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Zhao K, Peng G, Wang K, Li F. Distribution, sources, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in the watershed: the case of Yitong River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:68536-68547. [PMID: 37126174 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and substituted PAHs (SPAHs) are persistent organic pollutants prevalent globally, and SPAHs have received widespread attention in recent years due to their stronger toxicity and carcinogenicity compared to PAHs. There is a lack of systematic examination of PAHs and their derivatives in watersheds. Thus, to clarify the current status, possible sources, and potential risks of PAHs and their derivatives in watersheds, a study was conducted on Yitong River in China. The results showed that the concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑OPAHs, and ∑NPAHs ranged from 297.9-1158.3 ng/L, 281.1-587.2 ng/L, and 65.7-269.1 ng/L, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis showed that the PAHs were mainly derived from petroleum sources, agricultural waste, and coal combustion. Nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) were mainly derived from liquid combustion sources, and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) were derived mainly from petroleum source emissions and atmospheric deposition. The exposure risk model of PAHs revealed that 86% of the studied sites would pose carcinogenic risks after dermal contact. The contaminant causing a major carcinogenic risk was DahA, and none of the sites produced non-carcinogenic risks. The lifetime carcinogenic risk of NPAHs was 8.85 × 10-10-1.44 × 10-4, and some surface waters presented with potential carcinogenic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria at Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Xia M, Chen B, Fan G, Weng S, Qiu R, Hong Z, Yan Z. The shifting research landscape for PAH bioremediation in water environment: a bibliometric analysis on three decades of development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27404-4. [PMID: 37150789 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with their carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects can cause great damage to the ecosystem and public health when present in water. With bioremediation, PAH contamination in water environment can be greatly reduced in an eco-friendly manner. It has thus become the research focus for many environmental scientists. In this study, a bibliometric analysis on three-decade (1990-2022) development of PAH bioremediation in water environment was conducted from temporal and spatial dimensions using CiteSpace. A total of 2480 publications, obtained from Web of Science core collection database, were used to explore the basic characteristics, hotspots, and prospects of the research area. The results showed that (1) bioremediation/biodegradation of PAHs in water environment has been getting researchers' attention since 1990, and is gaining even more traction as time goes on. (2) In terms of countries, China and the USA were the major contributors in this research area, while at the institutional level, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has produced the most research results. However, international cooperation across regions was lacking in the field. (3) Environment Science and Technology, Chemosphere, Applied and Environment Microbiology, Journal of Hazardous Materials, and Environment Pollution were the 5 most cited journals in this field. (4) There were three major stages the field has gone through, each with distinct research hotspots, including initial stage (1990-1994), mechanism investigation (1995-2000), and application exploration (2001-2010; 2011-2022). Finally, research perspectives were proposed, covering three directions, namely, bioavailability, immobilization, and viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Xia
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Bo Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Gongduan Fan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
| | - Sunxian Weng
- Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Fujian Electric Power Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Rongpeng Qiu
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Zhanglin Hong
- China Construction Third Bureau First Engineering Co., Ltd., Hubei, 430040, China
| | - Zhongsen Yan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
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Seyed Hashtroudi M, Aghadadashi V, Mehdinia A, Sheijooni Fumani N. Combining theoretical concepts and Geographic Information System (GIS) to highlight source, risk, and hotspots of sedimentary PAHs: A case study of Chabahar Bay. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114540. [PMID: 36228685 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sedimentary PAHs are regionalized variables and their levels, source, and ecological hazards must be discussed in relation to their spatial locations. Our research targeted GIS and Chabahar Bay-Iran to trace spatial variability of PAHs, improve the diagnostic ratios and receptor models in source identification, and determine hotspot of PAH-originated hazards. The entropy Voronoi map distinguished an "entropy strip" in which ∑22PAHs levels increased sharply. Different molecular signatures were individually interpolated and the indicative ratios of distinctive sources were extracted and summed by GIS. The resulting code map reduced potential disagreement among molecular signatures and highlighted the areas where petroleum inputs are prevalent. PCA-MLR analysis extracted three potential sources including fossil fuel combustion (54.36%), petrogenic inputs (29.03%), and vehicle exhaust emissions (16.61%). Interpolated risk layers were re-arranged and overlaid via Fuzzy Membership Functions. The obtained ''Fuzzy AND" map showed the hotspot of the study area in the vicinity of a seasonal estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Seyed Hashtroudi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran, P.O. Box:, 1411813389, Iran.
| | - Vahid Aghadadashi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran, P.O. Box:, 1411813389, Iran
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran, P.O. Box:, 1411813389, Iran
| | - Neda Sheijooni Fumani
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran, P.O. Box:, 1411813389, Iran
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Ma J, Rene ER, Chen Z, Ma W. Fate of PAHs in treated wastewater reused as irrigation water: Environmental risks in water-soil-ryegrass multimedia system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127500. [PMID: 34673393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to determine the fate, bio-metabolism and environmental risk of low-ring and high-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a water-soil-ryegrass multi-media system, under long-term irrigation condition with micro-polluted treated wastewater. Field experiments were carried out to simulate garden irrigation using treated wastewater containing typical representative low-ring naphthalene (Nap) and high-ring benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The results showed that BaP's vertical attenuation rate and adsorption accumulation rate were 1.7 and 1.2 times higher than Nap's, respectively. The adsorption, biodegradation, and the rhizosphere effect were responsible for 40.7%, 28.4%, 21.6%, and 30.5%, 36.6%, 17.7%, respectively, of the attenuation of BaP and Nap. The major metabolic pathways of Nap and BaP are hydroxylation, ring opening cleavage, and decarboxylation, with the metabolic chain of BaP being longer than that of Nap due to more ring cleaving reactions. Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, and Sphingomonas were the functional microorganisms with PAHs degradation capacity that were positively correlated with PAHs degradation, particularly in the rhizosphere. After ten years of irrigation with treated wastewater, the prediction of environmental risk revealed that there were few potential risks. Thus, the results of this feasibility study demonstrated that using treated wastewater for garden irrigation was a relatively safe and effective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaman Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, P. O. Box 3015, 2601DA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Zongyao Chen
- Danzhou Water Affairs Bureau, Zhanzhou 571799, China
| | - Weifang Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Saber AN, Zhang H, Islam A, Yang M. Occurrence, fates, and carcinogenic risks of substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two coking wastewater treatment systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147808. [PMID: 34058590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports for the first time the occurrence, fates, and carcinogenic risks of 20 substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SPAHs) and 16 priority PAH species in two coking wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (plant E and central WWTP). The measured total concentrations of PAHs and SPAHs in raw wastewater of coking plant E were 3700 and 1200 μg·L-1, respectively, with naphthalene (1400 μg·L-1), and fluoranthene (353 μg·L-1) as dominant PAH species and 2-methylnaphthalene (167 μg·L-1), anthraquinone (133 μg·L-1), and 1-methylnaphthalene (132 μg·L-1) as dominant SPAHs. For the 11 methyl-PAHs (MPAHs), 4 oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), and 5 nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs) investigated, the biological wastewater treatment process removed 98.6% MPAHs, 83.9% OPAHs, and 89.1% NPAHs. Mass balance analysis result revealed that transformation was the major mechanism to remove low-molecular-weight (LMW) MPAHs (59.9-77.3%), a large part of OPAHs, including anthraquinone, methylanthraquinone, and 9-fluorenone (46.7-49.6%), and some NPAHs, including 2-nitrofluorene and 9-nitroanthrancene (52.9-59.1%). Adsorption by activated sludge mainly accounted for removing high-molecular-weight (HMW) SPAHs (59.6-71.01%). The relatively high concentrations of SPAHs in excess sludge (15,000 μg·g-1) and treated effluent (104 μg·L-1) are of great concern for their potential adverse ecological impacts. SPAHS exhibited similar behaviors in central WWTP, though the influent concentrations were much lower. The concentration levels of SPAHs in the ambient air of coking plant E and central WWTP may also pose potential lung cancer risks (LCR) to the workers through inhalation, where all studied SPAHs except 3-nitrofluoranthene and 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene exceeded the acceptable cancer risk standards (>10-6) recommended by U.S EPA. This study could help identify the ecological and healthy risks during coking wastewater treatment and provide useful information for policy-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman N Saber
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt.
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ashraful Islam
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Mohammed R, Zhang ZF, Jiang C, Hu YH, Liu LY, Ma WL, Song WW, Nikolaev A, Kallenborn R, Li YF. Occurrence, Removal, and Mass Balance of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Northeast China. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9040076. [PMID: 33918398 PMCID: PMC8066243 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 33 methylated PAHs (Me-PAHs), and 14 nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) were measured in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to study the removal efficiency of these compounds through the WWTPs, as well as their source appointment and potential risk in the effluent. The concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑Me-PAHs, and ∑NPAHs were 2.01–8.91, 23.0–102, and 6.21–171 µg/L in the influent, and 0.17–1.37, 0.06–0.41 and 0.01–2.41 µg/L in the effluent, respectively. Simple Treat 4.0 and meta-regression methods were applied to calculate the removal efficiencies (REs) for the 63 PAHs and their derivatives in 10 WWTPs and the results were compared with the monitoring data. Overall, the ranges of REs were 55.3–95.4% predicated by the Simple Treat and 47.5–97.7% by the meta-regression. The results by diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis PCA showed that “mixed source” biomass, coal composition, and petroleum could be recognized to either petrogenic or pyrogenic sources. The risk assessment of the effluent was also evaluated, indicating that seven carcinogenic PAHs, Benzo[a]pyrene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and Benzo(a)anthracene were major contributors to the toxics equivalency concentrations (TEQs) in the effluent of WWTPs, to which attention should be paid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Mohammed
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; (R.M.); (L.-Y.L.); (W.-L.M.); (W.-W.S.); (R.K.)
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; (R.M.); (L.-Y.L.); (W.-L.M.); (W.-W.S.); (R.K.)
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- Correspondence: or (Z.-F.Z.); or (Y.-F.L.); Tel.: +86-451-8628-9130 (Z.-F.Z.)
| | - Chao Jiang
- Heilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Harbin 150028, China; (C.J.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Ying-Hua Hu
- Heilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Harbin 150028, China; (C.J.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; (R.M.); (L.-Y.L.); (W.-L.M.); (W.-W.S.); (R.K.)
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; (R.M.); (L.-Y.L.); (W.-L.M.); (W.-W.S.); (R.K.)
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; (R.M.); (L.-Y.L.); (W.-L.M.); (W.-W.S.); (R.K.)
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia;
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; (R.M.); (L.-Y.L.); (W.-L.M.); (W.-W.S.); (R.K.)
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology & Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; (R.M.); (L.-Y.L.); (W.-L.M.); (W.-W.S.); (R.K.)
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, ON M2N 6X9, Canada
- Correspondence: or (Z.-F.Z.); or (Y.-F.L.); Tel.: +86-451-8628-9130 (Z.-F.Z.)
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Cao W, Yin L, Zhang D, Wang Y, Yuan J, Zhu Y, Dou J. Contamination, Sources, and Health Risks Associated with Soil PAHs in Rebuilt Land from a Coking Plant, Beijing, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040670. [PMID: 30823546 PMCID: PMC6407006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in the reconstructed land of an abandoned industrial site: a coking plant in Beijing. To meet the needs of urban development, many factories have had to be relocated from city centers, and abandoned industrial sites often need to be transformed into residential land or urban green space through a series of restoration measures. It is necessary to study the level of residual pollutants and potential risks associated with industrial reconstructed land. The concentration of 16 PAHs in the study area ranged from 314.7 to 1618.3 µg/kg, and the average concentration was still at a medium pollution level; the concentration of PAHs in the original coking workshop had the highest levels (1350.5 µg/kg). The PAHs in the soil were mainly low-ring aromatics, especially naphthalene and phenanthrene. The isomer method and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in the topsoil were the result of coal and biomass combustion. The seven carcinogenic PAHs were the main contributors to the total toxicity equivalence. The genetic toxicity of benzo[a]pyrene was relatively low, and the results were related to the concentration level. There were potential carcinogenic risks for people of varying ages in this residential area. In total, gender differences were small, and the comprehensive lifetime cancer risk level was still acceptable. For the remaining plots at the study site, the daily intake of PAHs by construction workers was between 0.74⁻2.31 ng/kg bw/day, which requires further evaluation about ignored area occupational exposure to environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Liqin Yin
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for risk modeling and remediation of contaminated sites, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Yingying Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jing Yuan
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yi Zhu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Junfeng Dou
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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