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Pozzan M, Indennidate C, Varrà GG, Sinagra G, Merlo M, Pagura L. Amyloidosis and Amyloidogenesis: One Name, Many Diseases. Heart Fail Clin 2024; 20:249-260. [PMID: 38844296 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a heterogenous group of disorders, caused by the deposition of insoluble fibrils derived from misfolded proteins in the extracellular space of various organs. These proteins have an unstable structure that causes them to misfold, aggregate, and deposit as amyloid fibrils with the pathognomonic histologic property of green birefringence when viewed under cross-polarized light after staining with Congo red. Amyloid fibrils are insoluble and degradation-resistant; resistance to catabolism results in progressive tissue amyloid accumulation. The outcome of this process is organ disfunction independently from the type of deposited protein, however there can be organ that are specifically targeted from certain proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pozzan
- Cardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI) and University of Trieste, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart-ERN GUARD-Heart, Via P. Valdoni 7, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Carla Indennidate
- Cardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI) and University of Trieste, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart-ERN GUARD-Heart, Via P. Valdoni 7, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Guerino Giuseppe Varrà
- Cardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI) and University of Trieste, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart-ERN GUARD-Heart, Via P. Valdoni 7, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI) and University of Trieste, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart-ERN GUARD-Heart, Via P. Valdoni 7, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Marco Merlo
- Cardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI) and University of Trieste, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart-ERN GUARD-Heart, Via P. Valdoni 7, Trieste 34100, Italy; European Reference Network for Rare Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart-ERN GUARD Heart Via P. Valdoni 7 Trieste 34100, Italy.
| | - Linda Pagura
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI) and University of Trieste, Via P. Valdoni 7, Trieste 34100, Italy
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Jiang Y, Wan M, Xiao X, Lin Z, Liu X, Zhou Y, Liao X, Lin J, Zhou H, Zhou L, Weng L, Wang J, Guo J, Jiang H, Zhang Z, Xia K, Li J, Tang B, Jiao B, Shen L. GSN gene frameshift mutations in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:436-447. [PMID: 36650038 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-330465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenic missense mutations of the gelsolin (GSN) gene lead to familial amyloidosis of the Finnish type (FAF); however, our previous study identified GSN frameshift mutations existed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The GSN genotype-phenotype heterogeneity and the role of GSN frameshift mutations in patients with AD are unclear. METHOD In total, 1192 patients with AD and 1403 controls were screened through whole genome sequencing, and 884 patients with AD were enrolled for validation. Effects of GSN mutations were evaluated in vitro. GSN, Aβ42, Aβ40 and Aβ42/40 were detected in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS Six patients with AD with GSN P3fs and K346fs mutations (0.50%, 6/1192) were identified, who were diagnosed with AD but not FAF. In addition, 13 patients with AD with GSN frameshift mutations were found in the validation cohort (1.47%, 13/884). Further in vitro experiments showed that both K346fs and P3fs mutations led to the GSN loss of function in inhibiting Aβ-induced toxicity. Moreover, a higher level of plasma (p=0.001) and CSF (p=0.005) GSN was observed in AD cases than controls, and a positive correlation was found between the CSF GSN and CSF Aβ42 (r=0.289, p=0.009). Besides, the GSN level was initially increasing and then decreasing with the disease course and cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS GSN frameshift mutations may be associated with AD. An increase in plasma GSN is probably a compensatory reaction in AD, which is a potential biomarker for early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meidan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - XueWen Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuojie Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yafang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Geriatrics Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinxin Liao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Geriatrics Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingyi Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Weng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiada Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Bollati M, Diomede L, Giorgino T, Natale C, Fagnani E, Boniardi I, Barbiroli A, Alemani R, Beeg M, Gobbi M, Fakin A, Mastrangelo E, Milani M, Presciuttini G, Gabellieri E, Cioni P, de Rosa M. A novel hotspot of gelsolin instability triggers an alternative mechanism of amyloid aggregation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:6355-6365. [PMID: 34938411 PMCID: PMC8649582 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelsolin comprises six homologous domains, named G1 to G6. Single point substitutions in this protein are responsible for AGel amyloidosis, a hereditary disease causing progressive corneal lattice dystrophy, cutis laxa, and polyneuropathy. Although several different amyloidogenic variants of gelsolin have been identified, only the most common mutants present in the G2 domain have been thoroughly characterized, leading to clarification of the functional mechanism. The molecular events underlying the pathological aggregation of 3 recently identified mutations, namely A551P, E553K and M517R, all localized at the interface between G4 and G5, are here explored for the first time. Structural studies point to destabilization of the interface between G4 and G5 due to three structural determinants: β-strand breaking, steric hindrance and/or charge repulsion, all implying impairment of interdomain contacts. Such rearrangements decrease the temperature and pressure stability of gelsolin but do not alter its susceptibility to furin cleavage, the first event in the canonical aggregation pathway. These variants also have a greater tendency to aggregate in the unproteolysed forms and exhibit higher proteotoxicity in a C. elegans-based assay. Our data suggest that aggregation of G4G5 variants follows an alternative, likely proteolysis-independent, pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bollati
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Toni Giorgino
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Carmina Natale
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Fagnani
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Irene Boniardi
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Barbiroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rebecca Alemani
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Marten Beeg
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Ana Fakin
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eloise Mastrangelo
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Milani
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Edi Gabellieri
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cioni
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo de Rosa
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
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Mustonen T, Sivonen V, Atula S, Kiuru-Enari S, Sinkkonen ST. Hearing problems in patients with hereditary gelsolin amyloidosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:448. [PMID: 34689817 PMCID: PMC8543933 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gelsolin amyloidosis (AGel amyloidosis) is a hereditary form of systemic amyloidosis featuring ophthalmological, neurological and cutaneous symptoms. Previous studies based mainly on patients' self-reporting have indicated that hearing impairment might also be related to the disease, considering the progressive cranial neuropathy characteristic for AGel amyloidosis. In order to deepen the knowledge of possible AGel amyloidosis-related hearing problems, a clinical study consisting of the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ) questionnaire, clinical examination, automated pure-tone audiometry and a speech-in-noise test was designed. RESULTS Of the total 46 patients included in the study, eighteen (39%) had self-reported hearing loss. The mean scores in the SSQ were 8.2, 8.3 and 8.6 for the Speech, Spatial and Qualities subscales, respectively. In audiometry, the mean pure tone average (PTA) was 17.1 (SD 12.2) and 17.1 (SD 12.3) dB HL for the right and left ears, respectively, with no difference to gender- and age-matched, otologically normal reference values. The average speech reception threshold in noise (SRT) was - 8.2 (SD 1.5) and - 8.0 (SD 1.7) dB SNR for the right and left ears, respectively, which did not differ from a control group with a comparable range in PTA thresholds. CONCLUSION Although a significant proportion of AGel amyloidosis patients experience subjective difficulties in hearing there seems to be no peripheral or central hearing impairment at least in patients up to the age of 60 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli Mustonen
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, HYKS, Tornisairaala, Neupkl, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00029, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ville Sivonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Atula
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, HYKS, Tornisairaala, Neupkl, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Kiuru-Enari
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, HYKS, Tornisairaala, Neupkl, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saku T Sinkkonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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