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Evaluation of Crystalline Cellulose of Corn Straw through Different Pretreatments Via X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Infrared Spectroscopy. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CIBINIENSIS. SERIES E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aucft-2021-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Waste recycling is beneficial not only for the environment but also for the economy and the society at large. Corn stalks, the most abundant crop waste, are processed with oven drying, steaming, complex enzymatic hydrolysis (cellulase, xylanase, β-glucanase and pectinase), and fermentation (by Candida utilis and Pachysolen tannophilus), were analyzed via X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). The results indicated that thermophilic digestion destroyed glycosidic bonds and fibrous crystal have a significant effect on the degradation of the corn stalks, while complex enzyme hydrolysis only slightly degraded fibrous crystal. Fermentation did not significantly reduce fibrous crystal. Therefore, our research suggested that thermophilic digestion is the appropriate way to increase the saccharification rate and feed yield of corn stalks.
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Stafilov T, Špirić Z, Glad M, Barandovski L, Bačeva Andonovska K, Šajn R, Antonić O. Study of nitrogen pollution in the Republic of North Macedonia by moss biomonitoring and Kjeldahl method. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:759-764. [PMID: 32163013 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1738825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the summer of 2005 and 2010, moss samples were collected from 72 sampling sites evenly distributed all over the territory of Republic of North Macedonia. Kjeldahl method was used to determine the nitrogen content in the samples. Descriptive statistics and distribution maps were prepared. Data obtained from these two surveys were compared, and additional comparison was done with data obtained from similar studies in the South-Eastern European countries and Finland as a clean area. The median value of N content in the samples collected in 2005 is 1.21%, varies from 0.70% to 1.54%, while the content of N in samples collected in 2010 ranges between 0.68% and 1.75% with the median value of 1.06%. High contents of N were found in the Northern and Central parts of the country mainly as a result of agricultural activities, industry and traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trajče Stafilov
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | - Marin Glad
- Teaching Institute of Public Health - Primorsko-Goranska County, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lambe Barandovski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Katerina Bačeva Andonovska
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republic of North Macedonia - MANU, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Robert Šajn
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Schröder W, Nickel S, Schönrock S, Meyer M, Wosniok W, Harmens H, Frontasyeva MV, Alber R, Aleksiayenak J, Barandovski L, Carballeira A, Danielsson H, de Temmermann L, Godzik B, Jeran Z, Karlsson GP, Lazo P, Leblond S, Lindroos AJ, Liiv S, Magnússon SH, Mankovska B, Martínez-Abaigar J, Piispanen J, Poikolainen J, Popescu IV, Qarri F, Santamaria JM, Skudnik M, Špirić Z, Stafilov T, Steinnes E, Stihi C, Thöni L, Uggerud HT, Zechmeister HG. Spatially valid data of atmospheric deposition of heavy metals and nitrogen derived by moss surveys for pollution risk assessments of ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10457-10476. [PMID: 27068915 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For analysing element input into ecosystems and associated risks due to atmospheric deposition, element concentrations in moss provide complementary and time-integrated data at high spatial resolution every 5 years since 1990. The paper reviews (1) minimum sample sizes needed for reliable, statistical estimation of mean values at four different spatial scales (European and national level as well as landscape-specific level covering Europe and single countries); (2) trends of heavy metal (HM) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in moss in Europe (1990-2010); (3) correlations between concentrations of HM in moss and soil specimens collected across Norway (1990-2010); and (4) canopy drip-induced site-specific variation of N concentration in moss sampled in seven European countries (1990-2013). While the minimum sample sizes on the European and national level were achieved without exception, for some ecological land classes and elements, the coverage with sampling sites should be improved. The decline in emission and subsequent atmospheric deposition of HM across Europe has resulted in decreasing HM concentrations in moss between 1990 and 2010. In contrast, hardly any changes were observed for N in moss between 2005, when N was included into the survey for the first time, and 2010. In Norway, both, the moss and the soil survey data sets, were correlated, indicating a decrease of HM concentrations in moss and soil. At the site level, the average N deposition inside of forests was almost three times higher than the average N deposition outside of forests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Nickel
- Chair of Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, Vechta, Germany
| | - Simon Schönrock
- Chair of Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, Vechta, Germany
| | - Michaela Meyer
- Chair of Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, Vechta, Germany
| | - Werner Wosniok
- Institute of Statistics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Harry Harmens
- ICP Vegetation Programme Coordination Centre, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Swansea, UK
| | - Marina V Frontasyeva
- Moss Survey Coordination Centre, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Lambe Barandovski
- Institute of physics, Faculty of Natural sciences and mathematics, University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | | | - Helena Danielsson
- Air Pollution & Abatement Strategies, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Barbara Godzik
- Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Gunilla Pihl Karlsson
- Air Pollution & Abatement Strategies, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Siiri Liiv
- Tallinn Botanic Garden, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Blanka Mankovska
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | - Jarmo Poikolainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland|, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ion V Popescu
- Valahia University of Targoviste, Targoviste, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Zdravko Špirić
- OIKON Ltd.-Institute for Applied Ecology, Zagrebs, Croatia
| | | | - Eiliv Steinnes
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Lotti Thöni
- FUB-Research Group for Environmental Monitoring, Rapperswil, Switzerland
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