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Tang W, Ye L, Guan M, He J, Liu J, Zhao P. Effect of linolenic acid on triterpenoids production by the liquid fermentation of Antrodia cinnamomea. J Food Sci 2024; 89:4856-4870. [PMID: 38923424 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Liquid state fermentation is now a commonly used route to obtain triterpenoids from Antrodia cinnamomea, and linolenic acid can significantly promote triterpenoids synthesis, whereas its action mechanism has not been studied. Here, we comprehensively performed an investigation on the mechanism of linolenic acid to promote triterpenoids production in liquid-state fermentation of A. cinnamomea. Results showed that the addition of linolenic acid increased the unsaturated fatty acid index, fluidity, and permeability in the cell membrane of A. cinnamomea mycelia, favored the absorption of nutrients in the medium by the mycelium, enhanced the material exchange inside and outside, and thus promoted mycelial growth and triterpenoids synthesis. Moreover, 767 significantly differentially expressed genes were detected by adding linolenic acid, including 212 upregulated genes and 555 downregulated genes. The upregulated genes were mainly enriched in metabolism, glycolytic pathway, TCA cycle, and pyruvate metabolism. It was seen that the addition of linolenic acid improved the cell metabolic activity and promoted the synthesis of secondary metabolites, proving that the addition of linolenic acid improved the metabolic viability of cells and promoted secondary metabolite synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Whole Grain Nutritious Food Processing Technology Research and Experimental Base of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Whole Grain Nutritious Food Processing Technology Research and Experimental Base of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Meizhu Guan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianfei He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Whole Grain Nutritious Food Processing Technology Research and Experimental Base of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Whole Grain Nutritious Food Processing Technology Research and Experimental Base of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Peicheng Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Li H, Dai J, Wang J, Lu C, Luo Z, Zheng X, Lu Z, Yang Z. Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses Propose the Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying 1,8-Cineole from Cinnamomum kanehirae Hay and Promote the Asexual Sporulation of Antrodia cinnamomea in Submerged Fermentation. Molecules 2023; 28:7511. [PMID: 38005233 PMCID: PMC10672923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea is a valuable edible and medicinal mushroom with antitumor, hepatoprotective, and antiviral effects that play a role in intestinal flora regulation. Spore-inoculation submerged fermentation has become the most efficient and well-known artificial culture process for A. cinnamomea. In this study, a specific low-molecular compound named 1,8-cineole (cineole) from Cinnamomum kanehirae Hay was first reported to have remarkably promoted the asexual sporulation of A. cinnamomea in submerged fermentation (AcSmF). Then, RNA sequencing, real-time quantitative PCR, and a literature review were performed to predict the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the cineole-promoted sporulation of AcSmF. The available evidence supports the hypothesis that after receiving the signal of cineole through cell receptors Wsc1 and Mid2, Pkc1 promoted the expression levels of rlm1 and wetA and facilitated their transfer to the cell wall integrity (CWI) signal pathway, and wetA in turn promoted the sporulation of AcSmF. Moreover, cineole changed the membrane functional state of the A. cinnamomea cell and thus activated the heat stress response by the CWI pathway. Then, heat shock protein 90 and its chaperone Cdc37 promoted the expression of stuA and brlA, thus promoting sporulation of AcSmF. In addition, cineole promoted the expression of areA, flbA, and flbD through the transcription factor NCP1 and inhibited the expression of pkaA through the ammonium permease of MEP, finally promoting the sporulation of AcSmF. This study may improve the efficiency of the inoculum (spores) preparation of AcSmF and thereby enhance the production benefits of A. cinnamomea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.L.); (J.D.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jianing Dai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.L.); (J.D.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.L.); (J.D.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chunlei Lu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.L.); (J.D.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhishan Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Xiangfeng Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.L.); (J.D.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhenming Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Zhenquan Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.L.); (J.D.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
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Zhang YD, Liu LY, Wang D, Yuan XL, Zheng Y, Wang Y. Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds from Antrodia camphorata against ESKAPE pathogens. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293361. [PMID: 37889913 PMCID: PMC10610075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to human health globally. Antrodia camphorata was grown in a malt/yeast extract broth liquid medium for 15 days. Then, 4-L fermentation broth was harvested, yielding 7.13 g of the ethyl acetate extract. By tracing the antimicrobial activity, 12.22 mg of the antimicrobial compound was isolated. The structure of 5-methyl-benzo [1,3]-dioxole-4,7-diol (MBBD) was elucidated using NMR and MS data analyses. The antibacterial activity of MBBD was detected through the microbroth dilution method. MBBD exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of MBBD for drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria was 64-256 μg/mL, with the lowest MIC observed for Acinetobacter baumannii (64 μg/mL), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 128 μg/mL). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli were also sensitive, with an MIC of 256 μg/mL. The MIC range of MBBD against 10 foodborne pathogens was 12.5-100 μg/mL. Based on the results of this study, MBBD exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, particularly demonstrating excellent inhibitory effects against A. baumannii. MBBD will be good candidates for new antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dong Zhang
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming, China
| | - Liang-Yan Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Long Yuan
- Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming, China
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Guo S, Chen M, Li S, Geng Z, Jin Y, Liu D. Natural Products Treat Colorectal Cancer by Regulating miRNA. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1122. [PMID: 37631037 PMCID: PMC10459054 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases are evolving as living standards continue to improve. Cancer is the main cause of death and a major public health problem that seriously threatens human life. Colorectal cancer is one of the top ten most common malignant tumors in China, ranking second after gastric cancer among gastrointestinal malignant tumors, and its incidence rate is increasing dramatically each year due to changes in the dietary habits and lifestyle of the world's population. Although conventional therapies, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have profoundly impacted the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), drug resistance and toxicity remain substantial challenges. Natural products, such as dietary therapeutic agents, are considered the safest alternative for treating CRC. In addition, there is substantial evidence that natural products can induce apoptosis, inhibit cell cycle arrest, and reduce the invasion and migration of colon cancer cells by targeting and regulating the expression and function of miRNAs. Here, we summarize the recent research findings on the miRNA-regulation-based antitumor mechanisms of various active ingredients in natural products, highlighting how natural products target miRNA regulation in colon cancer prevention and treatment. The application of natural drug delivery systems and predictive disease biomarkers in cancer prevention and treatment is also discussed. Such approaches will contribute to the discovery of new regulatory mechanisms associated with disease pathways and provide a new theoretical basis for developing novel colon cancer drugs and compounds and identifying new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ye Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (S.G.); (M.C.); (S.L.); (Z.G.)
| | - Da Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (S.G.); (M.C.); (S.L.); (Z.G.)
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Chen JJ, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Yuan XL, Wang J, Yang YM, Zheng Y. Transcriptome Analysis of Antrodia cinnamomea Mycelia from Different Wood Substrates. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:49-59. [PMID: 36846623 PMCID: PMC9946338 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2175434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea, an edible and medicinal fungus with significant economic value and application prospects, is rich in terpenoids, benzenoids, lignans, polysaccharides, and benzoquinone, succinic and maleic derivatives. In this study, the transcriptome of A. cinnamomea cultured on the wood substrates of Cinnamomum glanduliferum (YZM), C. camphora (XZM), and C. kanehirae (NZM) was sequenced using the high-throughput sequencing technology Illumina HiSeq 2000, and the data were assembled by de novo strategy to obtain 78,729 Unigenes with an N50 of 4,463 bp. Compared with public databases, about 11,435, 6,947, and 5,994 Unigenes were annotated to the Non-Redundant (NR), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG), respectively. The comprehensive analysis of the mycelium terpene biosynthesis-related genes in A. cinnamomea revealed that the expression of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (AACT), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase (MVD), and isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI) was significantly higher on NZM compared to the other two wood substrates. Similarly, the expression of geranylgeranyltransferase (GGT) was significantly higher on YZM compared to NZM and XZM, and the expression of farnesyl transferase (FTase) was significantly higher on XZM. Furthermore, the expressions of 2,3-oxidized squalene cyclase (OCS), squalene synthase (SQS), and squalene epoxidase (SE) were significantly higher on NZM. Overall, this study provides a potential approach to explore the molecular regulation mechanism of terpenoid biosynthesis in A. cinnamomea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Chen
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation, Development and Utilization, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation, Development and Utilization, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation, Development and Utilization, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Long Yuan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation, Development and Utilization, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Institute of Green Development, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-Ming Yang
- Institute of Green Development, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Metabolomic Profiling of Different Antrodia cinnamomea Phenotypes. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010097. [PMID: 36675918 PMCID: PMC9861778 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is a precious medicinal fungus with numerous therapeutic benefits. Based on the color appearance of its fruiting bodies, AC can be divided into red AC (RAC), yellow AC (YAC), and white AC (WAC); however, the differences in their metabolomic profiles remain unknown. This study aimed to analyze the metabolomic profiles of three different AC phenotypes and examine their relationship to the color appearance of fruiting bodies. The results showed that although RAC, YAC, and WAC appear to have a relatively similar profile of index triterpenoids, their total triterpenoid contents were significantly different. Among the annotated triterpenoids, many of them were highly present in RAC but not in YAC and WAC, and the relative contents of the four ergostanes (antcamphin F, antcamphin L, antcin B, and antcin K) and one lanostane (versisponic acid D) were found to be significantly different among AC phenotypes. The metabolomic profiles of the AC fruiting bodies demonstrated a total of 140 metabolites, and 41 of them were very different among AC phenotypes. This study indicates that red, yellow, and white AC can biosynthesize the diverse structures of triterpenoids, and RAC possesses a relatively higher contents of triterpenoids and diverse unannotated metabolites than YAC and WAC.
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