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Sanchez-Marroquin A, Arnalds O, Baustian-Dorsi KJ, Browse J, Dagsson-Waldhauserova P, Harrison AD, Maters EC, Pringle KJ, Vergara-Temprado J, Burke IT, McQuaid JB, Carslaw KS, Murray BJ. Iceland is an episodic source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles relevant for mixed-phase clouds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba8137. [PMID: 32637618 PMCID: PMC7314534 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) have the potential to remove much of the liquid water in climatically important mid- to high-latitude shallow supercooled clouds, markedly reducing their albedo. The INP sources at these latitudes are very poorly defined, but it is known that there are substantial dust sources across the high latitudes, such as Iceland. Here, we show that Icelandic dust emissions are sporadically an important source of INPs at mid to high latitudes by combining ice-nucleating active site density measurements of aircraft-collected Icelandic dust samples with a global aerosol model. Because Iceland is only one of many high-latitude dust sources, we anticipate that the combined effect of all these sources may strongly contribute to the INP population in the mid- and high-latitude northern hemisphere. This is important because these emissions are directly relevant for the cloud-phase climate feedback and because high-latitude dust emissions are expected to increase in a warmer climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sanchez-Marroquin
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - O. Arnalds
- Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyrabraut, 311 Hvanneyri, Iceland
| | - K. J. Baustian-Dorsi
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Bison Engineering Inc., Helena, MT 59601, USA
| | - J. Browse
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Center for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 8FE, UK
| | - P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova
- Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyrabraut, 311 Hvanneyri, Iceland
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 126, Prague 6, 16000, Czech Republic
| | - A. D. Harrison
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - E. C. Maters
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, The Old Schools, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - K. J. Pringle
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J. Vergara-Temprado
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I. T. Burke
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J. B. McQuaid
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - K. S. Carslaw
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - B. J. Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Emergency hospital visits in association with volcanic ash, dust storms and other sources of ambient particles: a time-series study in Reykjavík, Iceland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:4047-59. [PMID: 25872017 PMCID: PMC4410232 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120404047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Volcanic ash contributed significantly to particulate matter (PM) in Iceland following the eruptions in Eyjafjallajökull 2010 and Grímsvötn 2011. This study aimed to investigate the association between different PM sources and emergency hospital visits for cardiorespiratory causes from 2007 to 2012. Indicators of PM10 sources; “volcanic ash”, “dust storms”, or “other sources” (traffic, fireworks, and re-suspension) on days when PM10 exceeded the daily air quality guideline value of 50 µg/m3 were entered into generalized additive models, adjusted for weather, time trend and co-pollutants. The average number of daily emergency hospital visits was 10.5. PM10 exceeded the air quality guideline value 115 out of 2191 days; 20 days due to volcanic ash, 14 due to dust storms (two days had both dust storm and ash contribution) and 83 due to other sources. High PM10 levels from volcanic ash tended to be significantly associated with the emergency hospital visits; estimates ranged from 4.8% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.6, 9.2%) per day of exposure in unadjusted models to 7.3% (95% CI: −0.4, 15.5%) in adjusted models. Dust storms were not consistently associated with daily emergency hospital visits and other sources tended to show a negative association. We found some evidence indicating that volcanic ash particles were more harmful than particles from other sources, but the results were inconclusive and should be interpreted with caution.
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