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Tarbali S, Dadkhah M, Saadati H. Lipophilic fluorescent products as a potential biomarker of oxidative stress: A link between central (brain) and peripheral (blood). JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 29:38. [PMID: 39239084 PMCID: PMC11376719 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_671_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in brain damage because of the sensitivity of brain tissue to oxidative damage. Biomarkers with easy measurement can be a candidate for reflecting the oxidative stress issue in humans. For this reason, we need to focus on specific metabolic products of the brain. End products of free radical reactions such as malondialdehydes form fluorescent products known as lipophilic fluorescent products (LFPs). The distinctive feature of LFPs is their autofluorescent properties. LFPs are detectable in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, because of the diffusion into the bloodstream, these lipophilic molecules can be detected in the blood. Accumulations of these compounds produce more reactive oxygen species and increase the sensitivity of cells to oxidative damage. Hence, LFPs can be considered a danger signal for neurons and can be introduced as a strong index of oxidative damage both in the central and in the peripheral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Tarbali
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Saadati
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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2
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Taylor TL, Smith BP, Hazel SJ. Guardians' perceptions of caring for a dog with canine cognitive dysfunction. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3266. [PMID: 37503693 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is difficult to diagnose, as its clinical signs are similar to those of other age-related conditions. The experience of caring for a senior dog with or without CCD is not well described. METHODS Data were collected via an online survey. Using a mixed methods design, the level of CCD and burden of care were measured using validated tools, and open-ended questions gathered qualitative data. A general linear model showed the factors associated with guardian burden of care. RESULTS Sixteen percent of guardians experienced a clinically significant burden of care. Factors associated with burden of care included severity of CCD, sleep location, guardian employment, household size, dog age, guardian age and the dog taking medication. Few dogs with CCD were prescribed CCD medications to ameliorate clinical signs. Euthanasia, strong attachment mitigating burden and the complexities of caregiving were themes presented by guardians. LIMITATIONS Measures are based on self-reports and as such the usual limitations apply. CONCLUSIONS The burden of caring for an older dog is greater if they have CCD. More attention to the treatment of senior dogs, including medications to reduce clinical signs of CCD, could improve the welfare of older dogs and decrease the clinical burden experienced by guardians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey L Taylor
- Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bradley P Smith
- College of Psychology, School of Human Health and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University Australia, Wayville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Susan J Hazel
- Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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3
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Kikuchi H, Takahashi M, Komatsu H, Axelsen PH. Post-Translational Chemical Modification of Amyloid-β Peptides by 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:499-511. [PMID: 36776059 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extraction and quantification of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in brain tissue commonly uses formic acid (FA) to disaggregate Aβ fibrils. However, it is not clear whether FA can disaggregate post-translationally modified Aβ peptides, or whether it induces artifact by covalent modification during disaggregation. Of particular interest are Aβ peptides that have been covalently modified by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), an oxidative lipid degradation product produced in the vicinity of amyloid plaques that dramatically accelerates the aggregation of Aβ peptides. OBJECTIVE Test the ability of FA to disaggregate Aβ peptides modified by HNE and to induce covalent artifacts. METHODS Quantitative liquid-chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry of monomeric Aβ peptides and identify covalently modified forms. RESULTS FA disaggregated ordinary Aβ fibrils but also induced the time-dependent formylation of at least 2 residue side chains in Aβ peptides, as well as oxidation of its methionine side chain. FA was unable to disaggregate Aβ peptides that had been covalently modified by HNE. CONCLUSION The inability of FA to disaggregate Aβ peptides modified by HNE prevents FA-based approaches from quantifying a pool of HNE-modified Aβ peptides in brain tissue that may have pathological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kikuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, 1009C Stellar Chance Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Present address: Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miki Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, 1009C Stellar Chance Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Present address: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Komatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, 1009C Stellar Chance Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul H Axelsen
- Department of Pharmacology, 1009C Stellar Chance Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Heterogenous deposition of β-amyloid in the brain of aged dogs. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 99:44-52. [PMID: 33422893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dogs have been used as animal models for human diseases in which there is beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the central nervous system (CNS), such as Alzheimer's and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). However, many aspects of Aβ deposition in the CNS of dogs still remain unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the deposition of Aβ in different areas of the CNS of aged dogs from different breeds. Aβ was detected in the brains of aged dogs, forming either senile plaques in the neuropil of cortical gray matter or within the walls of parenchymal or leptomeningeal blood vessels. There was a positive correlation between aging and senile plaques or CAA. In dogs older than 8 years, there was no correlation between the area of Aβ plaques and age, with frontal, temporal, and occipital cortices being affected with approximately equal frequency. There was a positive correlation between Aβ deposition in vessel walls and age. Importantly, CAA was associated with the occurrence of microperivascular hemorrhages in the brains of aged dogs. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Aβ deposition as plaques or within vessel walls are extremely heterogenous in dogs from different breeds and sizes. Although many features of this disease in dogs are similar to those observed in humans, the choice of dog breed and size as a model for human disease will substantially affect the pattern of Aβ deposition.
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5
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Haddad M, Perrotte M, Landri S, Lepage A, Fülöp T, Ramassamy C. Circulating and Extracellular Vesicles Levels of N-(1-Carboxymethyl)-L-Lysine (CML) Differentiate Early to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:751-762. [PMID: 31127773 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both advanced glycation end products (AGEs) N-(1-carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (CML) and pentosidine were found in the brain from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and were associated with the neuropathological hallmarks of AD. In AD patients, the circulating level of both AGEs remains unknown. Moreover, their levels in peripheral extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their association with AD remain to be determined. Finally, it is not known if neuronal cells can release AGEs via EVs and propagate AGEs. OBJECTIVE To determine the levels of circulating CML and pentosidine during the progression of AD. Moreover, their levels in circulating EVs were determined and their association with the clinical cognitive scores were analyzed. Finally, we have studied the possibility that neuronal cells eliminate and transfer these AGEs through EVs. METHODS CML and pentosidine levels were measured in serum and in circulating EVs. Released-EVs from SK-N-SH neuronal cells were isolated and CML levels were also determined. RESULTS The levels of CML in albumin-free serum proteins were higher in the early stage of AD while the levels of pentosidine remained unchanged. In contrast, the levels of CML in the EVs were lower in the moderate stage of AD. Interestingly, the levels of CML in serum were negatively correlated with the clinical cognitive scores MMSE and MoCA. For the first time, we were able to demonstrate that CML was present in EVs released from neuronal cells in culture. CONCLUSION Peripheral and circulating EVs levels of CML can differentiate early to moderate AD. In the brain, neuronal CML can propagate from cells-to-cells via EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Haddad
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Morgane Perrotte
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sarra Landri
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Aurelie Lepage
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Division, Research Center on Aging, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tamàs Fülöp
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Division, Research Center on Aging, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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6
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Sándor S, Kubinyi E. Genetic Pathways of Aging and Their Relevance in the Dog as a Natural Model of Human Aging. Front Genet 2019; 10:948. [PMID: 31681409 PMCID: PMC6813227 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging research has experienced a burst of scientific efforts in the last decades as the growing ratio of elderly people has begun to pose an increased burden on the healthcare and pension systems of developed countries. Although many breakthroughs have been reported in understanding the cellular mechanisms of aging, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to senescence on higher biological levels are still barely understood. The dog, Canis familiaris, has already served as a valuable model of human physiology and disease. The possible role the dog could play in aging research is still an open question, although utilization of dogs may hold great promises as they naturally develop age-related cognitive decline, with behavioral and histological characteristics very similar to those of humans. In this regard, family dogs may possess unmatched potentials as models for investigations on the complex interactions between environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors that determine the course of aging. In this review, we summarize the known genetic pathways in aging and their relevance in dogs, putting emphasis on the yet barely described nature of certain aging pathways in canines. Reasons for highlighting the dog as a future aging and gerontology model are also discussed, ranging from its unique evolutionary path shared with humans, its social skills, and the fact that family dogs live together with their owners, and are being exposed to the same environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sára Sándor
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Schütt T, Helboe L, Pedersen LØ, Waldemar G, Berendt M, Pedersen JT. Dogs with Cognitive Dysfunction as a Spontaneous Model for Early Alzheimer's Disease: A Translational Study of Neuropathological and Inflammatory Markers. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:433-49. [PMID: 27003213 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aged companion dogs with canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) spontaneously develop varying degrees of progressive cognitive decline and particular neuropathological features correspondent to the changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans. The aim of the present study was to characterize certain aspects of neuropathology and inflammatory markers related to aging and CCD in dogs in comparison with human AD. Fifteen brains from aged dogs with normal cognitive function, mild cognitive impairment, or CCD were investigated and compared with two control brains from young dogs and brain sections from human AD subjects. The neuropathological investigations included evaluation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition (N-terminally truncated and pyroglutamyl-modified Aβ included), tau pathology, and inflammatory markers in prefrontal cortex. Cortical Aβ deposition was found to be only of the diffuse subtype as no dense-core or neuritic plaques were found. The Aβ deposition followed a progressive pattern in four maturation stages. Accumulation of the Aβ peptide was also observed in the vessel walls. Both immunohistochemically and biochemically measured levels of Aβ pathology in prefrontal cortex showed a consistent positive correlation to age but not to cognitive deficit severity. No evidence of neurofibrillary tau pathology was found. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines was generally low and showed no significant association to cognitive status. The findings of the present study support the senescent dog with spontaneous cognitive dysfunction as a valuable non-transgenic model for further investigations of the molecular events involved in the neurodegenerative processes associated with aging and early stage AD, especially the Aβ-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Schütt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurodegeneration, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | - Lone Helboe
- Department of Neurodegeneration, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Gunhild Waldemar
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Citron BA, Ameenuddin S, Uchida K, Suo WZ, SantaCruz K, Festoff BW. Membrane lipid peroxidation in neurodegeneration: Role of thrombin and proteinase-activated receptor-1. Brain Res 2016; 1643:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Cai Z, Liu N, Wang C, Qin B, Zhou Y, Xiao M, Chang L, Yan LJ, Zhao B. Role of RAGE in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:483-95. [PMID: 26175217 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a receptor of the immunoglobulin super family that plays various important roles under physiological and pathological conditions. Compelling evidence suggests that RAGE acts as both an inflammatory intermediary and a critical inducer of oxidative stress, underlying RAGE-induced Alzheimer-like pathophysiological changes that drive the process of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A critical role of RAGE in AD includes beta-amyloid (Aβ) production and accumulation, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, failure of synaptic transmission, and neuronal degeneration. The steady-state level of Aβ depends on the balance between production and clearance. RAGE plays an important role in the Aβ clearance. RAGE acts as an important transporter via regulating influx of circulating Aβ into brain, whereas the efflux of brain-derived Aβ into the circulation via BBB is implemented by LRP1. RAGE could be an important contributor to Aβ generation via enhancing the activity of β- and/or γ-secretases and activating inflammatory response and oxidative stress. However, sRAGE-Aβ interactions could inhibit Aβ neurotoxicity and promote Aβ clearance from brain. Meanwhile, RAGE could be a promoting factor for the synaptic dysfunction and neuronal circuit dysfunction which are both the material structure of cognition, and the physiological and pathological basis of cognition. In addition, RAGE could be a trigger for the pathogenesis of Aβ and tau hyper-phosphorylation which both participate in the process of cognitive impairment. Preclinical and clinical studies have supported that RAGE inhibitors could be useful in the treatment of AD. Thus, an effective measure to inhibit RAGE may be a novel drug target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, No. 39 Chaoyang Middle Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nannuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, No. 39 Chaoyang Middle Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, No. 39 Chaoyang Middle Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyong Qin
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, No. 39 Chaoyang Middle Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Zhou
- Physical Examination Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Chang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang Center Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Furman R, Murray IVJ, Schall HE, Liu Q, Ghiwot Y, Axelsen PH. Amyloid Plaque-Associated Oxidative Degradation of Uniformly Radiolabeled Arachidonic Acid. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:367-77. [PMID: 26800372 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a frequently observed feature of Alzheimer's disease, but its pathological significance is not understood. To explore the relationship between oxidative stress and amyloid plaques, uniformly radiolabeled arachidonate was introduced into transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease via intracerebroventricular injection. Uniform labeling with carbon-14 is used here for the first time, and made possible meaningful quantification of arachidonate oxidative degradation products. The injected arachidonate entered a fatty acid pool that was subject to oxidative degradation in both transgenic and wild-type animals. However, the extent of its degradation was markedly greater in the hippocampus of transgenic animals where amyloid plaques were abundant. In human Alzheimer's brain, plaque-associated proteins were post-translationally modified by hydroxynonenal, a well-known oxidative degradation product of arachidonate. These results suggest that several recurring themes in Alzheimer's pathogenesis, amyloid β proteins, transition metal ions, oxidative stress, and apolipoprotein isoforms, may be involved in a common mechanism that has the potential to explain both neuronal loss and fibril formation in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Furman
- Department
of Pharmacology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ian V. J. Murray
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77807, United States
- Department
of Physiology and Neuroscience, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Hayley E. Schall
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Qiwei Liu
- Department
of Pharmacology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yonatan Ghiwot
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Paul H. Axelsen
- Department
of Pharmacology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Bellows J, Colitz CMH, Daristotle L, Ingram DK, Lepine A, Marks SL, Sanderson SL, Tomlinson J, Zhang J. Common physical and functional changes associated with aging in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 246:67-75. [PMID: 25517328 DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bellows
- Pets Dental, 17100 Royal Palm Blvd, Weston, FL 33326
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12
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Liu K, Liu Y, Li L, Qin P, Iqbal J, Deng Y, Qing H. Glycation alter the process of Tau phosphorylation to change Tau isoforms aggregation property. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:192-201. [PMID: 26655600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The risk of tauopathies depends in part on the levels and modified composition of six Tau isoforms in the human brain. Abnormal phosphorylation of the Tau protein and the shift of the ratio of 3R Tau to 4R Tau are presumed to result in neurofibrillary pathology and neurodegeneration. Glycation has recently been linked to dementia and metabolic syndrome. To determine the contribution of Tau protein glycation and phosphorylation on Tau aggregation propensity, the assembled kinetics were examined in vitro using Thioflavin T fluorescence assays. We found that glycation and phosphorylation have different effects on aggregation propensity in different Tau isoforms. Different Tau proteins play important parts in each tauopathies, but 3R0N, fetal Tau protein, has no effect on tauopathies. Conversely, 4R2N has more modified sites and a higher tendency to aggregate, playing the most important role in 4R tauopathies. Finally, Glycation, which could modulate Tau phosphorylation, may occur before any other modification. It also regulates the 3R to 4R ratio and promotes 4R2N Tau protein aggregation. Decreasing the sites of glycation, as well as shifting other Tau proteins to 3R0N Tau proteins has potential therapeutic implications for tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefu Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Lingyun Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China; School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Peibin Qin
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, No.33, Life Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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13
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Oxidative Stress and Protein Quality Control Systems in the Aged Canine Brain as a Model for Human Neurodegenerative Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:940131. [PMID: 26078824 PMCID: PMC4442305 DOI: 10.1155/2015/940131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aged dogs are considered the most suitable spontaneous animal model for studying normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Elderly canines naturally develop cognitive dysfunction and neuropathological hallmarks similar to those seen in humans, especially Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Pet dogs also share similar living conditions and diets to humans. Oxidative damage accumulates in the canine brain during aging, making dogs a valid model for translational antioxidant treatment/prevention studies. Evidence suggests the presence of detective protein quality control systems, involving ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs), in the aged canine brain. Further studies on the canine model are needed to clarify the role of age-related changes in UPS activity and HSP expression in neurodegeneration in order to design novel treatment strategies, such as HSP-based therapies, aimed at improving chaperone defences against proteotoxic stress affecting brain during aging.
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14
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Cho N, Lee HK, Jeon BJ, Kim HW, Kim HP, Lee JH, Kim YC, Sung SH. The effects of Betula platyphylla bark on amyloid beta-induced learning and memory impairment in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
Aging dogs and cats show neurodegenerative features that are similar to human aging and Alzheimer disease. Neuropathologic changes with age may be linked to signs of cognitive dysfunction both in the laboratory and in a clinic setting. Less is known about cat brain aging and cognition and this represents an area for further study. Neurodegenerative diseases such as lysosomal storage diseases in dogs and cats also show similar features of human aging, suggesting some common underlying pathogenic mechanisms and also suggesting pathways that can be modified to promote healthy brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Vite
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Section of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 South Limestone Street, 203 Sanders Brown Building, Lexington, KY 40515, USA.
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Davis PR, Head E. Prevention approaches in a preclinical canine model of Alzheimer's disease: benefits and challenges. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:47. [PMID: 24711794 PMCID: PMC3968758 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aged dogs spontaneously develop many features of human aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) including cognitive decline and neuropathology. In this review, we discuss age-dependent learning tasks, memory tasks, and functional measures that can be used in aged dogs for sensitive treatment outcome measures. Neuropathology that is linked to cognitive decline is described along with examples of treatment studies that show reduced neuropathology in aging dogs (dietary manipulations, behavioral enrichment, immunotherapy, and statins). Studies in canine show that multi-targeted approaches may be more beneficial than single pathway manipulations (e.g., antioxidants combined with behavioral enrichment). Aging canine studies show good predictive validity for human clinical trials outcomes (e.g., immunotherapy) and several interventions tested in dogs strongly support a prevention approach (e.g., immunotherapy and statins). Further, dogs are ideally suited for prevention studies as they the age because onset of cognitive decline and neuropathology strongly support longitudinal interventions that can be completed within a 3-5 year period. Disadvantages to using the canine model are that they lengthy, use labor-intensive comprehensive cognitive testing, and involve costly housing (almost as high as that of non-human primates). However, overall, using the dog as a preclinical model for testing preventive approaches for AD may complement work in rodents and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina R Davis
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
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Mongillo P, Araujo JA, Pitteri E, Carnier P, Adamelli S, Regolin L, Marinelli L. Spatial reversal learning is impaired by age in pet dogs. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:2273-82. [PMID: 23529504 PMCID: PMC3824977 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aged dogs spontaneously develop progressive decline in both cognitive and behavioral function, in addition to neuropathological changes, that collectively parallel several aspects of human aging and Alzheimer's disease progression and likely contribute to the development of canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome. In the current study, ethologically relevant spatial learning, retention, and reversal learning tasks were conducted, with the goal of expanding canine neuropsychological testing to pet dogs. Initially, dogs (N = 44, aged 7.8 ± 2.8 years, mean ± SD) had to learn which of two alternative routes successfully led out of a T-maze. Two weeks later, long-term memory retention was assessed, immediately followed by a reversal learning task in which the previously correct route out of the maze was reversed compared with the initial learning and memory retention tasks. No effects of age were evident on the learning or retention tasks. However, older (≥ 8 years) dogs were significantly impaired on the reversal learning task compared with younger ones (< 8 years). Moreover, trial response latency was significantly increased in aged dogs across both the initial and reversal learning tasks but not on the retention task, which suggests that processing speed was impaired by increasing age during the acquisition of novel spatial information but not during performance of previously learned responses. Overall, the current study provides a framework for assessing cognitive function in pet dogs, which should improve understanding of the effects of aging on cognition in the dog population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mongillo
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy,
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18
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Head E. A canine model of human aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1384-9. [PMID: 23528711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aged dog naturally develops cognitive decline in many different domains (including learning and memory) but also exhibits human-like individual variability in the aging process. The neurobiological basis for cognitive dysfunction may be related to structural changes that reflect neurodegeneration. Molecular cascades that contribute to degeneration in the aging dog brain include the progressive accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) in diffuse plaques and in the cerebral vasculature. In addition, neuronal dysfunction occurs as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction and cumulative oxidative damage. In combination, the aged dog captures key features of human aging, making them particularly useful for the development of preventive or therapeutic interventions to improve aged brain function. These interventions can then be translated into human clinical trials. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Animal Models of Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Jeong EJ, Lee HK, Lee KY, Jeon BJ, Kim DH, Park JH, Song JH, Huh J, Lee JH, Sung SH. The effects of lignan-riched extract of Shisandra chinensis on amyloid-β-induced cognitive impairment and neurotoxicity in the cortex and hippocampus of mouse. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:347-54. [PMID: 23333311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The fruits of Schisandra chinensis (Trucz.) Baill. (Schisandraceae) which have been used as a tonic especially for kidney yin deficiency in Chinese traditional medicine are recently receiving attention for its preventive activity on age-related neurodegenerative diseases. A variety of studies demonstrated the cognitive-enhancing effects of Schisandra chinensis through animal tests and also in clinical trials. AIM OF STUDY In this study, we attempted to investigate the effects of the lignan-riched extract of Schisandra chinensis fruits (ESP-806) on neurotoxicity and memory impairment induced by Aβ1-42 injection in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fruits of Schisandra chinensis were extracted with the mixture of n-hexane:ethanol (9:1), which is riched with bioactive dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, schizandrin, gomisin N, wuweigisu C. After oral treatment of ESP-806 (100 mg/kg body weight) followed by injection of Aβ1-42 (2 μg/mouse, i.c.v.), novel object recognition and passive avoidance tests were evaluated. To verify the cognition enhancing effects of ESP-806, we examined the effects of ESP-806 on the activities of β-secretase and acetylcholinesterase, and the contents of Aβ and the reduced glutathione within the cortex and hippocampus of Aβ-injected mice. RESULTS Oral treatment of ESP-806 (100 mg/kg body weight) significantly attenuated Aβ1-42-induced memory impairment evaluated by behavioral tests. Furthermore, the treatment of ESP-806 attenuated the elevation of β-secretase activity accompanying the reduced level of Aβ1-42 in the cortex and hippocampus of the brain. ESP-806 also significantly inhibited the acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus and increased the content of the reduced glutathione in the cortex and hippocampus of mouse brain. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that the extract of Schisandra chinensis fruits riched with dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans may be useful in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Dowling ALS, Head E. Antioxidants in the canine model of human aging. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1822:685-9. [PMID: 22005070 PMCID: PMC3291812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage can lead to neuronal dysfunction in the brain due to modifications to proteins, lipids and DNA/RNA. In both human and canine brain, oxidative damage progressively increases with age. In the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, oxidative damage is further exacerbated, possibly due to increased deposition of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in senile plaques. These observations have led to the hypothesis that antioxidants may be beneficial for brain aging and AD. Aged dogs naturally develop AD-like neuropathology (Aβ) and cognitive dysfunction and are a useful animal model in which to test antioxidants. In a longitudinal study of aging beagles, a diet rich in antioxidants improved cognition, maintained cognition and reduced oxidative damage and Aβ pathology in treated animals. These data suggest that antioxidants may be beneficial for human brain aging and for AD, particularly as a preventative intervention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L S Dowling
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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21
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Hu ZY, Liu G, Cheng XR, Huang Y, Yang S, Qiao SY, Sun L, Zhou WX, Zhang YX. JD-30, an active fraction extracted from Danggui–Shaoyao–San, decreases β-amyloid content and deposition, improves LTP reduction and prevents spatial cognition impairment in SAMP8 mice. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Head E. Neurobiology of the aging dog. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 33:485-496. [PMID: 20845082 PMCID: PMC3168593 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aged canines naturally accumulate several types of neuropathology that may have links to cognitive decline. On a gross level, significant cortical atrophy occurs with age along with an increase in ventricular volume based on magnetic resonance imaging studies. Microscopically, there is evidence of select neuron loss and reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus of aged dogs, an area critical for intact learning and memory. The cause of neuronal loss and dysfunction may be related to the progressive accumulation of toxic proteins, oxidative damage, cerebrovascular pathology, and changes in gene expression. For example, aged dogs naturally accumulate human-type beta-amyloid peptide, a protein critically involved with the development of Alzheimer's disease in humans. Further, oxidative damage to proteins, DNA/RNA and lipids occurs with age in dogs. Although less well explored in the aged canine brain, neuron loss, and cerebrovascular pathology observed with age are similar to human brain aging and may also be linked to cognitive decline. Interestingly, the prefrontal cortex appears to be particularly vulnerable early in the aging process in dogs and this may be reflected in dysfunction in specific cognitive domains with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, 800 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Chambers JK, Mutsuga M, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Characterization of AβpN3 deposition in the brains of dogs of various ages and other animal species. Amyloid 2011; 18:63-71. [PMID: 21557687 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2011.570385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Senile plaques (SP) are characteristic histopathological manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but are also found in normal aging (NA). Recent studies have demonstrated that beta amyloid (Aβ) proteins that have been truncated at the N-terminal position 3 (AβpN3) are the predominant component of SP in AD, but not in NA. The present study revealed that AβpN3 was deposited in an age-dependent manner in canine brains. Moreover, AβpN3 was the main component of the SP that developed in very old dogs. The deposition of AβpN3 increased in accordance with the number of SP, but that of N-terminally intact Aβ (AβN1) did not. In addition, AβpN3 was also deposited in the SP of a Japanese macaque and an American black bear, but not in a feline brain. Focal microvascular cerebral amyloid angiopathy was also observed in the deep cortices and the white matter of the dogs and a woodpecker. Those were always composed of both AβpN3 and AβN1. In conclusion, though non-human animals do not develop full pathology of AD of the human type, AβpN3 is widely deposited in the brains of senescent vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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24
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Reichman WE, Fiocco AJ, Rose NS. Exercising the brain to avoid cognitive decline: examining the evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/ahe.10.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dementias and related cognitive disorders of the brain are strongly age-associated and prevalence is expected to rise dramatically with a rapidly aging population. As a result, there has been increasing attention on the prevention and treatment of cognitive decline associated with these conditions. A number of approaches have been designed to maintain and strengthen the cognitive capacity of the healthy, as well as the pathologically damaged brain. Evidence suggests that despite advancing age, our brains, and thus our cognitive functions, retain the ability to be maintained and strengthened through the biological process of neuroplasticity. With this opportunity, a new commercial field of ‘brain fitness’ has been launched to bring to the market training exercises and games that maintain and strengthen cognitive abilities in adulthood. However, the majority of brain fitness methods and products now marketed and sold to consumers have scant scientific evidence to support their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Reichman
- Baycrest Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alexandra J Fiocco
- Kunin-Lunenfeld Applied Research Unit, Baycrest Centre, 3560 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Nathan S Rose
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, 3560 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
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25
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Holmerová I, Vanková H, Jurasková B. Biogerontology in the Czech Republic. Biogerontology 2010; 12:31-5. [PMID: 20859685 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-010-9300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Authors provide results of their review of research in the field of biogerontology. Despite the fact that the term "biogerontology" is not commonly used in Czech scientific practice, there have been many research efforts in this field. Up to present, the Czech research teams have focused on the theoretical and biological models of ageing, its immunological aspects, the risk factors of unsuccessfull human ageing, and also metabolic and nutritional factors. Many research teams are dealing with the mechanisms of the neurodegeneration. The authors conclude that better coordination and systematic funding of research in gerontology is needed because of the actual demographic challenges.
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Pop V, Head E, Berchtold NC, Glabe CG, Studzinski CM, Weidner AM, Murphy MP, Cotman CW. Aβ aggregation profiles and shifts in APP processing favor amyloidogenesis in canines. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:108-20. [PMID: 20434811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aged canine is a higher animal model that naturally accumulates β-amyloid (Aβ) and shows age-related cognitive decline. However, profiles of Aβ accumulation in different species (40 vs. 42), its assembly states, and Aβ precursor protein (APP) processing as a function of age remain unexplored. In this study, we show that Aβ increases progressively with age as detected in extracellular plaques and biochemically extractable Aβ40 and Aβ42 species. Soluble oligomeric forms of the peptide, with specific increases in an Aβ oligomer migrating at 56 kDa, also increase with age. Changes in APP processing could potentially explain why Aβ accumulates, and we show age-related shifts toward decreased total APP protein and nonamyloidogenic (α-secretase) processing coupled with increased amyloidogenic (β-secretase) cleavage of APP. Importantly, we describe Aβ pathology in the cingulate and temporal cortex and provide a description of oligomeric Aβ across the canine lifespan. Our findings are in line with observations in the human brain, suggesting that canines are a valuable higher animal model for the study of Aβ pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorela Pop
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.
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Short-term supplementation with acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid alters plasma protein carbonyl levels but does not improve cognition in aged beagles. Exp Gerontol 2009; 44:752-9. [PMID: 19735717 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that a diet enriched with antioxidants and mitochondrial co-factors improves cognition in aged dogs, which is accompanied by a reduction in oxidative damage in the brain. The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of supplementation with mitochondrial co-factors on cognition and plasma protein carbonyl levels in aged dogs. Specifically, we aimed to test whether the individual or combined action of lipoic acid (LA) and acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) could account for the beneficial effects of the enriched diet that contained both plus antioxidants. Dogs were given LA or ALCAR, alone and then in combination and cognition was assessed using a spatial learning task and two discrimination and reversal paradigms. Dogs receiving the ALCAR supplement showed an increase in protein carbonyl levels that was associated with increased error scores on the spatial task, and which was reduced upon additional supplementation with LA. We did not observe significant positive effects on cognition. The present findings suggest that short-term supplementation with LA and ALCAR is insufficient to improve cognition in aged dogs, and that the beneficial effects of the full spectrum diet arose from either the cellular antioxidants alone or their interaction with LA and ALCAR.
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28
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Christie LA, Opii WO, Head E. Strategies for improving cognition with aging: insights from a longitudinal study of antioxidant and behavioral enrichment in canines. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 31:211-220. [PMID: 19714491 PMCID: PMC2734239 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-008-9063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies in humans suggest that lifestyle factors can have a beneficial impact on the risk for developing cognitive decline and dementia with age. There is growing evidence that maintaining a physically and intellectually active lifestyle can positively impact cognitive ability in older individuals. Dietary factors, such as the intake of antioxidants, may also prevent age-related cognitive decline. However, studies in humans are challenging; many variables cannot be controlled, making it difficult for researchers to determine the exact types and quantities of enrichment and dietary factors necessary for positive effects on cognition. Studies in animal models of human aging allow researchers to precisely control such variables, and can be used to assess the mechanisms and molecular pathways underlying any positive effects. Here we review the results of an intervention study using a canine model of human aging. The study was unique in that it compared the effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation alone and in combination with behavioral enrichment. We found that both interventions lead to improvements in cognitive ability in aged dogs; however, combining the treatments preserved cognition to a greater extent than either treatment alone. Overall, the results suggest that antioxidant supplementation and behavioral enrichment target separate yet complementary molecular pathways to improve cognition, and support the idea that combinations of treatments to improve cognition and slow brain aging will produce greater benefits than single interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori-Ann Christie
- Institute for Brain Aging & Dementia, University of California, 1259 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-4540 USA
| | - Wycliffe O. Opii
- Institute for Brain Aging & Dementia, University of California, 1259 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-4540 USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Institute for Brain Aging & Dementia, University of California, 1259 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-4540 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, 1259 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-4540 USA
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29
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Head E, Nukala VN, Fenoglio KA, Muggenburg BA, Cotman CW, Sullivan PG. Effects of age, dietary, and behavioral enrichment on brain mitochondria in a canine model of human aging. Exp Neurol 2009; 220:171-6. [PMID: 19703441 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dogs develop cognitive decline and a progressive accumulation of oxidative damage. In a previous longitudinal study, we demonstrated that aged dogs treated with either an antioxidant diet or with behavioral enrichment show cognitive improvement. The antioxidant diet included cellular antioxidants (vitamins E and C, fruits and vegetables) and mitochondrial cofactors (lipoic acid and carnitine). Behavioral enrichment consisted of physical exercise, social enrichment, and cognitive training. We hypothesized that the antioxidant treatment improved neuronal function through increased mitochondrial function. Thus, we measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and bioenergetics in mitochondria isolated from young, aged, and treated aged animals. Aged canine brain mitochondria show significant increases in ROS production and a reduction in NADH-linked respiration. Mitochondrial function (ROS and NADH-linked respiration) was improved selectively in aged dogs treated with an antioxidant diet. In contrast, behavioral enrichment had no effect on any mitochondrial parameters. These results suggest that an antioxidant diet improves cognition by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, which may be an independent molecular pathway not engaged by behavioral enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Head
- Institute for Brain Aging & Dementia, Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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30
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Chen L, Wei Y, Wang X, He R. D-Ribosylated Tau forms globular aggregates with high cytotoxicity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2559-71. [PMID: 19517062 PMCID: PMC11115892 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the glycation of Tau that is involved in paired helical filament formation in Alzheimer's disease has been widely studied, little attention has been paid to the role of D-ribose in the glycation of Tau. Here, we show that Tau is rapidly glycated in the presence of D-ribose, resulting in oligomerization and polymerization. Glycated derivatives appeared after 24 h incubation. Western blotting indicated the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) during initial stages of glycation. Thioflavin T-positive (ThT-positive) aggregations that appeared from day 4 indicated the globular-like features. Atomic force microscopy revealed that the surface morphology of ribosylated Tau40 was globular-like. Kinetic studies suggested that D-ribosylated Tau is slowly oligomerized and rapidly polymerized with ThT-positive features. Moreover, D-ribosylated Tau aggregates were highly toxic to SHSY5Y cells and resulted in both apoptosis and necrosis. This work has demonstrated that D-ribose reacted with Tau protein rapidly, producing ThT-positive aggregations which had high cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu Quan Road, Shijingshan District, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Rongqiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
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Diagnosis and Management of Patients Presenting with Behavior Problems. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38:937-50, v. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Head E. Oxidative damage and cognitive dysfunction: antioxidant treatments to promote healthy brain aging. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:670-8. [PMID: 18683046 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage in the brain may lead to cognitive impairments in aged humans. Further, in age-associated neurodegenerative disease, oxidative damage may be exacerbated and associated with additional neuropathology. Epidemiological studies in humans show both positive and negative effects of the use of antioxidant supplements on healthy cognitive aging and on the risk of developing Alzheimer disease (AD). This contrasts with consistent behavioral improvements in aged rodent models. In a higher mammalian model system that naturally accumulates human-type pathology and cognitive decline (aged dogs), an antioxidant enriched diet leads to rapid learning improvements, memory improvements after prolonged treatment and cognitive maintenance. Cognitive benefits can be further enhanced by the addition of behavioral enrichment. In the brains of aged treated dogs, oxidative damage is reduced and there is some evidence of reduced AD-like neuropathology. In combination, antioxidants may be beneficial for promoting healthy brain aging and reducing the risk of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Aging & Dementia, University of California, 1259 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA.
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Sultana R, Butterfield DA. Redox proteomics studies of in vivo amyloid beta-peptide animal models of Alzheimer's disease: Insight into the role of oxidative stress. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:685-96. [PMID: 21136866 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease. AD is characterized by the presence of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic loss. Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), a component of senile plaques, has been proposed to play an important role in oxidative stress in AD brain and could be one of the key factors in the pathogenesis of AD. In the present review, we discuss some of the AD animal models that express Aβ, and compare the proteomics-identified oxidatively modified proteins between AD brain and those of Aβ models. Such a comparison would allow better understanding of the role of Aβ in AD pathogenesis thereby helping in developing potential therapeutics to treat or delay AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Osella MC, Re G, Badino P, Bergamasco L, Miolo A. Phosphatidylserine (PS) as a potential nutraceutical for canine brain aging: A review. J Vet Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
This chapter describes the need for, as well as the process of, development, manufacture, and the clinical evaluation of a multi-antioxidant formulation. The formulation is in a chewable tablet form, for use in dogs showing clinical signs of cognitive dysfunction syndrome.
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Head E, Rofina J, Zicker S. Oxidative stress, aging, and central nervous system disease in the canine model of human brain aging. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38:167-78, vi. [PMID: 18249248 PMCID: PMC2390776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Decline in cognitive functions that accompany aging in dogs may have a biologic basis, and many of the disorders associated with aging in dogs may be mitigated through dietary modifications that incorporate specific nutraceuticals. Based on previous research and the results of laboratory and clinical studies, antioxidants may be one class of nutraceutical that provides benefits to aged dogs. Brains of aged dogs accumulate oxidative damage to proteins and lipids, which may lead to dysfunction of neuronal cells. The production of free radicals and lack of increase in compensatory antioxidant enzymes may lead to detrimental modifications to important macromolecules within neurons. Reducing oxidative damage through food ingredients rich in a broad spectrum of antioxidants significantly improves, or slows the decline of, learning and memory in aged dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, Department of Neurology, University of California at Irvine, 1259 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA
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Head E. Combining an Antioxidant-Fortified Diet with Behavioral Enrichment Leads to Cognitive Improvement and Reduced Brain Pathology in Aging Canines: Strategies for Healthy Aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1114:398-406. [PMID: 17717087 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1396.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The number of elderly individuals in our population is rapidly rising and age-associated neurodegenerative disease is becoming more prevalent. Thus, identifying ways by which we can promote healthy aging are becoming more critical. Lifestyle factors, such as engaging in physical, intellectual, and social activities, are protective against dementia in aged individuals. Similarly, there is some evidence to suggest that antioxidants are beneficial. Observational studies in humans have been confirmed and extended in rodent model systems. We present additional evidence that, in a canine model of aging, combining an antioxidant-enriched diet and behavioral enrichment (including social, physical, and cognitive components) can lead to substantial improvements in cognition and reduced brain pathology. These results suggest that modifying lifestyle factors can have a beneficial impact on the aging process, even in aged individuals with existing cognitive decline and brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Institute for Brain Aging & Dementia, Department of Neurology, University of California at Irvine, 1259 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA.
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38
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Osella MC, Re G, Odore R, Girardi C, Badino P, Barbero R, Bergamasco L. Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome: Prevalence, clinical signs and treatment with a neuroprotective nutraceutical. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Murray IVJ, Liu L, Komatsu H, Uryu K, Xiao G, Lawson JA, Axelsen PH. Membrane-mediated amyloidogenesis and the promotion of oxidative lipid damage by amyloid beta proteins. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:9335-9345. [PMID: 17255094 PMCID: PMC2253689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608589200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of oxidative stress and the accumulation of fibrillar amyloid beta proteins (Abeta) in senile plaques throughout the cerebral cortex are consistent features in the pathology of Alzheimer disease. To define a mechanistic link between these two processes, various aspects of the relationship between oxidative lipid membrane damage and amyloidogenesis were characterized by chemical and physical techniques. Earlier studies of this relationship demonstrated that oxidatively damaged synthetic lipid membranes promoted amyloidogenesis. The studies reported herein specify that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is produced in both synthetic lipids and human brain lipid extracts by oxidative lipid damage and that it can account for accelerated amyloidogenesis. Abeta promotes the copper-mediated generation of HNE from polyunsaturated lipids, and in turn, HNE covalently modifies the histidine side chains of Abeta. HNE-modified Abeta have an increased affinity for lipid membranes and an increased tendency to aggregate into amyloid fibrils. Thus, the prooxidant activity of Abeta leads to its own covalent modification and to accelerated amyloidogenesis. These results illustrate how lipid membranes may be involved in templating the pathological misfolding of Abeta, and they suggest a possible chemical mechanism linking oxidative stress with amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian V J Murray
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Liu Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Hiroaki Komatsu
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kunihiro Uryu
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Gang Xiao
- Proteomics Core Facility, Penn Genomics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - John A Lawson
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Paul H Axelsen
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
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40
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Långström B, Andrén PE, Lindhe O, Svedberg M, Hall H. In Vitro Imaging Techniques in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Imaging Biol 2007; 9:161-75. [PMID: 17318669 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-007-0088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration induces various changes in the brain, changes that may be investigated using neuroimaging techniques. The in vivo techniques are useful for the visualization of major changes, and the progressing abnormalities may also be followed longitudinally. However, to study and quantify minor abnormalities, neuroimaging of postmortem brain tissue is used. These in vitro methods are complementary to the in vivo techniques and contribute to the knowledge of pathophysiology and etiology of the neurodegenerative diseases. In vitro radioligand autoradiography has given great insight in the involvement of different neuronal receptor systems in these diseases. Data on the dopamine and cholinergic systems in neurodegeneration are discussed in this review. Also, the amyloid plaques are studied using in vitro radioligand autoradiography. Using one of the newer methods, imaging matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, the distribution of a large number of peptides and proteins may be detected in vitro on brain cryosections. In this overview, we describe in vitro imaging techniques in the neurodegenerative diseases as a complement to in vivo positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Långström
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Siwak-Tapp CT, Head E, Muggenburg BA, Milgram NW, Cotman CW. Region specific neuron loss in the aged canine hippocampus is reduced by enrichment. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 29:39-50. [PMID: 17092609 PMCID: PMC2198929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuron loss within the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex occurs as a function of age in humans. We first tested the hypothesis that neuron loss occurs in the aged dog. The total unilateral number of neurons in the canine entorhinal cortex and subdivisions of the hippocampus from the left hemisphere were estimated using the optical fractionator. The brains from 5 old (13.0-15.0 years old) and 5 young (3.4-4.5 years old) beagle dogs were analyzed. The hilus of the hippocampus showed a significant loss of neurons (approximately 30%) in the aged dog brain compared to young. Differences were not detected in the remaining hippocampal subfields and entorhinal cortex. We further tested the hypothesis that an antioxidant fortified food or behavioral enrichment would reduce the age-related loss of hilar neurons. Behaviorally enriched aged dogs had more neurons in the hilus (approximately 18%) compared to aged controls. These results suggest that the aged canine hippocampus in the left hemisphere shows selective neuron loss and that behavioral enrichment may reduce this loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina T Siwak-Tapp
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, 1226 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA.
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Abstract
Many treatment options are now available for pets with age-related cognitive dysfunction, including drugs, nutritional supplements, and diets. This article describes the theory, evidence of efficacy, and potential neuroprotective effects of products used to treat cognitive dysfunction. Cognitive dysfunction is a diagnosis of exclusion, because many painful conditions and health problems may present with similar signs. Practitioners must, therefore, actively question owners of senior pets in order to diagnose cognitive dysfunction and to assess the pet’s general health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Landsberg
- Doncaster Animal Clinic, 99 Henderson Avenue, Thornhill, Ontario, L3T 2K9, Canada
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Haynes RL, Folkerth RD, Szweda LI, Volpe JJ, Kinney HC. Lipid Peroxidation During Human Cerebral Myelination. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65:894-904. [PMID: 16957583 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000235858.56631.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical period of human cerebral myelination is characterized by rapid production of cellular membranes. We hypothesize that this period is subject to the "physiological" generation of free radicals resulting in lipid peroxidation (LPO). In this study, oxidative markers were examined in developing human parietal white matter using 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) protein adducts as an indicator of LPO. Immunocytochemistry showed an increase in HNE-positive glia from 40 gestational weeks to 1.5 postnatal years encompassing the peak period of myelin sheath synthesis at this site. Western blots showed a distinct pattern of HNE-modified proteins at fetal/term ages 26 to 42 gestational weeks and a second, different pattern at 45 gestational weeks to 2.5 postnatal years. Proteins modified by HNE in the latter period, corresponding to active myelination, were identified using mass spectrometry. The most prominent category of HNE modification included cytoskeletal proteins such as tubulins and neurofilaments. Other categories included cell type-specific proteins for mature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes and proteins involved in cell cycle and energy metabolism. We conclude that human brain development involves basal levels of oxidative stress and resulting LPO and that these processes target different proteins in an age-specific manner, thereby likely playing distinct roles during different periods of brain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Haynes
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Rofina JE, van Ederen AM, Toussaint MJM, Secrève M, van der Spek A, van der Meer I, Van Eerdenburg FJCM, Gruys E. Cognitive disturbances in old dogs suffering from the canine counterpart of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2006; 1069:216-26. [PMID: 16423332 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In geriatric dogs, Alzheimer-like behavior is frequently observed. This behavior has been classified by several authors using questionnaires and a correlation has been described between cognitive dysfunctions and Alzheimer-like pathology. In the present study, cognitive performance was correlated with brain pathology for 30 dogs of varying ages. Within these animals, two age-matched groups of old dogs with and without behavioral changes were compared. The behavioral changes were analyzed and scored with questionnaires and necropsy was performed to rule out any other cause for changed behavior. Measurements, (immuno)-histochemical staining and fluorescence microscopy were used to detect cortex atrophy, amyloid, rest-products of oxidative damage, demyelination and accumulations of macrophages in the brains of these dogs. Spearman rank correlation coefficients (r) were calculated and adjusted according to Bonferonni. In the whole group (young to very old dogs), the age of the animal showed a significant correlation with various behavioral changes (r = 0.7 to 0.9, P < 0.01). The dementia score correlated significantly (r = 0.6 to 0.8, P < 0.01) with all the brain lesions studied, except one, i.e. demyelination (r = -0.4, P > 0.05). These results suggest that a questionnaire can be used to diagnose Alzheimer-like changes in canine practice. Oxidative damage on a cellular and a nuclear level plays an important role in behavior changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Rofina
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Du J, Zeng J, Ou X, Ren X, Cai S. Methylglyoxal downregulates Raf-1 protein through a ubiquitination-mediated mechanism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 38:1084-91. [PMID: 16504566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of methylglyoxal, a physiological glucose metabolite, is considered a potential link between hyperglycemia and diabetes complications. Evidence has shown that methylglyoxal modifies cellular proteins by glycation and oxidation, resulting in dysfunction or loss of cellular proteins. Raf-1 protein-serine/threonine kinase serves as a central switch board in the transmission of many growth and developmental signals. It was reported that Raf-1 levels appear to decrease in some diabetic subjects. But the potential mechanisms have not yet been clarified. Here, we tested the hypothesis that methylglyoxal-mediated proteolysis might contribute to the downregulation of Raf-1 levels. We observed that a rapid and detectable decrease in Raf-1 protein levels was induced by methylglyoxal, which was accelerated by treating with a Raf-1 activator, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, and by expressing active forms of Raf-1 and Ras. Moreover, immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting assays showed that co-treatment of cells with methylglyoxal and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate caused dramatic ubiquitination in both total intracellular proteins and Raf-1. Blocking phosphorylation with the protein kinase C inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide, or inhibiting intracellular oxidation by addition of the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine could reverse the ubiquitination and downregulation of Raf-1 induced by methylglyoxal and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. These results suggest that methylglyoxal-mediated intracellular oxidation and ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent proteolysis are involved in the downregulation of Raf-1, which may be closely related to the development complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Du
- Center of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University. Guangzhou 510080, China
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