Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines active as Btk inhibitors

Approved Small-Molecule ATP-Competitive Kinases Drugs Containing Indole/Azaindole/Oxindole Scaffolds: R&D and Binding Patterns Profiling

Kinases are among the most important families of biomolecules and play an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and other critical physiological processes. The dysregulation and gene mutation of kinases are linked to the occurrence and development of various human diseases, especially cancer. As a result, a growing number of small-molecule drugs based on kinase targets are being successfully developed and approved for the treatment of many diseases. The indole/azaindole/oxindole moieties are important key pharmacophores of many bioactive compounds and are generally used as excellent scaffolds for drug discovery in medicinal chemistry. To date, 30 ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors bearing the indole/azaindole/oxindole scaffold have been approved for the treatment of diseases. Herein, we summarize their research and development (R&D) process and describe their binding models to the ATP-binding sites of the target kinases. Moreover, we discuss the significant role of the indole/azaindole/oxindole skeletons in the interaction of their parent drug and target kinases, providing new medicinal chemistry inspiration and ideas for the subsequent development and optimization of kinase inhibitors.

Identification of N-Phenyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine Derivatives as Novel, Potent, and Selective NF-κB Inducing Kinase (NIK) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Psoriasis

A series of N-phenyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine derivatives with NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) inhibitory activity were obtained through structure-based drug design and synthetic chemistry. Among them, 4-(3-((7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-morpholinophenyl)-2-(thiazol-2-yl)but-3-yn-2-ol (12f) was identified as a highly potent NIK inhibitor, along with satisfactory selectivity. The pharmacokinetics of 12f and its ability to inhibit interleukin 6 secretion in BEAS-2B cells were better than compound 1 developed by Amgen. Oral administration of different doses of 12f in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model showed effective alleviation of psoriasis, including invasive erythema, swelling, skin thickening, and scales. The underlying pathological mechanism involved attenuation of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression, and the infiltration of macrophages after the treatment of 12f. This work provides a foundation for the development of NIK inhibitors, highlighting the potential of developing NIK inhibitors as a new strategy for the treatment of psoriasis.

Pd-Catalyzed highly selective and direct ortho C–H arylation of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives

Pd-Catalyzed one-pot direct ortho C–H arylation of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives is reported. This protocol provides a variety of biphenyl-containing pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines in good to excellent yields.

Transition-metal-free highly regioselective C–H acetoxylation of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives

Transition-metal-free catalyzed direct C(sp²)–H acetoxylation of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives is reported. This protocol provides a variety of acetoxylated pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines in good to excellent yields.

An Expeditious Total Synthesis of 5'-Deoxy-toyocamycin and 5'-Deoxysangivamycin

In present paper, an expeditious total synthesis of naturally occurring 5′-deoxytoyocamycin and 5′-deoxysangivamycin was accomplished. Because of the introduction of a benzoyl group at N-6 of 4-amino-5-cyano-6-bromo-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, a Vorbrüggen glycosylation with 1,2,3-tri-O-acetyl-5-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranose afforded a completely regioselective N-9 glycosylation product, which is unambiguously confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. All of the involved intermediates were well characterized by various spectra.

Discovery of GDC-0853: A Potent, Selective, and Noncovalent Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Early Clinical Development

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a nonreceptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase involved in B-cell and myeloid cell activation, downstream of B-cell and Fcγ receptors, respectively. Preclinical studies have indicated that inhibition of Btk activity might offer a potential therapy in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Here we disclose the discovery and preclinical characterization of a potent, selective, and noncovalent Btk inhibitor currently in clinical development. GDC-0853 (29) suppresses B cell- and myeloid cell-mediated components of disease and demonstrates dose-dependent activity in an in vivo rat model of inflammatory arthritis. It demonstrates highly favorable safety, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles in preclinical and Phase 2 studies ongoing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and chronic spontaneous urticaria. On the basis of its potency, selectivity, long target residence time, and noncovalent mode of inhibition, 29 has the potential to be a best-in-class Btk inhibitor for a wide range of immunological indications.