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Colomer J, Massei G, Roos D, Rosell C, Rodríguez-Teijeiro JD. What drives wild boar density and population growth in Mediterranean environments? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172739. [PMID: 38697537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of fluctuations of wildlife local number of individuals is crucial for effective population management to minimise human-wildlife conflicts. Climate, habitat, food availability, and density dependence are among the main factors influencing mammalian population dynamics. In southern Europe, precipitation and temperature, particularly during summer have been suggested as key factors affecting wild boar (Sus scrofa L.). However, there is uncertainty regarding the role of these factors and the mechanisms driving population fluctuations. This study utilized long-term data of wild boar populations from 14 study sites collected for 23 years in Catalonia, Spain, to analyse the factors that drive population density and growth rate. Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) explained respectively, 94 % and 65 % of the density and growth rate variability. Spring precipitation in both current and previous year, female weight, and forest cover (particularly above 60 %) were directly associated with higher wild boar densities and population growth rates. The interaction between crop cover and total annual precipitation also played a significant role in determining population density. Higher densities were linked to lower population growth in the following year, likely due to a density-dependent process. These results suggest that the expected decrease in rainfall linked with global warming may limit the availability of natural resources and potentially slow wild boar population growth. Nevertheless, wild boar can exploit alternative anthropogenic food sources, potentially leading to an increase of human-wildlife conflicts. Therefore, incorporating management policies aimed at restricting wild boar access to human food sources is key for controlling their reproductive output. Additionally, landscape management strategies targeted at diminishing refuge and resource availability in regions experiencing high wild boar impact are essential for contributing to sustainable coexistence between wild boars and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colomer
- Minuartia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain; IRBio, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - G Massei
- Botstiber Institute for Wildlife Fertility Control Europe, UK; Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, 290 Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - D Roos
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, York, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - C Rosell
- Minuartia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain; IRBio, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J D Rodríguez-Teijeiro
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain; IRBio, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Castillo-Contreras R, Marín M, López-Olvera JR, Ayats T, Fernandez Aguilar X, Lavín S, Mentaberre G, Cerdà-Cuéllar M. Zoonotic Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. carried by wild boars in a metropolitan area: occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility and public health relevance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153444. [PMID: 35092769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are the most reported zoonotic agents in Europe. They can be transmitted from wildlife to humans, and wild boars (Sus scrofa) can harbour them. In the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (MAB, NE Spain) wild boars are found in urbanized areas. To assess the potential public health risk of this increasing wild boar population, we collected stool samples from 130 wild boars from the MAB (June 2015 - February 2016), to determine the Campylobacter and Salmonella occurrence and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. We also investigated the genetic diversity and virulence potential of Campylobacter. Campylobacter prevalence in wild boars was 61%. Forty six percent of wild boars carried Campylobacter lanienae, 16% carried Campylobacter coli, and 1% carried Campylobacter hyointestinalis; 4% carried both C. lanienae and C. coli, and 1% carried both C. lanienae and C. hyointestinalis. This is the first report of C. hyointestinalis in wildlife in Spain. Using pulse-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing, we observed a high genetic diversity of Campylobacter and identified new sequence types. Thirty-three percent of C. coli and 14% of C. lanienae isolates showed a high virulence potential. All of the Campylobacter isolates analysed were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. Multidrug resistance was only detected in C. coli (67%). Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica was detected in four wild boars (3%) and included a S. Enteritidis serovar (1/4 wild boars) and a multidrug-resistant (ASSuT) monophasic S. Typhimurium serovar (1/4 wild boars) which is associated with human infections and pig meat in Europe. The characteristics of some of the Campylobacter and Salmonella isolates recovered suggest an anthropogenic origin. Wild boars are a reservoir of Campylobacter and have the potential to spread antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter and Salmonella in urbanized areas in the MAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Castillo-Contreras
- Wildlife Ecology and Health group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Marín
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Ramón López-Olvera
- Wildlife Ecology and Health group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Ayats
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernandez Aguilar
- Wildlife Ecology and Health group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Lavín
- Wildlife Ecology and Health group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregorio Mentaberre
- Wildlife Ecology and Health group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Serra Húnter fellow; Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H) and Departament de Ciència Animal, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària (ETSEA), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Av. Rovira Roure 191, E-25098 Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Lynam AJ, Tantipisanuh N, Chutipong W, Ngoprasert D, Baker MC, Cutter P, Gale G, Kitamura S, Steinmetz R, Sukmasuang R, Thunhikorn S. Comparative sensitivity to environmental variation and human disturbance of Asian tapirs (Tapirus indicus) and other wild ungulates in Thailand. Integr Zool 2013; 7:389-399. [PMID: 23253370 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Southeast Asia's tropical forests suffer the highest rates of deforestation and disturbance of any on Earth, with poorly understood impacts on native fauna. Asian tapirs (Tapirus indicus) are among the least studied of the large mammals in these forests. Using records from 9 camera trap surveys in 7 of the largest (>1000 km(2) ) protected area complexes, we assessed the influence of environmental variation and human-induced disturbance on tapir occurrence. Tapirs were detected at 13% of locations sampled, significantly associated with evergreen forest (P < 0.001). A multiple logistic regression model predicted tapir presence 87% of the time. According to this model, tapir occurrence was positively influenced by annual rainfall and proximity to the forest edge. However, tapirs may not avoid edges but instead prefer wetter evergreen forest, a habitat type that tended to occur further from the forest edge at higher elevations in our particular study sites (P < 0.001). By comparison, 4 other wild ungulate species that share habitats with tapirs showed a range of differing responses. Tapirs are expected to be less sensitive to disturbance because they are not targets for hunting and trade, and are almost entirely active at night, so avoid peak traffic periods in parks. Tapir populations in Thailand may be more stable than in other parts of their global range because rates of forest loss have decreased >40% over the past 20 years. We recommend surveys to fill gaps in the understanding of the status in lesser-known protected areas, research to better understand the fine-scale environmental influences on behavior and habitats of tapirs, and other forest ungulates, and continued legal status for tapirs in the highest category of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony J Lynam
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS), Bronx, NY, USAIUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group, Bangkok, ThailandConservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, ThailandCenter for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USAConservation Biology Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USAMuseum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, JapanWWF Thailand, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandWildlife Research Division, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plants Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naruemon Tantipisanuh
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS), Bronx, NY, USAIUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group, Bangkok, ThailandConservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, ThailandCenter for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USAConservation Biology Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USAMuseum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, JapanWWF Thailand, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandWildlife Research Division, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plants Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanlop Chutipong
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS), Bronx, NY, USAIUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group, Bangkok, ThailandConservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, ThailandCenter for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USAConservation Biology Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USAMuseum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, JapanWWF Thailand, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandWildlife Research Division, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plants Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dusit Ngoprasert
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS), Bronx, NY, USAIUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group, Bangkok, ThailandConservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, ThailandCenter for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USAConservation Biology Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USAMuseum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, JapanWWF Thailand, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandWildlife Research Division, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plants Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Megan C Baker
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS), Bronx, NY, USAIUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group, Bangkok, ThailandConservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, ThailandCenter for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USAConservation Biology Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USAMuseum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, JapanWWF Thailand, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandWildlife Research Division, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plants Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Passanan Cutter
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS), Bronx, NY, USAIUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group, Bangkok, ThailandConservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, ThailandCenter for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USAConservation Biology Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USAMuseum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, JapanWWF Thailand, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandWildlife Research Division, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plants Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - George Gale
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS), Bronx, NY, USAIUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group, Bangkok, ThailandConservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, ThailandCenter for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USAConservation Biology Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USAMuseum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, JapanWWF Thailand, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandWildlife Research Division, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plants Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shumpei Kitamura
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS), Bronx, NY, USAIUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group, Bangkok, ThailandConservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, ThailandCenter for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USAConservation Biology Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USAMuseum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, JapanWWF Thailand, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandWildlife Research Division, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plants Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robert Steinmetz
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS), Bronx, NY, USAIUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group, Bangkok, ThailandConservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, ThailandCenter for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USAConservation Biology Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USAMuseum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, JapanWWF Thailand, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandWildlife Research Division, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plants Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ronglarp Sukmasuang
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS), Bronx, NY, USAIUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group, Bangkok, ThailandConservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, ThailandCenter for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USAConservation Biology Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USAMuseum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, JapanWWF Thailand, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandWildlife Research Division, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plants Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somying Thunhikorn
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS), Bronx, NY, USAIUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group, Bangkok, ThailandConservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, ThailandCenter for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USAConservation Biology Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USAMuseum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, JapanWWF Thailand, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandWildlife Research Division, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plants Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
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