 16S rRNA-sequence similarity with Trichococcus alkaliphilus, which was recently reported to degrade PAHs, was isolated and found to degrade PAHs with Fe (III) or O2 reduction. Phenanthrene was selected as a model of PAH to study the biodegradation process by PheF2 with Fe (III) or O2 as an electron acceptor. PheF2 exhibited nearly 100%, 37.1%, and 28.5% anaerobic biodegradation of phenanthrene at initial concentrations of 280.7 μM, 280.6 μM, and 281.3 μM, respectively, within 10 days under anaerobic conditions with XAD-7 as a carrier, heptamethylnonane (HMN) as a solution, and nothing, respectively. PheF2 could degrade nearly 100% of the initial phenanthrene concentration of 283.4 μM under aerobic conditions within three days. The initial step of phenanthrene biodegradation by PheF2 involved carboxylation and dioxygenation under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively. The biotransformation processes of phenanthrene degradation by PheF2 with Fe(III) or O2 as an electron acceptor were explored by metabolite and genome analysis. These findings provide an important theoretical support for evaluation of PAHs fate and for PAHs pollution control or remediation in anaerobic and aerobic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuotao Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haijiao Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Gong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chongyang Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Zhang Z, Sun J, Guo H, Wang C, Fang T, Rogers MJ, He J, Wang H. Anaerobic biodegradation of phenanthrene by a newly isolated nitrate-dependent Achromobacter denitrificans strain PheN1 and exploration of the biotransformation processes by metabolite and genome analyses. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:908-923. [PMID: 32812321 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and harmful contaminants and are more persistent under anaerobic conditions. The bioremediation of PAHs in anaerobic zones has been enhanced by treating the contamination with nitrate, which is thermodynamically favourable, cost-effective, and highly soluble. However, anaerobic PAHs biotransformation processes that employ nitrate as an electron acceptor have not been fully explored. In this study, we investigated the anaerobic biotransformation of PAHs by strain PheN1, a newly isolated phenanthrene-degrading denitrifier, using phenanthrene as a model compound. PheN1 is phylogenetically closely related to Achromobacter denitrificans and reduces nitrate to nitrite (not N2 ) during the anaerobic phenanthrene degradation process. Phenanthrene biotransformation processes were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and were further examined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and genome analyses. Carboxylation and methylation were both found to be the initial steps in the phenanthrene degradation process. Downstream biotransformation processed benzene compounds and cyclohexane derivatives. This study describes the isolation of an anaerobic phenanthrene-degrading bacterium along with the pure-culture evidence of phenanthrene biotransformation processes with nitrate as an electron acceptor. The findings in this study can improve our understanding of anaerobic PAHs biodegradation processes and guide PAHs bioremediation by adding nitrate to anaerobic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuotao Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haijiao Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chongyang Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tingting Fang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Matthew J Rogers
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianzhong He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Stable Isotope and Metagenomic Profiling of a Methanogenic Naphthalene-Degrading Enrichment Culture. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030065. [PMID: 29996505 PMCID: PMC6164631 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as naphthalene are widespread, recalcitrant pollutants in anoxic and methanogenic environments. A mechanism catalyzing PAH activation under methanogenic conditions has yet to be discovered, and the microbial communities coordinating their metabolism are largely unknown. This is primarily due to the difficulty of cultivating PAH degraders, requiring lengthy incubations to yield sufficient biomass for biochemical analysis. Here, we sought to characterize a new methanogenic naphthalene-degrading enrichment culture using DNA-based stable isotope probing (SIP) and metagenomic analyses. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fractionated DNA pinpointed an unclassified Clostridiaceae species as a putative naphthalene degrader after two months of SIP incubation. This finding was supported by metabolite and metagenomic evidence of genes predicted to encode for enzymes facilitating naphthalene carboxylic acid CoA-thioesterification and degradation of an unknown arylcarboxyl-CoA structure. Our findings also suggest a possible but unknown role for Desulfuromonadales in naphthalene degradation. This is the first reported functional evidence of PAH biodegradation by a methanogenic consortium, and we envision that this approach could be used to assess carbon flow through other slow growing enrichment cultures and environmental samples.
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Kümmel S, Starke R, Chen G, Musat F, Richnow HH, Vogt C. Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation As a Tool to Identify Aerobic and Anaerobic PAH Biodegradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3091-3100. [PMID: 26855125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic and anaerobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) biodegradation was characterized by compound specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of the carbon and hydrogen isotope effects of the enzymatic reactions initiating specific degradation pathways, using naphthalene and 2-methylnaphtalene as model compounds. Aerobic activation of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene by Pseudomonas putida NCIB 9816 and Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 17483 containing naphthalene dioxygenases was associated with moderate carbon isotope fractionation (εC = -0.8 ± 0.1‰ to -1.6 ± 0.2‰). In contrast, anaerobic activation of naphthalene by a carboxylation-like mechanism by strain NaphS6 was linked to negligible carbon isotope fractionation (εC = -0.2 ± 0.2‰ to -0.4 ± 0.3‰). Notably, anaerobic activation of naphthalene by strain NaphS6 exhibited a normal hydrogen isotope fractionation (εH = -11 ± 2‰ to -47 ± 4‰), whereas an inverse hydrogen isotope fractionation was observed for the aerobic strains (εH = +15 ± 2‰ to +71 ± 6‰). Additionally, isotope fractionation of NaphS6 was determined in an overlaying hydrophobic carrier phase, resulting in more reliable enrichment factors compared to immobilizing the PAHs on the bottle walls without carrier phase. The observed differences especially in hydrogen fractionation might be used to differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene biodegradation pathways at PAH-contaminated field sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kümmel
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- University of Freiburg , Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Starke
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gao Chen
- MPI-Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology , Department of Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Florin Musat
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- MPI-Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology , Department of Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Hans H Richnow
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Vogt
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Meckenstock RU, Boll M, Mouttaki H, Koelschbach JS, Cunha Tarouco P, Weyrauch P, Dong X, Himmelberg AM. Anaerobic Degradation of Benzene and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 26:92-118. [DOI: 10.1159/000441358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are very slowly degraded without molecular oxygen. Here, we review the recent advances in the elucidation of the first known degradation pathways of these environmental hazards. Anaerobic degradation of benzene and PAHs has been successfully documented in the environment by metabolite analysis, compound-specific isotope analysis and microcosm studies. Subsequently, also enrichments and pure cultures were obtained that anaerobically degrade benzene, naphthalene or methylnaphthalene, and even phenanthrene, the largest PAH currently known to be degradable under anoxic conditions. Although such cultures grow very slowly, with doubling times of around 2 weeks, and produce only very little biomass in batch cultures, successful proteogenomic, transcriptomic and biochemical studies revealed novel degradation pathways with exciting biochemical reactions such as for example the carboxylation of naphthalene or the ATP-independent reduction of naphthoyl-coenzyme A. The elucidation of the first anaerobic degradation pathways of naphthalene and methylnaphthalene at the genetic and biochemical level now opens the door to studying the anaerobic metabolism and ecology of anaerobic PAH degraders. This will contribute to assessing the fate of one of the most important contaminant classes in anoxic sediments and aquifers.
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Çelebi H, Gök O, Sponza DT. Removals of non-analogous OTC and BaP in AMCBR with and without primary substrate. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:1768-1781. [PMID: 26670775 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1131752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic biodegradation of mixed non-analogous two substrates was studied in a binary system with and without the primary substrate using an anaerobic multichamber bed (AMCBR). In the binary mixture, the biodegradation of less-degradable oxytetracycline (OTC) was restarted in the presence of more degradable benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in the initial runs of the AMCBR, but enhanced biodegradation of the more recalcitrant OTC occurs in the later runs of the AMCBR due to enhanced biomass growth on dual substrates without the primary carbon source. The biodegradation yields of the OTC, BaP were discussed with sole-substrate systems and with the dual substrate system in the presence of the primary substrate. The maximum OTC and BaP yields were 93% in Run 3 with the primary substrate, while the maximum BaP and OTC yields were 95%, 98% in Run 3 without the primary substrate. A dual form of the Monod was found to adequately predict the substrate interactions in the binary mixture of OTC and BaP using only the parameters derived from batch experiments. At low BaP (4 mg L(-1)) and OTC (40 mg L(-1)) concentrations, a non-competitive inhibition does not affect the binding of the substrate and so the K(s) were was not affected while the µ(max) was lowered. At high BaP (10 mg L(-1)) and OTC (100 mg L(-1)) concentrations, the BaP and OTC were biodegraded according to competitive inhibition with increased K(s) while µ(max) was not affected. BaP and OTC were biodegraded according to Haldane at high concentrations (>10 mg L(-1) for BaP, 100 mg L(-1) OTC) where they were used as the sole substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Çelebi
- a Department of Environmental Engineering , Aksaray University , Aksaray , Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Gök
- a Department of Environmental Engineering , Aksaray University , Aksaray , Turkey
| | - Delia Teresa Sponza
- b Department of Environmental Engineering , Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir , Turkey
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Xu P, Ma W, Han H, Jia S, Hou B. Isolation of a naphthalene-degrading strain from activated sludge and bioaugmentation with it in a MBR treating coal gasification wastewater. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 94:358-364. [PMID: 25178430 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A highly effective naphthalene-degrading bacterial strain was isolated from acclimated activated sludge from a coal gasification wastewater plant, and identified as a Streptomyces sp., designated as strain QWE-35. The optimal pH and temperature for naphthalene degradation were 7.0 and 35°C. The presence of additional glucose and methanol significantly increased the degradation efficiency of naphthalene. The strain showed tolerance to the toxicity of naphthalene at a concentration as great as 200 mg/L. The Andrews mode could be fitted to the degradation kinetics data well over a wide range of initial naphthalene concentrations (10-200 mg/L), with kinetic values q max = 0.84 h(-1), K s = 40.39 mg/L, and K i = 193.76 mg/L. Metabolic intermediates were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, allowing a new degradation pathway for naphthalene to be proposed for the first time. Strain QWE-35 was added into a membrane bioreactor (MBR) to enhance the treatment of real coal gasification wastewater. The results showed that the removal of chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen were similar between bioaugmented and non-bioaugmented MBRs, however, significant removal of naphthalene was obtained in the bioaugmented reactor. The findings suggest a potential bioremediation role of Streptomyces sp. QWE-35 in the removal of naphthalene from wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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Uptake, accumulation and translocation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by winter wheat cultured on oily sludge-amended soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11631-013-0635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lefevre GH, Hozalski RM, Novak PJ. The role of biodegradation in limiting the accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in raingarden soils. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:6753-6762. [PMID: 22265253 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that raingardens are effective at removing petroleum hydrocarbons from stormwater. There are concerns, however, that petroleum hydrocarbons could accumulate in raingarden soil, potentially resulting in liability for the site owner. In this work, 75 soil samples were collected from 58 raingardens and 4 upland (i.e., control) sites in the Minneapolis, Minnesota area, representing a range of raingarden ages and catchment land uses. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations in the samples were quantified, as were 16S rRNA genes for Bacteria and two functional genes that encode for enzymes used in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. TPH levels in all of the raingarden soil samples were low (<3 μg/kg) and not significantly different from one another. The TPH concentration in raingarden soil samples was, however, significantly greater (p ≤ 0.002) than TPH levels in upland sites. In addition, the number of copies of Bacteria 16S rRNA genes and functional genes were greater in the raingardens planted with deeply-rooted natives and cultivars than in raingardens containing simply turf grass or mulch (p < 0.036), suggesting that planted raingardens may be better able to assimilate TPH inputs. The ability of microorganisms present in the soil samples to degrade a representative petroleum hydrocarbon (naphthalene) was also investigated in batch experiments. A sub-set of the field sites was selected for re-sampling, and all soil samples tested (n = 8) were able to mineralize naphthalene. In these experiments the initial mineralization rate correlated with the number of copies of Bacteria 16S rRNA genes present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Lefevre
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive S.E. Minneapolis, MI 55455-0116, USA.
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Son SW, Chang HW, Kim SK, Chang JS. Sphingobacterium sp. SW-09 Effectively Degrades Phenanthrene, a Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, in a Soil Microcosm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2011.21.11.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Meckenstock RU, Mouttaki H. Anaerobic degradation of non-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:406-14. [PMID: 21398107 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons are among the most prevalent organic pollutants in the environment. Their removal from contaminated systems is of great concern because of the high toxicity effect on living organisms including humans. Aerobic degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons has been intensively studied and is well understood. However, many aromatics end up in habitats devoid of molecular oxygen. Nevertheless, anaerobic degradation using alternative electron acceptors is much less investigated. Here, we review the recent literature and very early progress in the elucidation of anaerobic degradation of non-substituted monocyclic (i.e. benzene) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH such as naphthalene and phenanthrene). A focus will be on benzene and naphthalene as model compounds. This review concerns the microbes involved, the biochemistry of the initial activation and subsequent enzyme reactions involved in the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer U Meckenstock
- Institute for Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Fernández-Luqueño F, Valenzuela-Encinas C, Marsch R, Martínez-Suárez C, Vázquez-Núñez E, Dendooven L. Microbial communities to mitigate contamination of PAHs in soil--possibilities and challenges: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:12-30. [PMID: 20623198 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE Although highly diverse and specialized prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial communities in soil degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), most of these are removed slowly. This review will discuss the biotechnological possibilities to increase the microbial dissipation of PAHs from soil as well as the main biological and biotechnological challenges. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Microorganism provides effective and economically feasible solutions for soil cleanup and restoration. However, when the PAHs contamination is greater than the microbial ability to dissipate them, then applying genetically modified microorganisms might help to remove the contaminant. Nevertheless, it is necessary to have a more holistic review of the different individual reactions that are simultaneously taking place in a microbial cell and of the interactions microorganism-microorganism, microorganism-plant, microorganism-soil, and microorganisms-PAHs. PERSPECTIVES Elucidating the function of genes from the PAHs-polluted soil and the study in pure cultures of isolated PAHs-degrading organisms as well as the generation of microorganisms in the laboratory that will accelerate the dissipation of PAHs and their safe application in situ have not been studied extensively. There is a latent environmental risk when genetically engineered microorganisms are used to remedy PAHs-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fernández-Luqueño
- Renewable Energy Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica de Tulancingo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo 43642, México.
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