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Azzman N, Gill MSA, Hassan SS, Christ F, Debyser Z, Mohamed WAS, Ahemad N. Pharmacological advances in anti-retroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection: A comprehensive review. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2529. [PMID: 38520650 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs over the past 36 years has introduced various classes, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitor, fusion, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors inhibitors. The introduction of combined highly active anti-retroviral therapies in 1996 was later proven to combat further ARV drug resistance along with enhancing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppression. As though the development of ARV therapies was continuously expanding, the variation of action caused by ARV drugs, along with its current updates, was not comprehensively discussed, particularly for HIV-1 infection. Thus, a range of HIV-1 ARV medications is covered in this review, including new developments in ARV therapy based on the drug's mechanism of action, the challenges related to HIV-1, and the need for combination therapy. Optimistically, this article will consolidate the overall updates of HIV-1 ARV treatments and conclude the significance of HIV-1-related pharmacotherapy research to combat the global threat of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursyuhada Azzman
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang Kampus Bertam, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Shoaib Ali Gill
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wan Ahmad Syazani Mohamed
- Nutrition Unit, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre (NMCRC), Level 3, Block C, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Complex, Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Khalifa Z, Patel AB. Tri-substituted 1,3,5-triazine-based analogs as effective HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): A systematic review. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22154. [PMID: 38349259 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have significantly impacted the HIV-1 wild-type due to their high specificity and superior potency. As well as different combinations of NNRTIs have been used on clinically approved combining highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to resist the growth of HIV-1 and decrease the mortality rate of HIV/AIDS. Although the feeble strength against the drug-resistant mutant strains and the long-term damaging effects have been reducing the effectiveness of HAART, it could be a crucial challenge to develop novel Anti-HIV leads with a vital mode of action and the least side effects. The extensive chemical reactivity and the diverse chemotherapeutic applications of the 1,3,5-triazine have provided a wide scope of research in medicinal chemistry via a structural modification. In this review, we focused on the Anti-HIV profile of the tri-substituted s-triazine derivatives with structure-based features and also discussed the active mode of action to evaluate the significant findings. The tri-substituted 1,3,5-triazine derivatives have been found more promising to inhibit the growth of the drug-sensitive and drug-resistant variants of HIV-1, especially HIV-1 wild-type, HIV-1 K103N/Y181C, and HIV-1 Tyr181Cys. It has been observed that these derivatives have interacted with the enzyme protein residues via a significantπ $\pi $ -π $\pi $ interaction and hydrogen bonding to resist the proliferation of the viral genomes. Further, the SAR and the active binding modes are critically described and highlight the role of structural variations with functional groups along with the binding affinity of targeted enzymes, which may be beneficial for rational drug discovery to develop highly dynamic Anti-HIV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebabanu Khalifa
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, Daman (Affiliated to Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat), Daman, India
| | - Amit B Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, Daman (Affiliated to Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat), Daman, India
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Jiang X, Huang B, Rumrill S, Pople D, Zalloum WA, Kang D, Zhao F, Ji X, Gao Z, Hu L, Wang Z, Xie M, De Clercq E, Ruiz FX, Arnold E, Pannecouque C, Liu X, Zhan P. Discovery of diarylpyrimidine derivatives bearing piperazine sulfonyl as potent HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Commun Chem 2023; 6:83. [PMID: 37120482 PMCID: PMC10148624 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is one of the most attractive targets for the treatment of AIDS. However, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant strains and unsatisfactory drug-like properties seriously limit the clinical application of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Here we show that a series of piperazine sulfonyl-bearing diarylpyrimidine-based NNRTIs were designed to improve the potency against wild-type and NNRTI-resistant strains by enhancing backbone-binding interactions. Among them, compound 18b1 demonstrates single-digit nanomolar potency against the wild-type and five mutant HIV-1 strains, which is significantly better than the approved drug etravirine. The co-crystal structure analysis and molecular dynamics simulation studies were conducted to explain the broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of 18b1 against reverse transcriptase variants. Besides, compound 18b1 demonstrates improved water solubility, cytochrome P450 liability, and other pharmacokinetic properties compared to the currently approved diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) NNRTIs. Therefore, we consider compound 18b1 a potential lead compound worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shawn Rumrill
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - David Pople
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Waleed A Zalloum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, American University of Madaba, P.O Box 2882, Amman, 11821, Jordan
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fabao Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiangkai Ji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhen Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lide Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Minghui Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesc X Ruiz
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China.
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China.
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China.
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Huang B, Ginex T, Luque FJ, Jiang X, Gao P, Zhang J, Kang D, Daelemans D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. Structure-Based Design and Discovery of Pyridyl-Bearing Fused Bicyclic HIV-1 Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling Studies. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13604-13621. [PMID: 34496571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two series of new pyridyl-bearing fused bicyclic analogues designed to target the dual-tolerant regions of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-binding pocket were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HIV activities. Several compounds, such as 6, 14, 15, 21, 30, and 33, were found to be potent inhibitors against the wild-type (WT) HIV-1 strain or multiple NNRTI-resistant strains at low nanomolar levels. Detailed structure-activity relationships were obtained by utilizing the variation of moieties within the corresponding pharmacophores. In vitro metabolic stability profiles and some drug-like properties of selected compounds were assessed, furnishing the preliminary structure-metabolic stability relationships. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies elucidated the binding modes of compounds 6, 15, 21, and 30 in the binding pocket of WT, E138K, K103N, or Y181C HIV-1 RTs. These promising compounds can be used as lead compounds and warrant further structural optimization to yield more active HIV-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tiziana Ginex
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Torribera, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Torribera, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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5
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Gu SX, Zhu YY, Wang C, Wang HF, Liu GY, Cao S, Huang L. Recent discoveries in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 54:166-172. [PMID: 33176248 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are indispensable components of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which has achieved great success in controlling AIDS epidemic in reducing drastically the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients. RTIs are divided into two categories, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). In this review, the recent discoveries in NRTIs and NNRTIs, including approved anti-HIV drugs and noteworthy drug candidates in different development stages, are summarized, and their future direction is prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Hai-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Gen-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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6
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Gu SX, Lu HH, Liu GY, Ju XL, Zhu YY. Advances in diarylpyrimidines and related analogues as HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:371-392. [PMID: 30223123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have been playing an important role in the fight against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) as the second generation NNRTIs, represented by etravirine (TMC125) and rilpivirine (TMC278), have attracted extensive attention due to their extraordinary potency, high specificity and low toxicity. However, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant virus strains and dissatisfactory pharmacokinetics of DAPYs present new challenges. In the past two decades, an increasing number of novel DAPY derivatives have emerged, which significantly enriched the structure-activity relationship of DAPYs. Studies of crystallography and molecular modeling have afforded a lot of useful information on structural requirements of NNRTIs, which contributes greatly to the improvement of their resistance profiles. In this review, we reviewed the discovery history and their evolution of DAPYs including their structural modification, derivatization and scaffold hopping in continuous pursuit of excellent anti-HIV drugs. And also, we discussed the prospect of DAPYs and the directions of future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
| | - Huan-Huan Lu
- Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yichang, 443005, PR China
| | - Gen-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Xiu-Lian Ju
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
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Huang B, Liu X, Tian Y, Kang D, Zhou Z, Daelemans D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. First discovery of a potential carbonate prodrug of NNRTI drug candidate RDEA427 with submicromolar inhibitory activity against HIV-1 K103N/Y181C double mutant strain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Zuo X, Huo Z, Kang D, Wu G, Zhou Z, Liu X, Zhan P. Current insights into anti-HIV drug discovery and development: a review of recent patent literature (2014-2017). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:299-316. [PMID: 29411697 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1438410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To deal with the rapid emergence of drug resistance challenges, together with the difficulty to eradicate the virus, off-target effects and significant cumulative drug toxicities, it is still imperative to develop next-generation anti-HIV agents with novel chemical classes or new mechanisms of action. AREAS COVERED We primarily focused on current strategies to discover novel anti-HIV agents. Moreover, examples of anti-HIV lead compounds were mainly selected from recently patented publications (reported between 2014 and 2017). In particular, 'privileged structure'-focused substituents decorating approach, scaffold hopping, natural-product diversification and prodrug are focused on. Furthermore, exploitation of new compounds with unexplored mechanisms of action and medicinal chemistry strategies to deplete the HIV reservoir were also described. Perspectives that could inspire future anti-HIV drug discovery are delineated. EXPERT OPINION Even if a large number of patents have been disclosed recently, additional HIV inhibitors are still required, especially novel chemical skeletons displaying a unexploited mechanism of action. Current medicinal chemistry strategies are inadequate, and appropriate and new methodologies and technologies should be exploited to identify novel anti-HIV drug candidates in a time- and cost- effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zuo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Zhipeng Huo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Gaochan Wu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
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