1
|
Piłat-Rożek M, Łazuka E, Majerek D, Szeląg B, Duda-Saternus S, Łagód G. Application of Machine Learning Methods for an Analysis of E-Nose Multidimensional Signals in Wastewater Treatment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:487. [PMID: 36617095 PMCID: PMC9824643 DOI: 10.3390/s23010487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The work represents a successful attempt to combine a gas sensors array with instrumentation (hardware), and machine learning methods as the basis for creating numerical codes (software), together constituting an electronic nose, to correct the classification of the various stages of the wastewater treatment process. To evaluate the multidimensional measurement derived from the gas sensors array, dimensionality reduction was performed using the t-SNE method, which (unlike the commonly used PCA method) preserves the local structure of the data by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the two distributions with respect to the location of points on the map. The k-median method was used to evaluate the discretization potential of the collected multidimensional data. It showed that observations from different stages of the wastewater treatment process have varying chemical fingerprints. In the final stage of data analysis, a supervised machine learning method, in the form of a random forest, was used to classify observations based on the measurements from the sensors array. The quality of the resulting model was assessed based on several measures commonly used in classification tasks. All the measures used confirmed that the classification model perfectly assigned classes to the observations from the test set, which also confirmed the absence of model overfitting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Piłat-Rożek
- Faculty of Technology Fundamentals, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Łazuka
- Faculty of Technology Fundamentals, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Majerek
- Faculty of Technology Fundamentals, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartosz Szeląg
- Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Łagód
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Drewnowski J, Szeląg B, Xie L, Lu X, Ganesapillai M, Deb CK, Szulżyk-Cieplak J, Łagód G. The Influence of COD Fraction Forms and Molecules Size on Hydrolysis Process Developed by Comparative OUR Studies in Activated Sludge Modelling. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040929. [PMID: 32093066 PMCID: PMC7070828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The activated sludge models (ASMs) commonly used by the International Water Association (IWA) task group are based on chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionations. However, the proper evaluation of COD fractions, which is crucial for modelling and especially oxygen uptake rate (OUR) predictions, is still under debate. The biodegradation of particulate COD is initiated by the hydrolysis process, which is an integral part of an ASM. This concept has remained in use for over 30 years. The aim of this study was to verify an alternative, more complex, modified (Activated Sludge Model No 2d) ASM2d for modelling the OUR variations and novel procedure for the estimation of a particulate COD fraction through the implementation of the GPS-X software (Hydromantis Environmental Software Solutions, Inc., Hamilton, ON, Canada) in advanced computer simulations. In comparison to the original ASM2d, the modified model more accurately predicted the OUR behavior of real settled wastewater (SWW) samples and SWW after coagulation-flocculation (C-F). The mean absolute relative deviations (MARDs) in OUR were 11.3-29.5% and 18.9-45.8% (original ASM2d) vs. 9.7-15.8% and 11.8-30.3% (modified ASM2d) for the SWW and the C-F samples, respectively. Moreover, the impact of the COD fraction forms and molecules size on the hydrolysis process rate was developed by integrated OUR batch tests in activated sludge modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Drewnowski
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-348-63-62
| | - Bartosz Szeląg
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Av. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Li Xie
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China; (L.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Xi Lu
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China; (L.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Mahesh Ganesapillai
- Mass Transfer Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Gorbachev Road, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India; (M.G.); (C.K.D.)
| | - Chinmoy Kanti Deb
- Mass Transfer Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Gorbachev Road, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India; (M.G.); (C.K.D.)
- Department of Soil Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak
- Faculty of Fundamentals of Technology, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Łagód
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40B, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aeration Process in Bioreactors as the Main Energy Consumer in a Wastewater Treatment Plant. Review of Solutions and Methods of Process Optimization. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7050311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the key role of the biological decomposition process of organic compounds in wastewater treatment, a very important thing is appropriate aeration of activated sludge, because microorganisms have to be supplied with an appropriate amount of oxygen. Aeration is one of the most energy-consuming processes in the conventional activated sludge systems of wastewater treatment technology (may consume from 50% to 90% of electricity used by a plant), which makes it the most cost-generating process incurred by treatment plants. The paper presents the construction of aeration systems, their classification as well as parameters and factors that significantly affect the aeration process e.g., oxygen transfer efficiency, diffuser fouling, methods of dealing with diffuser fouling, diffuser selection. Additionally, there are briefly presented “smart control” systems in wastewater treatment and effect of application control strategy based on Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system connected with the decrease in the energy consumption for aeration of bioreactors with activated sludge. It is noted that before the process is optimized, the system should be equipped with suitable metering devices. Only when relevant data is available, the improvements can be carried out. However, it’s important, that the operator should regularly maintain good condition and high efficiency of diffusers.
Collapse
|
4
|
Performance Evaluation of Pilot-scale Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (HABR) to Process Dyeing Wastewater Based on Grey Relational Analysis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A pilot-scale six-compartment hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) with effective volume of 18 m3 was used to treat dyeing wastewater. The HABR system was able to treat the wastewater efficiently after FeSO4 pretreatment, as indicated by removal efficiencies of 33.7% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 39.9% for suspended solid (SS), and 22.5% for sulfate (SO42−) during steadily operational period. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the concentrations of alkanes, amides, organic acids, ketones, phenols, and esters were much lower in the effluent than those in the influent; many high-molecular-weight compounds such as cyclanes, quinolines, and phenols were successfully transformed to low-molecular-weight ones. As illustrated from the results of generalized grey relational analysis (GGRA), COD removal efficiency was more closely associated with flow rate, organic loading rate (OLR), water temperature, and influent SS among the whole selected possible factors. Based on the overall treating effectiveness and the GGRA study, the optimized operation strategy of the dyeing wastewater treatment by HABR was obtained as the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h for steady-state operation with an up-flow velocity of 1.7 m/h as well as OLR of 1.5–2.0 kg COD/(m3·d).
Collapse
|