1
|
Wang H, Sun S, Nie L, Zhang Z, Li W, Hao Z. A review of whole-process control of industrial volatile organic compounds in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:127-139. [PMID: 36521978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an important role in the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), and they have been key issues in current air pollution prevention and control in China. Considerable attention has been paid to industrial activities due to their large and relatively complex VOCs emissions. The present research aims to provide a comprehensive review on whole-process control of industrial VOCs, which mainly includes source reduction, collection enhancement and end-pipe treatments. Lower VOCs materials including water-borne ones are the keys to source substitution in industries related to coating and solvent usage, leak detection and repair (LDAR) should be regarded as an efficient means of source reduction in refining, petrochemical and other chemical industries. Several types of VOCs collection methods such as gas-collecting hoods, airtight partitions and others are discussed, and airtight collection at negative pressure yields the best collection efficiency. Current end-pipe treatments like UV oxidation, low-temperature plasma, activated carbon adsorption, combustion, biodegradation, and adsorption-combustion are discussed in detail. Finally, several recommendations are made for future advanced treatment and policy development in industrial VOCs emission control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Urban Atmospheric VOCs Pollution Control and Technology Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Shumei Sun
- College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Urban Atmospheric VOCs Pollution Control and Technology Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Zhongshen Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
| | - Wenpeng Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Zhengping Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu R, Zhao Y, Xia S, Hu W, Xie F, Zhang Y, Sun J, Yu H, An J, Wang Y. Reconciling the bottom-up methodology and ground measurement constraints to improve the city-scale NMVOCs emission inventory: A case study of Nanjing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152447. [PMID: 34942246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reliable emission estimate of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) is important for understanding the atmospheric chemistry and formulating control policy of ozone (O3). In this study, a speciated emission inventory of anthropogenic NMVOCs was developed with the refined "bottom-up" methodology and best available information of individual sources for Nanjing in 2017. The total NMVOCs emissions were calculated at 163.2 Gg. It was broken down into the emissions of over 500 individual species and aromatics took the largest fraction (33.3% of the total emissions). Meanwhile, 105 compounds were measured at 5 sites representing different functional zones of Nanjing for one year. The annual mean concentration of totally 105 species varied from 48.5 ppbv to 63.7 ppbv, and alkanes was the most abundant group with its mass fractions ranging 37.2-40.1% at different sites. Constrained by the emission ratios of individual species versus carbon monoxide (CO) based on ground measurement, the total emissions of 105 species (NMVOCs-105) was estimated at 195.6 Gg, 81.1% larger than the bottom-up estimate of NMVOCs-105 (108.0 Gg). The constrained emissions indicated an overestimation of aromatics and underestimation of OVOCs and halocarbons in the bottom-up emission inventory because of the uncertainties in source profiles. O3 simulation with Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was conducted for January, April, July and October in 2017 to evaluate the bottom-up and constrained emission estimates. The mean normal bias (MNB) and mean normal error (MNE) values were generally within the criteria (MNB ≤ ±15% and MNE ≤ 30%) for both inventories. The model performance was improved when the constrained estimates were applied, indicating the benefit of ground observation constraints on NMVOCs emission estimation and O3 simulation. Based on the O3 formation potential (OFP), 12 key NMVOCs species mainly from surface coating, on-road vehicles and oil exploitation and refinery were identified as the priority compounds for O3 reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, CICAEET, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.
| | - Sijia Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fangjian Xie
- Nanjing Municipal Academy of Ecology and Environment Protection Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering and Technology Co., Ltd, Jiangsu Environmental Protection Group Co., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, China
| | - Jinjin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Huan Yu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Junlin An
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu Z, An Y, Zhang W, Zhong Y, Chen Z, Wang B, Wang S, Wang Q, xiaotao Z, Wang X, Li X. An Investigation into the Effective Removal of volatile organic compounds Released from Wood Drying using Rare Metal‐Organic Frameworks. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zichu Hu
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University CHINA
| | - Yuhong An
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University CHINA
| | - Wanqi Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University CHINA
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University CHINA
| | - Zhangjing Chen
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University UNITED STATES
| | - Boyun Wang
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University CHINA
| | | | - Qiang Wang
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University CHINA
| | - zhang xiaotao
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University college of science No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010000 Huhhot CHINA
| | - Ximing Wang
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University CHINA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L, Zhu X, Wang Z, Zhang J, Liu X, Zhao Y. Improved speciation profiles and estimation methodology for VOCs emissions: A case study in two chemical plants in eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118192. [PMID: 34560575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) poses a serious health risk through not only their own toxicity but also their role as precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosols. The chemical industry, as one of the pillar industries in eastern China, is a key source of VOCs emissions. In this study, speciated VOCs emissions were measured in two chemical plants in eastern China. Oxygenated VOCs and aromatics were found to be the dominant species categories in both plants. The ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) of VOCs from dedicated resin production were both higher than general resin production. Three process-based models were used for the estimation of VOCs emissions from the two tested plants as a case study. The comparison between the emission factor model and the model with best available estimation methods (e.g., the measurement-based method, the mass balance method, the empirical formula method, and the correlation equation method) implied possible overestimation of the widely used emission factor model for the chemical industry. The probabilistic model developed in this study incorporated probability distribution of key parameters and proved to be a promising tool for emission inventory development and uncertainty analysis. The overall uncertainties of VOCs emissions based on the model were (-48%, +147%) and (-48%, +139%) for the two tested plants. In this study, the speciation profiles and estimation methodology for VOCs emissions from the chemical industry in China were both improved, which could benefit the accurate evaluation of the impacts of VOCs emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of the Environment and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Jiangsu, 210044, China.
| | - Xinzhi Zhu
- School of the Environment and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Zeren Wang
- School of the Environment and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210036, China; Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Ocean University of China, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of the Environment and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Jiangsu, 210044, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compound Leaks from Equipment Components: A Study of the Pharmaceutical Industry in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13116274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leak detection and repair (LDAR) plays an important role in controlling the fugitive emission of volatile organic compound (VOC) from chemical enterprises. At present, many policies and standards issued in China have set clear requirements for implementing LDAR in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the LDAR work of nine typical pharmaceutical enterprises was selected for analysis to allow investigation of the characteristics of VOC emissions from leaking equipment components. Some suggestions for controlling VOC are proposed to provide a reference for managing the fugitive emissions of VOC from pharmaceutical enterprises. The results showed that the number of equipment components used by the pharmaceutical enterprises ranged from several thousand to more than 20,000, which is lower than that in oil refining and coal chemical enterprises. The predominant leaky component was the flange, which accounted for 56.31% of the total, followed by connectors (21.51%) and valves (18.53%). Light liquid medium components accounted for the largest proportion of equipment (52.83%) on average, followed by gas medium components (45.52%, on average). Heavy liquid medium components, which are rarely used in pharmaceuticals, accounted for only 1.65%. The average leak ratio of the components in the pharmaceutical industry was approximately 0.99%. The leak ratio of the open-ended line was much higher than that of other types of components, reaching an average of 5.00%, while that value was only 0.92% for the flange, despite the numbers and proportion of them that were in use. The total annual VOC leakage from the nine pharmaceutical enterprises studied in this work was 20.11 tons, with an average of 2.23 tons per enterprise and an average of 0.22 kg/a per equipment component. Flanges, connectors, and valves were the top three contributors to leakage, generating 39.17%, 38.72%, and 16.79% of the total, respectively, and a total proportion of 94.68%. Although the number of pumps accounted for only 0.15% of the components, it generated 1.94% of the leakage. In terms of different production processes, the greatest unit product leakage came from the bulk production of chemicals used for pharmaceuticals, reaching 0.085 t/a. The production from traditional Chinese medicine enterprises was the lowest (0.011 t/a), which was only 12.80% of the leakage from the bulk production of chemicals for drugs. The leakage of VOC from the equipment components in the nine enterprises was reduced, to varying degrees, using LDAR. The overall reduction ratio was between 23.55% and 67.72%, with an average of 44.02%. The reduction in leakage was relatively significant after the implementation of LDAR; however, there is still room for improvement. Pharmaceutical enterprises should improve their implementation of LDAR and reduce VOC leakage by reducing the number of inaccessible components used and increasing the repair ratio of leaky components. Controlling the source of component leakage, which should be emphasized, can be realized by cutting down the number of components used, adopting low-leakage equipment, and putting anti-leakage measures in place.
Collapse
|