1
|
Komazec S, Farmer C. Reproductive Coercion and Abuse: The Potential Protective Scope of Existing Family Violence Legislation in Australia. VIOLENCE AND GENDER 2024; 11:14-21. [PMID: 38516063 PMCID: PMC10951439 DOI: 10.1089/vio.2023.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive coercion and abuse (RCA) removes or reduces reproductive autonomy and decision-making. RCA-focused research is mostly situated within a health care perspective, with much less focus on sociolegal or criminological considerations. This article reports a summary of findings from an examination of existing Australian family violence legislation to discern whether these provisions could facilitate improved responses to RCA. The study analyzed whether and how RCA is reflected within legislative definitions of family violence across Australia, to determine their potential protective scope. The state of South Australia is the only jurisdiction to provide explicit reference to behaviors regarded as RCA, but many definitions within the family violence legislation in other jurisdictions implicitly cover RCA. While such implicit coverage may hinder the recognition of RCA as a form of family violence, it may also provide sufficient flexibility to enable RCA to be addressed through the legal application of current family violence policy and legislation-with consequential potential benefits for the identification and support of victim-survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Komazec
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Clare Farmer
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rathnayake JC, Mat Pozian N, Carroll JA, King J. Barriers Faced by Australian and New Zealand Women When Sharing Experiences of Family Violence with Primary Healthcare Providers: A Scoping Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2486. [PMID: 37761683 PMCID: PMC10531433 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11182486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the Australian Government's attempts to reduce domestic violence (DV) incidences, impediments within the social and health systems and current interventions designed to identify DV victims may be contributing to female victims' reluctance to disclose DV experiences to their primary healthcare providers. This scoping review aimed to provide the state of evidence regarding reluctance to disclose DV incidents, symptoms and comorbidities that patients present to healthcare providers, current detection systems and interventions in clinical settings, and recommendations to generate more effective responses to DV. Findings revealed that female victims are reluctant to disclose DV because they do not trust or believe that general practitioners can help them to solve their issues, and they do not acknowledge that they are in an abusive relationship, and are unaware that they are in one, or have been victims of DV. The most common symptoms and comorbidities victims present with are sleep difficulties, substance use and anxiety. Not all GPs are equipped with knowledge about comorbidities signalling cases of DV. These DV screening programs are the most prominent intervention types within Australian primary health services and are currently not sufficiently nuanced nor sensitive to screen with accuracy. Finally, this scoping review provides formative evidence that in order for more accurate and reliable data regarding disclosure in healthcare settings to be collected, gender power imbalances in the health workforce should be redressed, and advocacy of gender equality and the change of social structures in both Australia and New Zealand remain the focus for reducing DV in these countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julie-Anne Carroll
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 5069, Australia; (J.C.R.); (N.M.P.); (J.K.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kassaw C, Wale T, Negash M, Temesgen K, Mekuriaw B, Tolessa O, Abdisa EN, Chekol YA, Ayano G, Anbesaw T. Cognitive disorder and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal service at Dilla University Referral Hospital, 2022. Front Glob Womens Health 2023; 4:1061626. [PMID: 37275210 PMCID: PMC10235606 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2023.1061626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognition is defined as the mental activity or process of learning information and understanding through reason, experience, and the senses. In Sub-Saharan African nations like Ethiopia, such assessments of a pregnant mother's mental health during antenatal care are uncommon procedures. Instead, there is a greater focus on the physical well-being of the woman and her fetus. As a result, this study aimed to evaluate the cognitive deficits and related factors in a pregnant women attending an antenatal care service. Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study included 415 pregnant women who were receiving antenatal care at Dilla University Referral Hospital in Dilla, Gedeo Zone, Ethiopia. In this study, respondents were chosen using systematic random sampling, and study participants were interviewed using administered questions to gather pertinent data. This study used the OSLO Social Support Scale, the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test, and the Mini-Mental Status Examination to assess the social support, cognitive status, and current substance use history of a respondent. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, graphs, and percentages were used to describe the results. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the connection between independent factors and the outcome variable at a 95 percent confidence level and p < 0.05. Result Among all respondents who came for antenatal care visits, only 24 (5.8%) were unmarried (single, divorced, widowed). The mean age of respondents was 26 years old and 155 (37.3%) had attended secondary school. Variables such as strong social support [0.11 (0.03-0.23), p < 0.02], being a follower of orthodox religion [0.24 (0.12-0.39), p < 0.04], ≥5,000 Ethiopian birr monthly income [0.28 (0.17-0.48), p < 0.02], age >26 years old [1.23 (1.14-2.54), p < 0.04], unplanned pregnancy [2.78 (1.45-4.32), p < 0.02], and rural residence [3.90 (2.23-7.34), p < 0.04] were significantly associated with cognitive impairment at 95% confidence interval and a p-value <0.05. Conclusion This study found that pregnant women who attended antenatal care experienced a significant reduction in cognitive disorders. Additionally, this study revealed adjustable factors such as unwanted pregnancy, social support, and religiosity. It is preferable to check a pregnant woman's cognitive condition at antenatal services and to follow-up on each additional visit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiruwork Wale
- Department of Psychiatry, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Misrak Negash
- Department of Psychiatry, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Kiber Temesgen
- Department of Psychiatry, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | | | - Omega Tolessa
- Department of Nursing, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Getinet Ayano
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tamrat Anbesaw
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neilson EC, Maitland DWM, George WH. Power-Related Emotions, Alcohol Intoxication, and Nonconsensual Sex Intentions: The Role of Fear of Intimacy. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2023; 35:313-339. [PMID: 35537465 PMCID: PMC9646925 DOI: 10.1177/10790632221096420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The problem of alcohol-involved sexual assault against women highlights the need to identify how the presence of alcohol interacts with risk factors associated with sexual assault perpetration. One risk factor for sexual assault perpetration is fear of intimacy, the inhibited capacity to exchange vulnerable thoughts and emotions with a valued individual. Men who have perpetrated sexual violence report higher fear of intimacy and alcohol use than those who have not. However, little research has investigated how fear of intimacy may contribute to sexual assault perpetration in the context of alcohol intoxication. This study examined alcohol intoxication, fear of intimacy, proximal power-related emotions, and nonconsensual sex intentions. Non-monogamous, male social drinkers (N = 94) completed measures and were randomly assigned to an alcohol condition (alcohol [BrAC = .10%] versus control). Participants then read a sexual assault analogue scenario depicting sexual assault against a hypothetical woman and reported power-related emotions and nonconsensual sex intentions. Self-reported fear of intimacy differed across types of past perpetration. Results found that for intoxicated men only, fear of intimacy was positively associated with power-related emotions, and power-related emotions were positively associated with nonconsensual sex intentions. These associations were not observed for men in the control condition who did not consume alcohol. Future research should examine intimacy-related interventions for sexual assault prevention programming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel W. M. Maitland
- Morehead State University, Department of Psychology, Morehead, KY, USA
- Bowling Green State University, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - William H. George
- University of Washington, Department of Psychology, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roland N, Ahogbehossou Y, Hatem G, Yacini L, Feldmann L, Saurel‐Cubizolles M, Bardou M. Violence against women and perceived health: An observational survey of patients treated in the multidisciplinary structure 'The Women's House' and two Family Planning Centres in the metropolitan Paris area. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e4041-e4050. [PMID: 35315551 PMCID: PMC10078639 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown how many women seeking care at French Family Planning Centres (FPCs) endure, or have endured intimate partner violence (IPV). To assess the prevalence of IPV, we surveyed women seeking care at three FPCs in the metropolitan Paris area (Seine-Saint-Denis). We examined the associations between IPV, socio-demographic characteristics and perceptions of health according to six indicators. Of the FPCs included in our survey, two are standalone facilities and one is located in The Women's Home, a multidisciplinary structure dedicated to serving survivors of violence. We conducted an observational survey from December 2018 to February 2019. All women aged 18 years and older were eligible. We solicited data on socio-demographic factors, general stability and history of violence. We measured health status on a 10-point scale for six different symptoms. Of the 274 women who participated, 27% had experienced IPV. Women who reported experiencing, or having experienced IPV were more likely to be between 25 and 44 years old (than under 25), temporarily documented or undocumented, unemployed or seeking employment, and experiencing housing insecurity. Women seeking care at The Women's House were more than twice as likely to report IPV (42%) than those visiting FPC-2 or FPC-3 (20% and 16%, respectively). Reports of violence increase among women with uncertain legal status, housing, employment and lower self-rated health. Results suggest that a FPC located in a structure specifically dedicated to serving women victims-survivors of violence like the Women's House may be more attractive to survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yélian Ahogbehossou
- La Maison des femmesSaint‐DenisFrance
- Université de LorraineFaculté de médecine de NancyVandœuvre‐lès‐Nancy CedexFrance
| | - Ghada Hatem
- La Maison des femmesSaint‐DenisFrance
- Service de gynécologie et obstétriqueCentre Hospitalier de Saint DenisSaint‐DenisFrance
| | - Leila Yacini
- Centre de Santé Municipal “Les Moulins”Saint‐DenisFrance
| | - Laure Feldmann
- Centre de Santé Municipal “Docteur Pesqué”AubervilliersFrance
| | - Marie‐Josèphe Saurel‐Cubizolles
- INSERM (French Institute of Medical Research)UMR 1153 –ObstetricalPerinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (EPOPé) Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics ‐Sorbonne Paris CitéParis Descartes UniversityParisFrance
| | - Marc Bardou
- CIC 1432 (Center for Clinical Investigation)CHU Dijon BourgogneDijonFrance
- Université Bourgogne Franche ComtéUFR des Sciences SantéDijonFrance
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Enthoven CA, El Marroun H, Koopman-Verhoeff ME, Jansen W, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP, Sondeijker F, Hillegers MHJ, Bijma HH, Jansen PW. Clustering of characteristics associated with unplanned pregnancies: the generation R study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1957. [PMID: 36274127 PMCID: PMC9590126 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unplanned or unintended pregnancies form a major public health concern because they are associated with unfavorable birth outcomes as well as social adversity, stress and depression among parents-to-be. Several risk factors for unplanned pregnancies in women have previously been identified, but studies usually take a unidimensional approach by focusing on only one or few factors, disregarding the possibility that predictors might cluster. Furthermore, data on predictors in men are largely overlooked. The purpose of this study is to determine predictors of unplanned versus planned pregnancy, to determine predictors of ambivalent feelings regarding pregnancy, and to investigate how characteristics of men and women with an unplanned pregnancy cluster together. Methods This study was embedded in Generation R, a multiethnic population-based prospective cohort from fetal life onwards. Pregnancy intention was reported by 7702 women and 5367 partners. Information on demographic, mental, physical, social, and sexual characteristics was obtained. Logistic regression, multinomial regression and cluster analyses were performed to determine characteristics that were associated with an unplanned pregnancy, with ambivalent feelings regarding the unplanned pregnancy and the co-occurrence of characteristics in women and men with unplanned pregnancy. Results Twenty nine percent of the pregnancies were unplanned. Logistic regression analyses showed that 42 of 44 studied predictors were significantly associated with unplanned pregnancy. The most important predictors were young age, migration background, lower educational level, lower household income, financial difficulties, being single, lower cognitive ability, drug use prior to pregnancy, having multiple sexual partners in the year prior to the pregnancy, younger age of first sexual contact and a history of abortion. Multinomial regression analyses showed that a Turkish or Moroccan background, Islamic religion, little financial opportunities, being married, having ≥3 children, high educational level, more mental health and social problems and older age of first sexual contact were associated with prolonged ambivalent feelings regarding pregnancy. Different combinations of characteristics were observed in the four clusters of women and men with unplanned pregnancy. Conclusions Many predictors are related with unplanned pregnancies, ambivalent feelings toward the pregnancy, and we identified very heterogeneous groups of women and men with unplanned pregnancies. This calls for heterogeneous measures to prevent unplanned pregnancies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-14342-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clair A. Enthoven
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands ,grid.6906.90000000092621349Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XThe Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands
| | - Hanan El Marroun
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands ,grid.6906.90000000092621349Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands
| | - M. Elisabeth Koopman-Verhoeff
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XThe Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands ,grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Jansen
- Department of Social Development, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands
| | - Mijke P. Lambregtse-van den Berg
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands
| | - Frouke Sondeijker
- grid.426562.10000 0001 0709 4781Department of Youth, parenting and education, Verwey-Jonker institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon H. J. Hillegers
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands
| | - Hilmar H. Bijma
- grid.416135.40000 0004 0649 0805Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Erasmus MC Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline W. Jansen
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands ,grid.6906.90000000092621349Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tarzia L, Douglas H, Sheeran N. Reproductive coercion and abuse against women from minority ethnic backgrounds: views of service providers in Australia. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2022; 24:466-481. [PMID: 33428538 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2020.1859617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive coercion and abuse is defined as behaviour that deliberately interferes with a person's reproductive autonomy. It is typically perpetrated by men against women in a context of fear and control and includes forcing a woman to become pregnant or to terminate a pregnancy. There is a dearth of qualitative research investigating experiences of reproductive coercion and abuse, particularly for women from minority ethnic backgrounds. In this study, we address this gap through qualitative analysis of data from six focus groups with service providers in Australia. Three main themes were developed: 1) exploiting structural inequalities; 2) women as reproductive property; and 3) pregnancy as a form of control. Findings confirm the complex interplay between reproductive coercion and abuse, intimate partner and sexual violence, and suggest that community attitudes towards women's role in sex and reproduction and structural risk factors may complicate this nexus even further for minority ethnic women. It is important for service providers supporting minority ethnic women - particularly in antenatal and abortion care - to be aware of reproductive coercion and abuse. Similarly, policies concerning access to financial support for minority ethnic women should acknowledge the critical role this could play in facilitating or preventing abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tarzia
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heather Douglas
- School of Law, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
| | - Nicola Sheeran
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ueno Y, Kako M, Ohira M, Okamura H. Shared decision-making for women facing an unplanned pregnancy: A qualitative study. Nurs Health Sci 2021; 22:1186-1196. [PMID: 33159478 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the competencies of health care practitioners who promote shared decision-making (SDM)-based care for women facing an unplanned pregnancy in Japan. We conducted semistructured interviews with 12 care providers who are pioneers in care for women facing an unplanned pregnancy and adopted a modified grounded theory approach for data analysis. A three-step model for shared decision making in practice (team talk, option talk, and decision talk) was used as a reference. The answers given by the care providers were analyzed to identify the competencies involved in shared decision making. We identified three stages: (i) building trust and promoting women's expression; (ii) discussing women's real needs; and (iii) exploring the intentions and goals expressed by women and finding the best choices while promoting women's autonomy in decision-making. The coordination between the support of partners, families, and professionals, and the care provided to strengthen women's identities facilitated shared decision making. Women facing an unplanned pregnancy can benefit from interventions designed to improve shared decision making. A key component of shared decision making-based care relates to practitioners' raised awareness toward their roles and responsibilities: developing good communication skills and fostering collaboration between all stakeholders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ueno
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kako
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Ohira
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
#metoo? The association between sexual violence history and parturients' gynecological health and mental well-being. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 304:385-393. [PMID: 33527173 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-05977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sexual violence is a global health problem. We aimed to evaluate the association between self-reported history of sexual violence and parturients' health behaviors, focusing on routine gynecological care, and mental well-being. METHODS This was a retrospective questionnaire-based study, including mothers of newborns delivered at the "Soroka" University Medical Center (SUMC). Participants were asked to complete three validated questionnaires, including: screening for sexual violence history (SES), post-traumatic stress disorder (PDS) and post-partum depression (EPDS). Additionally, a demographic, pregnancy and gynecological history data questionnaire was completed, and medical record summarized. Multiple analyses were performed, comparing background and outcome variables across the different SES severity levels. Multivariable regression models were constructed, while adjusting for confounding variables. RESULTS The study included 210 women. Of them, 26.3% (n = 57) reported unwanted sexual encounter, 23% (n = 50) reported coercion, 1.8% (n = 4) assault and attempted rape, and 1.4% (n = 3) reported rape. A significant association was found between sexual violence history and neglected gynecological care, positive EPDS screening, and reporting experiencing sexual trauma. Several multivariable regression models were constructed, to assess independent associations between sexual violence history and gynecological health-care characteristics, as well as EPDS score. Sexual violence history was found to be independently and significantly associated with a negative relationship with the gynecologist, avoidance of gynecological care, sub-optimal routine gynecological follow-up, and seeking a gynecologist for acute symptoms (adjusted OR = 0.356; 95% CI 0.169-0.749, adjusted OR = 0.369; 95% CI 0.170-0.804, adjusted OR = 2.255; 95% CI 1.187-4.283, and adjusted OR = 2.113; 95% CI 1.085-4.111, respectively), as well as with the risk of post-partum depression (adjusted OR = 4.46; 95% CI 2.03-9.81). All models adjusted for maternal age and ethnicity. CONCLUSION Sexual violence history is extremely common among post-partum women. It is independently associated with post-partum depression, neglected gynecological care, a negative relationship with the gynecologist, and with reporting of experiencing sexual trauma. Identifying populations at risk and taking active measures, may reduce distress and improve emotional well-being and family function.
Collapse
|