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Yu H, Shan C, Li J, Hou X, Yang L. Alkaline absorbents for SO 2 and SO 3 removal: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121532. [PMID: 38986382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Injection of an alkaline absorbent into the flue gas can significantly reduce SO2 and SO3 emissions. The article presents alkaline absorbents employed in industrial processes to remove SO2 and SO3 from flue gases, detailing their characteristics and applications across various process conditions. It summarizes the mechanisms and influencing factors behind SO2 and SO3 removal, outlines the impact of multi-component gases, particularly SO2, on SO3 removal in actual flue gases, and elucidates this competitive phenomenon from a theoretical standpoint. The article compares the application scenarios and efficiencies of alkaline absorbents across different processes, identifies the optimal combinations of various absorbents and processes, and proposes a synergistic approach for the removal of SO2 and SO3. The findings demonstrate that by injecting calcium- or sodium-based absorbents into dry processes, SO2 and SO3 can be removed efficiently and cost-effectively, with process optimization and absorbent modifications further enhancing the SOx removal efficiency. In the future, by blending two or more absorbents and applying them to dry processes, a synergistic removal of SO2 and SO3 can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chuanjia Shan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jinjin Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xueyan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Linjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Olawuni OA, Sadare OO, Moothi K. The adsorption routes of 4IR technologies for effective desulphurization using cellulose nanocrystals: Current trends, challenges, and future perspectives. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24732. [PMID: 38312585 PMCID: PMC10835247 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The combustion of liquid fuels as energy sources for transportation and power generation has necessitated governments worldwide to direct petroleum refineries to produce sulphur-free fuels for environmental sustainability. This review highlights the novel application of artificial intelligence for optimizing and predicting adsorptive desulphurization operating parameters and green isolation conditions of nanocellulose crystals from lignocellulosic biomass waste. The shortcomings of the traditional modelling and optimization techniques are stated, and artificial intelligence's role in overcoming them is broadly discussed. Also, the relationship between nanotechnology and artificial intelligence and the future perspectives of fourth industrial revolution (4IR) technologies for optimization and modelling of the adsorptive desulphurization process are elaborately discussed. The current study surveys different adsorbents used in adsorptive desulphurization and how biomass-based nanocellulose crystals (green adsorbents) are suitable alternatives for achieving cleaner fuels and environmental sustainability. Likewise, the present study reports the challenges and potential solutions to fully implementing 4IR technologies for effective desulphurization of liquid fuels in petroleum refineries. Hence, this study provides insightful information to benefit a broad audience in waste valorization for sustainability, environmental protection, and clean energy generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwagbenga A. Olawuni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Olawumi O. Sadare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Innovation and Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Claveton Down, Bath, North East Somerset, BA27AY, South West, United Kingdom
| | - Kapil Moothi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
- School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Effect of deflector angle and number on evaporation performance of desulfurization wastewater in a spray drying tower. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhao Z, Fan H, Li Q, Liu C, Chen Z, Li L, Zheng C, Gao X. Hybrid Modelling and Operating Optimization Method of Oxidation Process of Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization (WFGD) System. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Rajulapati L, Chinta S, Shyamala B, Rengaswamy R. Integration of Machine Learning and First Principles Models. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Rajulapati
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
| | | | - Bala Shyamala
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
| | - Raghunathan Rengaswamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
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Multiscale modeling and nonlinear model predictive control for flue gas desulfurization. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dong H, Yang K, Bai G. Evaluation of TPGU using entropy - improved TOPSIS - GRA method in China. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260974. [PMID: 35061705 PMCID: PMC8782510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
China is still one of the countries dominated by thermal power generation. In order to generate more efficient, stable and clean power, it is necessary to evaluate thermal power generation units (TPGU). Firstly, a comprehensive evaluation index system for TPGU with 20 secondary indicators was established from four aspects: reliability indicators, economic indicators, technical supervision indicators, and major operating indicators. Secondly, the entropy weight method can be used to calculate the weight of each second-level index. Mahalanobis Distance improved Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method is coupled with the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA), and the comprehensive evaluation values of 5 units (600MW) are respectively 0.4516, 0.5247, 0.3551, 0.5589 and 0.6168 from both vertical and horizontal dimensions. Finally, by comparing and analyzing this method with the above research methods, it is found that the results obtained by this method which re-establishes the coordinate system based on the data set are more accurate. In addition, this method can effectively evaluate the operation of TPGU, which is of great significance for cleaner production while generating electricity. In conclusion, some suggestions on clean production of TPGU are put forward, and the innovation points and limitations of this paper are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Dong
- School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Bai
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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Numerical Investigation on the Evaporation Performance of Desulfurization Wastewater in a Spray Drying Tower without Deflectors. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11091022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The desulfurization wastewater evaporation technology with flue gas has been widely applied to dispose of desulfurization wastewater. This paper investigates the effect of flue gas flow rate and temperature, wastewater flow rate and initial temperature, and droplet size on the evaporation performance of the desulfurization wastewater in a spray drying tower without deflectors. The results show that the flue gas flow rate and temperature affect the evaporation performance of desulfurization wastewater. The larger flow rate and higher temperature of flue gas correspond to the faster evaporation speed and the shorter complete evaporation distance of the wastewater droplet. Decreasing the flow rate and increasing the initial temperature of the desulfurization wastewater is advantageous to enhance the evaporation speed and shorten the complete evaporation distance of the wastewater droplet. Reducing the droplet size is beneficial to improve the evaporation performance of the desulfurization wastewater. The orthogonal test results show that the factors affecting droplet evaporation performance are ranked as follows: flue gas flow rate > wastewater flow rate > flue gas temperature > wastewater initial temperature > droplet size. Considering the evaporation ratio and the complete evaporation distance, the optimal setting is 14.470 kg/s for flue gas flow rate, 385 °C for flue gas temperature, 0.582 kg/s for wastewater flow rate, 25 °C for wastewater initial temperature, and 60 μm for droplet size. These studied results can provide valuable information to improve the operational performance of the desulfurization wastewater evaporation technology with flue gas.
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The development of a genetic method to optimize the flue gas desulfurization process. ARTIF INTELL 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/jai2021.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide is one of the most commonly found gases, which contaminates the air, damages human health and the environment. To decrease the damage, it is important to control the emissions on power stations, as the major part of sulfur dioxide in atmosphere is produced during electric energy generation on power plants. The present work describes flue gas desulfurization process optimizing strategy using data mining. The optimisation modified genetic method of flue gas desulfurization process based on artificial neural network was developed. It affords to represent the time series characteristics and factual efficiency influence on desulfurization and increase its precision of prediction. The vital difference between this developed genetic method and other similar methods is in using adaptive mutation, that uses the level of population development in working process. It means that less important genes will mutate in chromosome more probable than high suitability genes. It increases accuracy and their role in searching. The comparison exercise of developed method and other methods was done with the result that new method gives the smallest predictive error (in the amount of released SO2) and helps to decrease the time in prediction of efficiency of flue gas desulfurization. The results afford to use this method to increase efficiency in flue gas desulfurization process and to decrease SO2 emissions into the atmosphere
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Valera VY, Codolo MC, Martins TD. Artificial neural network for prediction of SO2 removal and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in spray tower. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dal Pozzo A, Muratori G, Antonioni G, Cozzani V. Economic and environmental benefits by improved process control strategies in HCl removal from waste-to-energy flue gas. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 125:303-315. [PMID: 33721703 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The control of HCl emission in waste-to-energy (WtE) facilities is a challenging flue gas treatment problem: the release of HCl from waste combustion is highly variable in time and the HCl emission standards are typically far lower in WtE than in any other industry. Traditional process control approaches in dry HCl removal processes are generally based on feeding a large excess of solid reactants to the system, to ensure robustness and a wide safety margin in the compliance to environmental regulations. This results in the production of a high amount of unreacted sorbents, strongly increasing the generation of solid wastes that need to be disposed. In the present study, an approach was developed to allow the implementation of improved control strategies for dry HCl abatement systems in operating full-scale facilities. Its objective is the reduction of the reactant feed and the waste production, while still providing an adequate safety margin for emission compliance. The approach was based on the reproduction of the behaviour of the real system in a virtual console that allows the extensive testing of alternative control strategies, limiting the need of demanding test-runs at the real plant. A test case on an Italian WtE facility demonstrated the capability of a control logic tuned in the virtual console to achieve a 13% reduction in the consumption of reactants and generation of process residues, with unchanged HCl removal efficiency. The results evidence the wide opportunities for optimisation of dry acid gas removal systems, in particular when multistage systems are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dal Pozzo
- LISES - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Terracini n.28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Muratori
- LISES - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Terracini n.28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Antonioni
- LISES - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Terracini n.28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Cozzani
- LISES - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Terracini n.28, 40131 Bologna, Italy.
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Xu Y, Jin B, Zhou Z, Fang W. Experimental and numerical investigations of desulfurization wastewater evaporation in a lab-scale flue gas duct: evaporation and HCl release characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:1411-1427. [PMID: 31530253 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1669722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The evaporation of desulfurization wastewater using flue gas has been considered as a promising technique. However, the release of HCl during the evaporation hinders the application of this technique. Herein, we investigated the evaporation in a laboratory-scale flue duct through experimental and numerical methods. The influences of operating parameters on characteristics of evaporation and HCl release were experimentally explored. The results show that when inlet gas temperature increases from 200°C to 350°C, gaseous HCl concentration significantly increases from 5.02 ppm to 70.96 ppm and HCl release ratio accordingly increases from 1.57% to 17.32%. However, when the wastewater only contains CaCl2, the HCl release is effectively inhibited. Subsequently, the established CFD model was validated with the experiments. It was found that relative deviations between predicted and experimental outlet gas temperatures mostly locate within the range of -10%∼0%. The negative deviations are attributed to the neglect of the crust formation. Numerical studies also reveal that droplet evaporation temperature is close to the wet-bulb temperature of the inlet gas ranging from 321.47 K to 337.85 K. Moreover, thermodynamic analysis shows that when the wastewater contains equimolar MgCl2 and CaCl2, MgCl2·6H2O first crystalizes at about d/d0 = 0.3. However, when the wastewater only contains CaCl2, CaCl2·2H2O begins to crystallize at about d/d0 = 0.25. Before crystallization, the equilibrium partial pressure of HCl is close to 0 Pa, indicating the HCl is mainly released at the particle drying stage. Further analysis suggests HCl should be mainly released from the decomposition of MgCl2·6H2O into MgOHCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- School of Hydraulic, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Baosheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Frontier Electric Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Fang
- School of Hydraulic, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Shao Z, Si F, Kudenko D, Wang P, Tong X. Predictive scheduling of wet flue gas desulfurization system based on reinforcement learning. Comput Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.107000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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