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Novel Peptide Sequences with ACE-Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities Derived from the Heads and Bones of Hybrid Groupers ( Epinephelus lanceolatus × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). Foods 2022; 11:foods11243991. [PMID: 36553733 PMCID: PMC9777584 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The heads and bones of hybrid groupers are potential precursors for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory and antioxidant peptides. The aim of this study was to isolate the dual-action peptides from the Alcalase-treated head and bone hydrolysate of hybrid groupers followed by identification of the novel peptides. The stability of these peptides against stimulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) was also determined. Fraction HB-IV (less than 1 kDa) obtained from ultrafiltration showed the strongest ACE-inhibition ability (IC50: 0.28 mg/mL), which was comparable to the potency of the commercial supplement, PeptACE (IC50: 0.22 mg/mL). This fraction also demonstrated the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging and metal-chelating activities. However, further fractionation of HB-IV by a series of chromatography resulted in peptide fractions of reduced ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The hydroxyl radical scavenging and reduction potential of HB-IV were enhanced, whereas ACE-inhibitory and metal-chelating activities were reduced following SGID. A total of 145 peptide sequences were identified from HB-IV, of which 137 peptides were novel to the BIOPEP database. The results suggested that the bioactive peptides isolated from the heads and bones of hybrid groupers could be used as functional foods/ingredients with potential ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant effects.
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Jia XY, Zhu MF, Zhang L, Ma TX, Li YH, Sheng WS, Tu ZC. Extraction optimization and screening of antioxidant peptides from grass carp meat and synergistic-antagonistic effect. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:1481-1493. [PMID: 35592301 PMCID: PMC9094479 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) is one of the three most cultivated freshwater fish around the world, but it is mainly consumed afresh, so only a small part of them are processed into salted fish or snack food. This research was performed to prepare and screen antioxidant peptides from grass carp muscle to promote its high‐value utilization. The parameters of double‐enzyme two‐step hydrolysis were optimized, the peptides with the highest ABTS.+ scavenging ability were enriched and identified by Sephadex G‐25 and LC‐Q‐Orbitrap‐MS/MS. The synergistic–antagonistic effect among identified peptides was also investigated. The optimized conditions were hydrolyzed with protamex (10,000 U/g) at pH 8.0, 50°C for 3 h, followed by hydrolysis with alcalase (6,000 U/g) at pH 9.0, 50 °C for 2 h, and the protein–liquid ratio was 4%. The hydrolysates were further fractionated to obtain five fractions, in which fraction 3 (F3) exhibited the strongest ABTS.+ and O2·‐ scavenging ability with the IC50 values of 0.11 and 0.47 mg/ml, respectively. Twelve novel antioxidant peptides were identified, in which VAGW possessed the highest activity (139.77 μmol GSH/g). Significantly synergistic effects were observed on the two and three peptides’ combination among VAGW, APPAMW, LFGY, FYYGK, and LLLYK, while the C‐terminal tryptophan (Trp) played an important role in the synergism. This study found that grass carp muscle hydrolysates can be potential natural antioxidants in functional products. The synergistic effects among peptides may provide a perspective for the combined application of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Jia
- National R&D Center of Freshwater Fish Processing, and Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-value Utilization of Jiangxi College of Life Science Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang China
| | - Min-Fang Zhu
- National R&D Center of Freshwater Fish Processing, and Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-value Utilization of Jiangxi College of Life Science Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang China
| | - Lu Zhang
- National R&D Center of Freshwater Fish Processing, and Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-value Utilization of Jiangxi College of Life Science Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang China.,Jiangxi Deshang Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd. Yichun China
| | - Tian-Xin Ma
- National R&D Center of Freshwater Fish Processing, and Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-value Utilization of Jiangxi College of Life Science Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang China
| | - Yi-Hua Li
- National R&D Center of Freshwater Fish Processing, and Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-value Utilization of Jiangxi College of Life Science Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang China
| | - Wen-Sheng Sheng
- Jiangxi Deshang Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd. Yichun China
| | - Zong-Cai Tu
- National R&D Center of Freshwater Fish Processing, and Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-value Utilization of Jiangxi College of Life Science Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang China
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3
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Bio/multi-functional peptides derived from fish gelatin hydrolysates: Technological and functional properties. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Generation of hydrolysates from rice bran proteins using a combined ultrasonication-Alcalase hydrolysis treatment. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Iosageanu A, Ilie D, Craciunescu O, Seciu-Grama AM, Oancea A, Zarnescu O, Moraru I, Oancea F. Effect of Fish Bone Bioactive Peptides on Oxidative, Inflammatory and Pigmentation Processes Triggered by UVB Irradiation in Skin Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:2691. [PMID: 34064423 PMCID: PMC8124703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated for the first time the photoprotective effect of fish bone bioactive peptides (FBBP) preparation isolated from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) discarded tissue using in vitro experimental models of skin cells exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation and stressing agents. FBBP preparation was obtained by papain treatment of minced bones and centrifugal ultrafiltration, and the molecular weight (MW) distribution was characterized by size exclusion and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). In vitro assessment of the effect of FBBP pretreatment in UVB-irradiated L929 fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes revealed their cytoprotective activity. Their capacity to efficiently reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation varied in a dose-dependent manner, and it was greater in fibroblasts. A decrease of proinflammatory cytokines secretion, in particular of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), was found after FBBP pretreatment of THP-1-derived inflamed macrophages. Melanin production and tyrosinase activity investigated in UVB-irradiated Mel-Juso cells were lowered in direct relation to FBBP concentrations. FBBP fractions with high radical scavenging activity were separated by ion exchange chromatography, and two collagenic sequences were identified. All these results offer new scientific data on aquaculture fish bone-derived peptides confirming their ability to control the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and pigmentation processes developed during UV irradiation of skin cells and recommend their use as valuable natural ingredients of photoprotective cosmeceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Iosageanu
- National Institute of R&D for Biological Sciences, 296, Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.); (D.I.); (A.-M.S.-G.); (A.O.)
| | - Daniela Ilie
- National Institute of R&D for Biological Sciences, 296, Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.); (D.I.); (A.-M.S.-G.); (A.O.)
| | - Oana Craciunescu
- National Institute of R&D for Biological Sciences, 296, Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.); (D.I.); (A.-M.S.-G.); (A.O.)
| | - Ana-Maria Seciu-Grama
- National Institute of R&D for Biological Sciences, 296, Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.); (D.I.); (A.-M.S.-G.); (A.O.)
| | - Anca Oancea
- National Institute of R&D for Biological Sciences, 296, Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.); (D.I.); (A.-M.S.-G.); (A.O.)
| | - Otilia Zarnescu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95, Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ionut Moraru
- Laboratoarele Medica SRL, 11, Frasinului Street, 075100 Otopeni, Romania;
| | - Florin Oancea
- National Institute for R&D in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—Icechim, 202, Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
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Kaur A, Kehinde BA, Sharma P, Sharma D, Kaur S. Recently isolated food-derived antihypertensive hydrolysates and peptides: A review. Food Chem 2020; 346:128719. [PMID: 33339686 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a non-communicable disease characterized by elevated blood pressure, and a prominent metabolic syndrome of modern age. Food-borne bioactive peptides have shown considerable potencies as suitable therapeutic agents for hypertension. The peptide inhibition of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) from its default biochemical conversion of Ang I to Ang II has been studied and more relatively adopted in several studies. This review offers an examination of the isolation of concomitant proteins in foods, their hydrolysis into peptides and the biofunctionality checks of those peptides based on their anti-hypertensive potentialities. Furthermore, critical but concise details about methodologies and analytical techniques used in the purification of such peptides are discussed. This review is a beneficial literature supplement for scholars and provides functional awareness material for the food-aligned alternative therapy for hypertension. In addition, it points researchers in the direction of adopting food materials and associated by-products as natural sources for the isolation biologically active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshdeep Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi GT Road, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | | | - Poorva Sharma
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi GT Road, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Deepansh Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, India
| | - Sawinder Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi GT Road, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
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Tacias-Pascacio VG, Morellon-Sterling R, Siar EH, Tavano O, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Use of Alcalase in the production of bioactive peptides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2143-2196. [PMID: 33091472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to cover the uses of the commercially available protease Alcalase in the production of biologically active peptides since 2010. Immobilization of Alcalase has also been reviewed, as immobilization of the enzyme may improve the final reaction design enabling the use of more drastic conditions and the reuse of the biocatalyst. That way, this review presents the production, via Alcalase hydrolysis of different proteins, of peptides with antioxidant, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory, metal binding, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities (among other bioactivities) and peptides that improve the functional, sensory and nutritional properties of foods. Alcalase has proved to be among the most efficient proteases for this goal, using different protein sources, being especially interesting the use of the protein residues from food industry as feedstock, as this also solves nature pollution problems. Very interestingly, the bioactivities of the protein hydrolysates further improved when Alcalase is used in a combined way with other proteases both in a sequential way or in a simultaneous hydrolysis (something that could be related to the concept of combi-enzymes), as the combination of proteases with different selectivities and specificities enable the production of a larger amount of peptides and of a smaller size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | | | - El-Hocine Siar
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Equipe TEPA, Laboratoire LNTA, INATAA, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of the External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Mirzapour‐Kouhdasht A, Moosavi‐Nasab M. Shelf-life extension of whole shrimp using an active coating containing fish skin gelatin hydrolysates produced by a natural protease. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:214-223. [PMID: 31993147 PMCID: PMC6977469 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was focused on shelf-life extension of whole shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) using an active coating containing gelatin hydrolysates. Gelatin extracted from Scomberomorus commerson skin was hydrolyzed using actinidin extracted from kiwifruit. Some important physicochemical characteristics of fish skin gelatin including viscosity, gelling and melting points, and temperatures were examined. The whole shrimp was coated with four coating agents including fish skin gelatin (FG), commercial gelatin (CG), fish skin gelatin containing 1 mg/ml fish gelatin hydrolysates (FG + GH), and commercial bovine gelatin containing 1 mg/ml fish gelatin hydrolysates (CG + GH). Chemical, microbial, and sensorial properties of samples were monitored for 12 days at 4°C with 3-day intervals (0-12 days). The pH value of samples coated with FG + GH and CG + GH showed the lowest changes during 12 days of storage (1.68 ± 0.00 and 1.70 ± 0.09, respectively). The free fatty acid content (FFA), total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), lipid oxidation, and carbonyl content of samples coated with FG + GH and CG + GH were significantly lower than that of control, CG, and FG samples. The results of this study showed that the gelatin hydrolysates could be used as a preservative costing agent for whole shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Mirzapour‐Kouhdasht
- Seafood Processing Research GroupSchool of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIran
- Department of Food Science and TechnologySchool of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Marzieh Moosavi‐Nasab
- Seafood Processing Research GroupSchool of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIran
- Department of Food Science and TechnologySchool of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIran
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9
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Lv LC, Huang QY, Ding W, Xiao XH, Zhang HY, Xiong LX. Fish gelatin: The novel potential applications. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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10
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Aquaculture and by-products: Challenges and opportunities in the use of alternative protein sources and bioactive compounds. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 92:127-185. [PMID: 32402443 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing concern about chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cancer and cardiovascular diseases resulting from profound changes in the western lifestyle. Aquaculture by-products are generated in large quantities and they can be profitably recycled through their bioactive compounds used for health or food supplements. Improving waste utilization in the field of aquaculture is essential for a sustainable industry to prevent or minimize the environmental impact. In this sense fish by-products are a great source of protein and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids which are particularly studied on Atlantic salmon or rainbow trout. Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) obtained from chemical, enzymatical and microbial hydrolysis of processing by-products are being used as a source of amino acids and peptides with high digestibility, fast absorption and important biological activities. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) from fish discards have been reported to decrease postprandial triacylglycerol levels, reduction of blood pressure, platelet aggregation and the inflammatory response. Crustacean by-products can also be used to produce chitosan with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity for food and pharmaceutical industries and carotenoids with important biological activity. Seaweeds are rich in bioactive compounds such as alginate, carrageenan, agar, carotenoids and polyphenols with different biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory activity. Finally, regarding harvest microalgae, during the past decades, they were mainly used in the healthy food market, with >75% of the annual microalgal biomass production, used for the manufacture of powders, tablets, capsules or pills. We will report and discuss the present and future role of aquaculture by-products as sources of biomolecules for the design and development of functional foods/beverages. This chapter will focus on the main bioactive compounds from aquaculture by-products as functional compounds in food and their applications in biomedicine for the prevention and treatment of diseases.
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Cheng S, Tu M, Chen H, Xu Z, Wang Z, Liu H, Zhao G, Zhu B, Du M. Identification and inhibitory activity against α-thrombin of a novel anticoagulant peptide derived from oyster (Crassostrea gigas) protein. Food Funct 2019; 9:6391-6400. [PMID: 30457135 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01635f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A newly discovered anticoagulant peptide was isolated, purified and identified from the pepsin hydrolysate of oyster (Crassostrea gigas) which could potently prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time and the thrombin time. The anticoagulant peptide with a 1264.36 Da molecular mass was similar to the amino acid sequence of the C-terminal segment (DFEEIPEEYLQ) of hirudin (a potent thrombin inhibitor). The peptide specifically inhibited a vital blood coagulation factor: thrombin. The molecular docking energy scores of the anticoagulant peptide with the active site, exosite-I and exosite-II of thrombin were 132.355 kcal mol-1, 151.266 kcal mol-1 and 147.317 kcal mol-1, respectively. The anticoagulant peptide interacted with thrombin by competing with fibrinogen for an anion-binding exosite I. In the anticoagulant peptide-thrombin complex, there are seven hydrogen bonds and reciprocity exists between hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms, and electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions are also involved. Such abundant interactions may be accountable for the high affinity and specificity of the anticoagulant peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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12
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U G Y, Bhat I, Karunasagar I, B S M. Antihypertensive activity of fish protein hydrolysates and its peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018. [PMID: 29533693 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1452182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rising interest to utilize nutritionally exorbitant fish proteins has instigated research activities in fish waste utilization. The development of newer technologies to utilize fish waste has fostered use of bioactive value-added products for specific health benefits. Enzymatically obtained Fish Protein Hydrolysate (FPH) is a rich source of biologically active peptides possessing anti-oxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial and anti-hypertensive activity. Isolating natural remedies to combat alarming negative consequences of synthetic drugs has been the new trend in current research promoting identification of antihypertensive peptides from FPH. In this review, we aim to culminate data available to produce antihypertensive peptides from FPH, its composition and potential to be used as a therapeutic agent. These purified peptides are known to be rich in arginine, valine and leucine. Reports reveal peptides with low molecular weight (<1 kDa) and shorter chain length (<20 amino acids) exhibited higher antihypertensive activity. As these peptides have proven Angiotensin Converting Enzyme - I inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo, their potential to be used as antihypertensive drugs is outrageous. However, current focus on research in the field of molecular docking is necessary to have improved understanding of interaction of the peptides with the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yathisha U G
- a Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University) , Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Ishani Bhat
- a Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University) , Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Iddya Karunasagar
- a Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University) , Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Mamatha B S
- a Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University) , Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore , Karnataka , India
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