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An overview of Structured Biosensors for Metal Ions Determination. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9110324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The determination of metal ions is important for nutritional and toxicological assessment. Atomic spectrometric techniques are highly efficient for the determination of these species, but the high costs of acquisition and maintenance hinder the application of these techniques. Inexpensive alternatives for metallic element determination are based on dedicated biosensors. These devices mimic biological systems and convert biochemical processes into physical outputs and can be used for the sensitive and selective determination of chemical species such as cations. In this work, an overview of the proposed biosensors for metal ions determination was carried out considering the last 15 years of publications. Statistical data on the applications, response mechanisms, instrumentation designs, applications of nanomaterials, and multielement analysis are herein discussed.
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Wang GH, Cheng CY, Tsai TH, Chiang PK, Chung YC. Highly Sensitive Luminescent Bioassay Using Recombinant Escherichia coli Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Low Cr(VI) Concentration in Environmental Water. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11100357. [PMID: 34677313 PMCID: PMC8534196 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we constructed a recombinant Escherichia coli strain with different promoters inserted between the chromate-sensing regulator chrB and the reporter gene luxAB to sense low hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) concentrations (<0.05 mg/L); subsequently, its biosensor characteristics (sensitivity, selectivity, and specificity) for measuring Cr(VI) in various water bodies were evaluated. The luminescence intensity of each biosensor depended on pH, temperature, detection time, coexisting carbon source, coexisting ion, Cr(VI) oxyanion form, Cr(VI) concentration, cell type, and type of medium. Recombinant lux-expressing E. coli with the T7 promoter (T7-lux-E. coli, limit of detection (LOD) = 0.0005 mg/L) had the highest luminescence intensity or was the most sensitive for Cr(VI) detection, followed by E. coli with the T3 promoter (T3-lux-E. coli, LOD = 0.001 mg/L) and that with the SP6 promoter (SP6-lux-E. coli, LOD = 0.005 mg/L). All biosensors could be used to determine whether the Cr(VI) standard was met in terms of water quality, even when using thawing frozen cells as biosensors after 90-day cryogenic storage. The SP6-lux-E. coli biosensor had the shortest detection time (0.5 h) and the highest adaptability to environmental interference. The T7-lux-E. coli biosensor—with the optimal LOD, a wide measurement range (0.0005–0.5 mg/L), and low deviation (−5.0–7.9%) in detecting Cr(VI) from industrial effluents, domestic effluents, and surface water—is an efficient Cr(VI) biosensor. This unprecedented study is to evaluate recombinant lux E. coli with dissimilar promoters for their possible practice in Cr(VI) measurement in water bodies, and the biosensor performance is clearly superior to that of past systems in terms of detection time, LOD, and detection deviation for real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guey-Horng Wang
- Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals Engineering, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361008, China;
| | - Chiu-Yu Cheng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (P.-K.C.)
| | - Teh-Hua Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan;
| | - Pin-Kuan Chiang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (P.-K.C.)
| | - Ying-Chien Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (P.-K.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-22782-1862; Fax: +886-22786-5456
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Inhibition assays of free and immobilized urease for detecting hexavalent chromium in water samples. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:124. [PMID: 30863703 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work describes the inhibition studies of free as well as immobilized urease by different heavy metals. Porous silicon (PS) films prepared by electrochemical etching were used for urease immobilization by physical adsorption. The enzyme was subjected to varying concentrations of Cr6+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ and analyzed for the variation in the activity. To study the effect of other heavy metals on the interaction of urease and Cr6+, free as well as immobilized urease was subjected to the combination of each metal ion with Cr6+. Results proved the sensitivity of free as well as immobilized urease towards heavy metals by observed reduction in activity. Immobilized urease showed less degree of inhibition compared to free urease when tested for inhibition by individual metal ions and in combination with Cr6+. IC50 values were found higher for inhibition by the combination of metal ions with Cr6+. Interaction of heavy metal ions with functional groups in active site of urease and limitations of mass transfer are the two factors responsible for the variation in activity of urease. Relation between the variation of urease activity and amount of heavy metals can be applied in biosensor development for determining the concentration of Cr6+ present in the water samples.
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Biosensors for wastewater monitoring: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 118:66-79. [PMID: 30056302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution and habitat degradation are the cause of increasing water scarcity and decline in aquatic biodiversity. While the freshwater availability has been declining through past decades, water demand has continued to increase particularly in areas with arid and semi-arid climate. Monitoring of pollutants in wastewater effluents are critical to identifying water pollution area for treatment. Conventional detection methods are not effective in tracing multiple harmful components in wastewater due to their variability along different times and sources. Currently, the development of biosensing instruments attracted significant attention because of their high sensitivity, selectivity, reliability, simplicity, low-cost and real-time response. This paper provides a general overview on reported biosensors, which have been applied for the recognition of important organic chemicals, heavy metals, and microorganisms in dark waters. The significance and successes of nanotechnology in the field of biomolecular detection are also reviewed. The commercially available biosensors and their main challenges in wastewater monitoring are finally discussed.
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A Green Microbial Fuel Cell-Based Biosensor for In Situ Chromium (VI) Measurement in Electroplating Wastewater. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112461. [PMID: 29076985 PMCID: PMC5712896 DOI: 10.3390/s17112461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The extensive use of Cr(VI) in many industries and the disposal of Cr(VI)-containing wastes have resulted in Cr(VI)-induced environmental contamination. Cr(VI) compounds are associated with increased cancer risks; hence, the detection of toxic Cr(VI) compounds is crucial. Various methods have been developed for Cr(VI) measurement, but they are often conducted offsite and cannot provide real-time toxicity monitoring. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an eco-friendly and self-sustaining device that has great potential as a biosensor for in situ Cr(VI) measurement, especially for wastewater generated from different electroplating units. In this study, Exiguobacterium aestuarii YC211, a facultatively anaerobic, Cr(VI)-reducing, salt-tolerant, and exoelectrogenic bacterium, was isolated and inoculated into an MFC to evaluate its feasibility as a Cr(VI) biosensor. The Cr(VI) removal efficiency of E. aestuarii YC211 was not affected by the surrounding environment (pH 5–9, 20–35 °C, coexisting ions, and salinity of 0–15 g/L). The maximum power density of the MFC biosensor was 98.3 ± 1.5 mW/m2 at 1500 Ω. A good linear relationship (r2 = 0.997) was observed between the Cr(VI) concentration (2.5–60 mg/L) and the voltage output. The developed MFC biosensor is a simple device that can accurately measure Cr(VI) concentrations in the actual electroplating wastewater that is generated from different electroplating units within 30 min with low deviations (−6.1% to 2.2%). After treating the actual electroplating wastewater with the MFC, the predominant family in the biofilm was found to be Bacillaceae (95.3%) and was further identified as the originally inoculated E. aestuarii YC211 by next generation sequencing (NGS). Thus, the MFC biosensor can measure Cr(VI) concentrations in situ in the effluents from different electroplating units, and it can potentially help in preventing the violation of effluent regulations.
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Biswas P, Karn AK, Balasubramanian P, Kale PG. Biosensor for detection of dissolved chromium in potable water: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:589-604. [PMID: 28364706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented deterioration rate of the environmental quality due to rapid urbanization and industrialization causes a severe global health concern to both ecosystem and humanity. Heavy metals are ubiquitous in nature and being used extensively in industrial processes, the exposure to excessive levels could alter the biochemical cycles of living systems. Hence the environmental monitoring through rapid and specific detection of heavy metal contamination in potable water is of paramount importance. Various standard analytical techniques and sensors are used for the detection of heavy metals include spectroscopy and chromatographic methods along with electrochemical, optical waveguide and polymer based sensors. However, the mentioned techniques lack the point of care application as it demands huge capital cost as well as the attention of expert personnel for sample preparation and operation. Recent advancements in the synergetic interaction among biotechnology and microelectronics have advocated the biosensor technology for a wide array of applications due to its characteristic features of sensitivity and selectivity. This review paper has outlined the overview of chromium toxicity, conventional analytical techniques along with a particular emphasis on electrochemical based biosensors for chromium detection in potable water. This article emphasized porous silicon as a host material for enzyme immobilization and elaborated the working principle, mechanism, kinetics of an enzyme-based biosensor for chromium detection. The significant characteristics such as pore size, thickness, and porosity make the porous silicon suitable for enzyme entrapment. Further, several schemes on porous silicon-based immobilized enzyme biosensors for the detection of chromium in potable water are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Biswas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India; Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
| | - Abhinav Kumar Karn
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
| | - P Balasubramanian
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
| | - Paresh G Kale
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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Utility of Ochrobactrum anthropi YC152 in a Microbial Fuel Cell as an Early Warning Device for Hexavalent Chromium Determination. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16081272. [PMID: 27537887 PMCID: PMC5017437 DOI: 10.3390/s16081272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fast hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) determination is important for environmental risk and health-related considerations. We used a microbial fuel cell-based biosensor inoculated with a facultatively anaerobic, Cr(VI)-reducing, and exoelectrogenic Ochrobactrum anthropi YC152 to determine the Cr(VI) concentration in water. The results indicated that O. anthropi YC152 exhibited high adaptability to pH, temperature, salinity, and water quality under anaerobic conditions. The stable performance of the microbial fuel cell (MFC)-based biosensor indicated its potential as a reliable biosensor system. The MFC voltage decreased as the Cr(VI) concentration in the MFC increased. Two satisfactory linear relationships were observed between the Cr(VI) concentration and voltage output for various Cr(VI) concentration ranges (0.0125-0.3 mg/L and 0.3-5 mg/L). The MFC biosensor is a simple device that can accurately measure Cr(VI) concentrations in drinking water, groundwater, and electroplating wastewater in 45 min with low deviations (<10%). The use of the biosensor can help in preventing the violation of effluent regulations and the maximum allowable concentration of Cr(VI) in water. Thus, the developed MFC biosensor has potential as an early warning detection device for Cr(VI) determination even if O. anthropi YC152 is a possible opportunistic pathogen.
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Panda J, Sarkar P. Biosensing and bioremediation of Cr(VI) by cell free extract of Enterobacter aerogenes T2. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:600-608. [PMID: 24410691 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.859466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium or Cr(VI) enters the environment through several anthropogenic activities and it is highly toxic and carcinogenic. Hence it is required to be detected and remediated from the environment. In this study, low-cost and environment-friendly methods of biosensing and bioremediation of Cr(VI) have been proposed. Crude cell free extract (CFE) of previously isolated Enterobacter aerogenes T2 (GU265554; NII 1111) was prepared and exploited to develop a stable biosensor for direct estimation of Cr(VI) in waste water, by using three electrodes via cyclic voltammetry. For bioremediation studies, a homogeneous solution of commercially available sodium alginate and CFE was added dropwise in a continuously stirred calcium chloride solution. Biologically modified calcium alginate beads were produced and these were further utilized for bioremediation studies. The proposed sensor showed linear response in the range of 10-40 μg L(-1) Cr(VI) and the limit of detection was found to be 6.6 μg L(-1) Cr(VI). No interference was observed in presence of metal ions, e.g., lead, cadmium, arsenic, tin etc., except for insignificant interference with molybdenum and manganese. In bioremediation studies, modified calcium alginate beads showed encouraging removal rate 900 mg Cr(VI)/m(3) water per day with a removal efficiency of 90%, much above than reported in literature. The proposed sensing system could be a viable alternative to costly measurement procedures. Calcium alginate beads, modified with CFE of E. aerogenes, could be used in bioremediation of Cr(VI) since it could work in real conditions with extraordinarily high capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigisha Panda
- a Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India
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Turdean GL. Design and Development of Biosensors for the Detection of Heavy Metal Toxicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.4061/2011/343125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many compounds (including heavy metals, HMs) used in different fields of industry and/or agriculture act as inhibitors of enzymes, which, as consequence, are unable to bind the substrate. Even if it is not so sensitive, the method for detecting heavy metal traces using biosensors has a dynamic trend and is largely applied for improving the “life quality”, because of biosensor's sensitivity, selectivity, and simplicity. In the last years, they also become more and more a synergetic combination between biotechnology and microelectronics. Dedicated biosensors were developed for offline and online analysis, and also, their extent and diversity could be called a real “biosensor revolution”. A panel of examples of biosensors: enzyme-, DNA-, imuno-, whole-cell-based biosensors were systematised depending on the reaction type, transduction signal, or analytical performances. The mechanism of enzyme-based biosensor and the kinetic of detection process are described and compared. In this context, is explainable why bioelectronics, nanotechnology, miniaturization, and bioengineering will compete for developing sensitive and selective biosensors able to determine multiple analytes simultaneously and/or integrated in wireless communications systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella L. Turdean
- Physical Chemistry Department, Babes-Bolyai, University of Cluj-Napoca, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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