1
|
Zhang YJ, Luo Z, Sun Y, Liu J, Chen Z. From beasts to bytes: Revolutionizing zoological research with artificial intelligence. Zool Res 2023; 44:1115-1131. [PMID: 37933101 PMCID: PMC10802096 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the late 2010s, Artificial Intelligence (AI) including machine learning, boosted through deep learning, has boomed as a vital tool to leverage computer vision, natural language processing and speech recognition in revolutionizing zoological research. This review provides an overview of the primary tasks, core models, datasets, and applications of AI in zoological research, including animal classification, resource conservation, behavior, development, genetics and evolution, breeding and health, disease models, and paleontology. Additionally, we explore the challenges and future directions of integrating AI into this field. Based on numerous case studies, this review outlines various avenues for incorporating AI into zoological research and underscores its potential to enhance our understanding of the intricate relationships that exist within the animal kingdom. As we build a bridge between beast and byte realms, this review serves as a resource for envisioning novel AI applications in zoological research that have not yet been explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zeyu Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yawen Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Junhao Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zongqing Chen
- School of Mathematical Sciences
- National Center for Applied Mathematics in Chongqing, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Di Stefano V, Prinzi F, Luigetti M, Russo M, Tozza S, Alonge P, Romano A, Sciarrone MA, Vitali F, Mazzeo A, Gentile L, Palumbo G, Manganelli F, Vitabile S, Brighina F. Machine Learning for Early Diagnosis of ATTRv Amyloidosis in Non-Endemic Areas: A Multicenter Study from Italy. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050805. [PMID: 37239276 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis with polyneuropathy (ATTRv) is an adult-onset multisystemic disease, affecting the peripheral nerves, heart, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and kidneys. Nowadays, several treatment options are available; thus, avoiding misdiagnosis is crucial to starting therapy in early disease stages. However, clinical diagnosis may be difficult, as the disease may present with unspecific symptoms and signs. We hypothesize that the diagnostic process may benefit from the use of machine learning (ML). METHODS 397 patients referring to neuromuscular clinics in 4 centers from the south of Italy with neuropathy and at least 1 more red flag, as well as undergoing genetic testing for ATTRv, were considered. Then, only probands were considered for analysis. Hence, a cohort of 184 patients, 93 with positive and 91 (age- and sex-matched) with negative genetics, was considered for the classification task. The XGBoost (XGB) algorithm was trained to classify positive and negative TTR mutation patients. The SHAP method was used as an explainable artificial intelligence algorithm to interpret the model findings. RESULTS diabetes, gender, unexplained weight loss, cardiomyopathy, bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), ocular symptoms, autonomic symptoms, ataxia, renal dysfunction, lumbar canal stenosis, and history of autoimmunity were used for the model training. The XGB model showed an accuracy of 0.707 ± 0.101, a sensitivity of 0.712 ± 0.147, a specificity of 0.704 ± 0.150, and an AUC-ROC of 0.752 ± 0.107. Using the SHAP explanation, it was confirmed that unexplained weight loss, gastrointestinal symptoms, and cardiomyopathy showed a significant association with the genetic diagnosis of ATTRv, while bilateral CTS, diabetes, autoimmunity, and ocular and renal involvement were associated with a negative genetic test. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that ML might potentially be a useful instrument to identify patients with neuropathy that should undergo genetic testing for ATTRv. Unexplained weight loss and cardiomyopathy are relevant red flags in ATTRv in the south of Italy. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Stefano
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Prinzi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Luigetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli-IRCCS, UOC Neurologia, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98182 Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Tozza
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Alonge
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Romano
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli-IRCCS, UOC Neurologia, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Ausilia Sciarrone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli-IRCCS, UOC Neurologia, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Vitali
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli-IRCCS, UOC Neurologia, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Mazzeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98182 Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98182 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palumbo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Vitabile
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Filippo Brighina
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Johnson AL, Keesler RI, Lewis AD, Reader JR, Laing ST. Common and Not-So-Common Pathologic Findings of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Rhesus and Cynomolgus Macaques. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:638-659. [PMID: 35363082 PMCID: PMC9308647 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221084634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are the most frequently used nonhuman primate (NHP) species for biomedical research and toxicology studies of novel therapeutics. In recent years, there has been a shortage of laboratory macaques due to a variety of competing factors. This was most recently exacerbated by the surge in NHP research required to address the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus 2 pandemic. Continued support of these important studies has required the use of more varied cohorts of macaques, including animals with different origins, increased exposure to naturally occurring pathogens, and a wider age range. Diarrhea and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are the most frequently occurring spontaneous findings in macaques of all origins and ages. The purpose of this review is to alert pathologists and scientists involved in NHP research to these findings and their impact on animal health and study endpoints, which may otherwise confound the interpretation of data generated using macaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne D Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - J Rachel Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|