A patent review of berberine and its derivatives with various pharmacological activities (2016-2020)

Therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of phytoconstituents: emphasizing on resveratol, curcumin, quercetin, berberine, and hesperidin in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a long-term inflammatory colon illness that significantly affects patients quality of life. Traditional medicines and therapies often come with challenges such as side effects, instability, unpredictability, and high costs. This has captured interest in natural products that have huge health benefits. Various natural compounds, including resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, berberine, and hesperidin demonstrate immunomodulatory and oxido-inflammatory properties inside the gut epithelium, showing potential in managing ulcerative colitis. These compounds attenuate inflammatory mediators, NF-κB, and TLR4 signaling leading to a reduction in the production of inflammation-related cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6. They also augment the activity of internal defense compounds, including superoxide radical dismutase enzyme and heme oxygenase-1, thereby alleviating oxidative damage. In addition, natural compounds have a profound effect on the endogenous microbiota and thus, support mucosal healing and intercellular barrier integrity. Both experimental and clinical analyses provide evidence that these bioactive compounds may help reduce clinical manifestations, induce and sustain remission, and improve the well-being of individuals suffering from ulcerative colitis. This review seeks to discuss various aspects of natural compounds in the management of ulcerative colitis, including mechanisms, therapeutic prospects, and hurdles, and hence the basis for future research and practice.

Inactivation of CYP2D6 by Berberrubine and the Chemical Mechanism

Berberrubine (BRB), belonging to the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, is a main metabolite of berberine in vivo. BRB was previously proven to undergo metabolic activation mediated by P450s. In this study, the chemical interactions between BRB and CYP2D6 enzyme were investigated. First, a variety of P450s participated in the metabolism of berberine transformed to BRB, but CYP2D6 was the most involved enzyme. A time-, concentration-, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent inhibition of CYP2D6 was caused by BRB. The inhibitory effect of BRB on CYP2D6 was irreversible. The maximum reaction rate constants of inactivation (kinact) and half-maximal inactivation (KI) of BRB on CYP2D6 were 0.0410 min-1 and 3.798 μM, respectively. Metoprolol, a classic substrate of CYP2D6, attenuated CYP2D6 from inactivation by BRB. Glutathione (GSH) and catalase/superoxide dismutase failed to protect against the inactivation of CYP2D6 caused by BRB. Three cys-based adducts derived from the reaction of electrophilic metabolites of BRB with CYP2D6 were detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS)/MS. The reactive metabolites derived from BRB might be responsible for the inactivation of CYP2D6. In summary, BRB was characterized as a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2D6.

High-throughput sequencing reveals twelve cell death pattern prognostic target genes as potential drug-response-associated genes in the treatment of colorectal cancer cells with palmatine hydrochloride

Objectives

Palmatine Hydrochloride (PaH), an isoquinoline alkaloid from Phellodendron amurense and Coptis chinensis, has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This study aimed to assess PaH’s effectiveness against SW480 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and explore its molecular mechanisms.

Methods

PaH’s effects on SW480 CRC cells were evaluated using MTT assays for proliferation, scratch assays for migration, and flow cytometry for apoptosis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through high-throughput sequencing. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses assessed DEG roles. Prognostic significance related to programmed cell death (PCD) was analyzed using R-Package with TCGA data. RT-qPCR validated key genes identified.

Results

PaH significantly inhibited SW480 cell growth, invasion, and apoptosis. The MTT assay showed inhibition rates increased from 5.49 % at 25 μg/mL to 52.48 % at 400 μg/mL. Scratch assays indicated reduced cell invasion over 24, 48, and 72 h. Apoptosis rose from 12.36 % in controls to 45.54 % at 400 μg/mL. Sequencing identified 3,385 significant DEGs, primarily in cancer pathways (p=0.004). Among 35 PCD-related DEGs, Lasso Cox regression highlighted 12 key genes, including TERT, TGFBR1, WNT4, and TP53. RT-qPCR confirmed TERT and TGFBR1 downregulation (0.614-fold, p=0.008; 0.41-fold, p<0.001) and TP53 and WNT4 upregulation (5.634-fold, p<0.001; 5.124-fold, p=0.002).

Conclusions

PaH inhibits CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by modulating key PCD genes, suggesting its potential as a CRC therapeutic agent.

Berberine hydrochloride alleviates chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome by modifying gut microbiome signaling

ABSTRACT

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is highly prevalent worldwide and poses a significant threat to men's health, particularly affecting young men. However, the exact causes and mechanisms behind CP/CPPS remain unclear, leading to challenges in its treatment. In this research, a CP/CPPS rat model was established with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), and berberine hydrochloride was administered through daily gavage to assess its therapeutic effects. The alterations in the gut microbiome induced by CP/CPPS and berberine hydrochloride were investigated through 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing of cecum content and colonic epithelial cells. To investigate the impact of the gut microbiome on CP/CPPS, a pseudo germ-free rat model was established, and fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) was performed on these rats. In all, berberine hydrochloride demonstrated effective reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress in the prostate, offering significant therapeutic advantages for CP/CPPS. Through analysis of the gut microbiome using 16S ribosome RNA sequencing, distinct differences were observed between CP/CPPS rats and control rats, and Clostridium butyricum was identified as a key bacteria. Pseudo germ-free rats that underwent FMT from CP/CPPS rats or rats treated with berberine hydrochloride displayed varying levels of inflammatory cytokine production, oxidative stress, and activity of associated signaling pathways. In conclusion, the therapeutic potential of berberine hydrochloride in addressing CP/CPPS is highly significant. The gut microbiome has emerged as a critical factor in the development of CP/CPPS and plays a pivotal role in mediating the therapeutic effects of berberine hydrochloride.

Berberine and berberine nanoformulations in cancer therapy: Focusing on lung cancer

Lung cancer is the second most prevalent cancer and ranks first in cancer-related death worldwide. Due to the resistance development to conventional cancer therapy strategies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, various natural products and their extracts have been revealed as alternatives. Berberine (BBR), which is present in the stem, root, and bark of various trees, could exert anticancer activities by regulating tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immune responses via modulating several signaling pathways within the tumor microenvironment. Due to its poor water solubility, poor pharmacokinetics/bioavailability profile, and extensive p-glycoprotein-dependent efflux, BBR application in (pre) clinical studies is restricted. To overcome these limitations, BBR can be encapsulated in nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems, as monotherapy or combinational therapy, and improve BBR therapeutic efficacy. Nanoformulations also facilitate the selective delivery of BBR into lung cancer cells. In addition to the anticancer activities of BBR, especially in lung cancer, here we reviewed the BBR nanoformulations, including polymeric NPs, metal-based NPs, carbon nanostructures, and others, in the treatment of lung cancer.

Preparation and Evaluation of Berberine-Excipient Complexes in Enhancing the Dissolution Rate of Berberine Incorporated into Pellet Formulations

Berberine is used in the treatment of metabolic syndrome and its low solubility and very poor oral bioavailability of berberine was one of the primary hurdles for its market approval. This study aimed to improve the solubility and bioavailability of berberine by preparing pellet formulations containing drug-excipient complex (obtained by solid dispersion). Berberine-excipient solid dispersion complexes were obtained with different ratios by the solvent evaporation method. The maximum saturation solubility test was performed as a key factor for choosing the optimal complex for the drug-excipient. The properties of these complexes were investigated by FTIR, DSC, XRD and dissolution tests. The obtained pellets were evaluated and compared in terms of pelletization efficiency, particle size, mechanical strength, sphericity and drug release profile in simulated media of gastric and intestine. Solid-state analysis showed complex formation between the drug and excipients used in solid dispersion. The optimal berberine-phospholipid complex showed a 2-fold increase and the optimal berberine-gelucire and berberine-citric acid complexes showed more than a 3-fold increase in the solubility of berberine compared to pure berberine powder. The evaluation of pellets from each of the optimal complexes showed that the rate and amount of drug released from all pellet formulations in the simulated gastric medium were significantly lower than in the intestine medium. The results of this study showed that the use of berberine-citric acid or berberine-gelucire complex could be considered a promising technique to increase the saturation solubility and improve the release characteristics of berberine from the pellet formulation.

Cytotoxic effects of aporphine alkaloids from the stems and leaves of Stephania dielsiana Y.C.Wu

Phytochemical studies of the stems and leaves of Stephania dielsiana Y.C.Wu yielded two new aporphine alkaloids (1 and 5), along with six known alkaloids (2-4 and 6-8). Their structures were characterised based on analyses of spectroscopic data, including one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). The cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds against a small panel of tumour cell lines were assessed by MTS assay. Interestingly, compound 2 exhibited particularly strong cytotoxic activities against HepG2, MCF7 and OVCAR8 cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 3.20 ± 0.18, 3.10 ± 0.06 and 3.40 ± 0.007 µM, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking simulations were carried out to explore the interactions and binding mechanisms of the most active compound (compound 2) with proteins. Our results contribute to understanding the secondary metabolites produced by S. dielsiana and provide a scientific rationale for further investigations of cytotoxicity of this valuable medicinal plant.

Oxyberberine protects middle cerebral artery occlusion triggered cerebral injury through TLR4/NLRP3 pathway in rats

Cerebral ischemia is a life-threatening health concern that leads to severe neurological complications and fatalities worldwide. Although timely intervention with clot-removing agents curtails serious post-stroke neurological dysfunctions, no effective neuroprotective intervention is available for addressing post-recanalization neuroinflammation. Herein, for the first time we studied the effect of oxyberberine (OBB), a derivative of berberine, on transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-generated neurological consequences in Sprague-Dawley rats. The MCAO-operated rats exhibited significant somatosensory and sensorimotor dysfunctions in adhesive removal, foot fault, paw whisker, and rotarod assays at 1 and 3 days post-surgery. These MCAO-generated neurological deficits were prevented in OBB-treated (50 and 100 mg/kg) rats, and also coincided with a smaller infarct area (in 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining) and decreased neuronal death (in cresyl violet staining) in the ipsilateral hemisphere of these animals. The immunostaining of neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) and glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) also echoes the neuroprotective nature of OBB. The increased expression of neuroinflammatory and blood-brain barrier tight junction proteins like toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TRAF-6, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), pNF-κB, nNOS, ASC, and IKBα in the ipsilateral part of MCAO-operated rats were restored to normal following OBB treatment. We also observed the decline in plasma levels/mRNA transcription of TNF-α, IL-1β, NLRP3, IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and increased expression of occludin and claudin in OBB-treated rats. These outcomes imply that OBB may prevent the MCAO-induced neurological consequences and neuroinflammation by interfering with TLR4 and NLRP3 signaling in rats.

Therapeutic potential of berberine in attenuating cholestatic liver injury: insights from a PSC mouse model

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic liver disease characterized by progressive biliary inflammation and bile duct injury. Berberine (BBR) is a bioactive isoquinoline alkaloid found in various herbs and has multiple beneficial effects on metabolic and inflammatory diseases, including liver diseases. This study aimed to examine the therapeutic effect of BBR on cholestatic liver injury in a PSC mouse model (Mdr2-/- mice) and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Mdr2-/-mice (12-14 weeks old, both sexes) received either BBR (50 mg/kg) or control solution daily for eight weeks via oral gavage. Histological and serum biochemical analyses were used to assess fibrotic liver injury severity. Total RNAseq and pathway analyses were used to identify the potential signaling pathways modulated by BBR in the liver. The expression levels of key genes involved in regulating hepatic fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, inflammation, and bile acid metabolism were validated by qRT-PCR or Western blot analysis. The bile acid composition and levels in the serum, liver, small intestine, and feces and tissue distribution of BBR were measured by LC-MS/MS. Intestinal inflammation and injury were assessed by gene expression profiling and histological analysis. The impact on the gut microbiome was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

RESULTS

BBR treatment significantly ameliorated cholestatic liver injury, evidenced by decreased serum levels of AST, ALT, and ALP, and reduced bile duct proliferation and hepatic fibrosis, as shown by H&E, Picro-Sirius Red, and CK19 IHC staining. RNAseq and qRT-PCR analyses indicated a substantial inhibition of fibrotic and inflammatory gene expression. BBR also mitigated ER stress by downregulating Chop, Atf4 and Xbp-1 expression. In addition, BBR modulated bile acid metabolism by altering key gene expressions in the liver and small intestine, resulting in restored bile acid homeostasis characterized by reduced total bile acids in serum, liver, and small intestine and increased fecal excretion. Furthermore, BBR significantly improved intestinal barrier function and reduced bacterial translocation by modulating the gut microbiota.

CONCLUSION

BBR effectively attenuates cholestatic liver injury, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for PSC and other cholestatic liver diseases.

Berberine derivative DCZ0358 induce oxidative damage by ROS-mediated JNK signaling in DLBCL cells

The most common neoplasm among adult lymphomas is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), typically characterized by pain-free and progressive lymph node enlargement. Due to high heterogeneity of DLBCL, 30-40 % of patients are resistant to R-CHOP standard chemoimmunotherapy. DCZ0358 is a new compound designed and synthesized from berberine by our group and the molecular mechanism by which it inhibited DLBCL growth has attracted our widespread attention. In this study, we employed the CCK8 assay to reveal that DCZ0358 inhibited proliferation in a dependent manner of time and dosage of DLBCL cells. Moreover, flowcytometry and western blot results showed that DCZ0358 downregulated the expression of CDK4, CDK6 and CyclinD1 to block cell cycle progression in G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, DCZ0358 enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, promoted mitochondrial permeability transport pore openness, increased cytoplastic Ca2+ levels and decreased intracellular adenosine triphosphate production, which led to mitochondrial dysfunction. In particular, DCZ0358 treatment triggered cell apoptosis and elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which subsequently mediated JNK pathway activation. Further research indicated the pre-treatment with ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and JNK inhibitor SP600125 could partially attenuate apoptosis and DNA damage triggered by DCZ0358. Most importantly, DCZ0358 exhibited synergistic anti-tumor effects when combined with etoposide, a common clinical anti-DLBCL drug, both in vitro and certainly in vivo. Above results demonstrated anti-tumor molecular mechanism of DCZ0358 in DLBCL cells and highlighted the ROS/JNK/DNA damage pathway as a potential target in therapies, which have implications for the development of more effective clinical treatments for DLBCL.

Potentiation and Mechanism of Berberine as an Antibiotic Adjuvant Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

The growing global apprehension towards multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria necessitates the development of innovative strategies to combat these infections. Berberine (BER), an isoquinoline quaternary alkaloid derived from various medicinal plants, has surfaced as a promising antibiotic adjuvant due to its ability to enhance the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics against drug-resistant bacterial strains. Here, we overview the augmenting properties and mechanisms of BER as an adjunctive antibiotic against MDR bacteria. BER has been observed to exhibit synergistic effects when co-administered with a range of antibiotics, including β-lactams, quinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides and fusidic acid. The adjunctive properties of BER led to an increase in antimicrobial effectiveness for these antibiotics against the corresponding bacteria, a decrease in minimal inhibitory concentrations, and even the reversal from resistance to susceptibility sometimes. The potential mechanisms responsible for these effects included the inhibition of antibiotic efflux, the disruption of biofilm formation, the modulation of host immune responses, and the restoration of gut microbiota homeostasis. In brief, BER demonstrated significant potential as an antibiotic adjuvant against MDR bacteria and is a promising candidate for combination therapy. Further research is necessary to fully elucidate its mechanism of action and address the challenges associated with its clinical application.

Bioassays guided isolation of berberine from Berberis lycium and its neuroprotective role in aluminium chloride induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease combined with insilico molecular docking

OBJECTIVE

Berberis lycium is an indigenous plant of Pakistan that is known for its medicinal properties. In the current study, we investigated the anti-Alzheimer's effect of berberine isolated from Berberis lycium.

METHODS

Root extract of B. lycium was subjected to acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay and column chromatography for bioassays guided isolation of a compound. The neuroprotective and memory improving effects of isolated compound were evaluated by aluminium chloride induced Alzheimer's disease rat model, elevated plus maze (EPM) and Morris water maze (MWM) tests., Levels of dopamine and serotonin in rats brains were determined using HPLC. Moreover, western blot and docking were performed to determine interaction between berberine and β-secretase.

RESULTS

During fractionation, ethyl acetate and methanol (3:7) fraction was collected from solvent mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol. This fraction showed the highest anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and was alkaloid positive. The results of TLC and HPLC analysis indicated the presence of the isolated compound as berberine. Additionally, the confirmation of isolated compound as berberine was carried out using FTIR and NMR analysis. In vivo EPM and MWM tests showed improved memory patterns after berberine treatment in Alzheimer's disease model. The levels of dopamine, serotonin and activity of antioxidant enzymes were significantly (p<0.05) enhanced in brain tissue homogenates of berberine treated group. This was supported by decreased expression of β-secretase in berberine treated rat brain homogenates and good binding affinity of berberine with β-secretase in docking studies. Binding energies for interaction of β-secretase with berberine and drug Rivastigmine is -7.0 kcal/mol and -5.8 kcal/mol respectively representing the strong interactions. The results of docked complex of secretase with berberine and Rivastigmine was carried out using Gromacs which showed significant stability of complex in terms of RMSD and radius of gyration. Overall, the study presents berberine as a potential drug against Alzheimer's disease by providing evidence of its effects in improving memory, neurotransmitter levels and reducing β-secretase expression in the Alzheimer's disease model.

DFT, ADME studies and evaluation of the binding with HSA and MAO-B inhibitory potential of protoberberine alkaloids from Guatteria friesiana: theoretical insights of promising candidates for the treatment of Parkinson's disease

CONTEXT

Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative condition that has no cure, characterized by the progressive degeneration of specific brain cells responsible for producing dopamine, a crucial neurotransmitter for controlling movement and muscle coordination. Parkinson's disease is estimated to affect around 1% of the world's population over the age of 60, but it can be diagnosed at younger ages. One of the treatment strategies for Parkinson's disease involves the use of drugs that aim to increase dopamine levels or simulate the action of dopamine in the brain. A class of commonly prescribed drugs are the so-called monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors due to the fact that this enzyme is responsible for metabolizing dopamine, thus reducing its levels in the brain. Studies have shown that berberine-derived alkaloids have the ability to selectively inhibit MAO-B activity, resulting in increased dopamine availability in the brain. In this context, berberine derivatives 13-hydroxy-discretinine and 7,8-dihydro-8-hydroxypalmatine, isolated from Guatteria friesiana, were evaluated via density functional theory followed by ADME studies, docking and molecular dynamic simulations with MAO-B, aiming to evaluate their anti-Parkinson potential, which have not been reported yet. Docking simulations with HSA were carried out aiming to evaluate the transport of these molecules through the circulatory system.

METHODS

The 3D structures of the berberine-derived alkaloids were modeled via the DFT approach at B3LYP-D3(BJ)/6-311 + + G(2df, 2pd) theory level using Gaussian 09 software. Solvation free energies were determined through Truhlar's solvation model. MEP and ALIE maps were generated with Multiwfn software. Autodock Vina software was used for molecular docking simulations and analysis of the interactions in the binding sites. The 3D structure of MAO-B was obtained from the Protein Data Bank website under PDB code 2V5Z. For the interaction of studied alkaloids with human serum albumin (HSA) drug sites, 3D structures with PDB codes 2BXD, 2BXG, and 4L9K were used. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out using GROMACS 2019.4 software, with the GROMOS 53A6 force field at 100 ns simulation time. The estimation of the ligand's binding free energies was obtained via molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) method.

Berberine-Encapsulated Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-Hydroxyapatite (PLGA/HA) Microspheres Synergistically Promote Bone Regeneration with DOPA-IGF-1 via the IGF-1R/PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway

Polymer microspheres have recently shown outstanding potential for bone tissue engineering due to their large specific surface area, good porosity, injectable property, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Their good load-release function and surface modifiability make them useful as a carrier of drugs or growth factors for the repair of bone defects in irregularly injured or complex microenvironments, such as skull defects. In this study, berberine (BBR)-encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/hydroxyapatite (HA) microspheres were fabricated using electrified liquid jets and a phase-separation technique, followed by modification with the 3,4-hydroxyphenalyalanine-containing recombinant insulin-like growth-factor-1 (DOPA-IGF-1). Both the BBR and the IGF-1 exhibited sustained release from the IGF-1@PLGA/HA-BBR microspheres, and the composite microspheres exhibited good biocompatibility. The results of the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays showed that the BBR and IGF-1 in the composite microspheres synergistically promoted the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, it was confirmed that immobilized IGF-1 enhances the mRNA expression of an osteogenic-related extracellular matrix and that BBR accelerates the mRNA expression of IGF-1-mediated osteogenic differentiation and cell mineralization. Further cellular studies demonstrate that IGF-1 could further synergistically activate the IGF-1R/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway using BBR, thereby enhancing IGF-1-mediated osteogenesis. Rat calvarial defect repair experiments show that IGF-1@PLGA/HA-BBR microspheres can effectively promote the complete bony connection required to cover the defect site and enhance bone defect repair. These findings suggest that IGF-1@PLGA/HA-BBR composite microspheres show a great potential for bone regeneration.

Natural products in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Novel lead discovery for drug development

With changing lifestyles, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. A substantial increase in the incidence, mortality, and associated burden of NAFLD-related advanced liver disease is expected. Currently, the initial diagnosis of NAFLD is still based on ultrasound and there is no approved treatment method. Lipid-lowering drugs, vitamin supplementation, and lifestyle improvement treatments are commonly used in clinical practice. However, most lipid-lowering drugs can produce poor patient compliance and specific adverse effects. Therefore, the exploration of bio-diagnostic markers and active lead compounds for the development of innovative drugs is urgently needed. More and more studies have reported the anti-NAFLD effects and mechanisms of natural products (NPs), which have become an important source for new drug development to treat NAFLD due to their high activity and low side effects. At present, berberine and silymarin have been approved by the US FDA to enter clinical phase IV studies, demonstrating the potential of NPs against NAFLD. Studies have found that the regulation of lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation-related pathways may play important roles in the process. With the continuous updating of technical means and scientific theories, in-depth research on the targets and mechanisms of NPs against NAFLD can provide new possibilities to find bio-diagnostic markers and innovative drugs. As we know, FXR agonists, PPARα agonists, and dual CCR2/5 inhibitors are gradually coming on stage for the treatment of NAFLD. Whether NPs can exert anti-NAFLD effects by regulating these targets or some unknown targets remains to be further studied. Therefore, the study reviewed the potential anti-NAFLD NPs and their targets. Some works on the discovery of new targets and the docking of active lead compounds were also discussed. It is hoped that this review can provide some reference values for the development of non-invasive diagnostic markers and new drugs against NAFLD in the clinic.

Oxyberberine ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis in rats through suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress via Keap1/Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, unspecific inflammatory bowel disorder lacking effective therapeutic targets and radical drugs. Oxyberberine (OBB), a novel intestinal flora-elicited oxidative metabolite of berberine (BBR), has been revealed to exhibit diverse pharmacological properties.

PURPOSE

In this follow-up study, we attempted to shed light on the possible therapeutic effect and latent mechanism of OBB on 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-evoked UC in rats.

METHODS

UC rats were established via a gentle enema of TNBS. Rats were sacrificed after intragastric administration of drugs for seven days. The weight reduction, disease activity index, macroscopic and histological colonic alterations were assessed. Further investigation on molecular mechanisms was conducted by ELISA, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, or Western blot.

RESULTS

OBB treatment remarkably decreased the weight loss, macroscopic scores, and colonal weight/length ratio, as well as mitigated the colonic pathological deterioration and MPO vitality in colitis rats, achieving a superior protective effect to BBR. Additionally, OBB modulated the disequilibrium between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors by promoting the production of IL-13 and IL-4, and lowering the contents of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-8, and IL-22. Furthermore, OBB pretreatment dramatically ameliorated oxidative stress via enhancing antioxidant defense genes expressions (including HO-1, GCLM, GCLC, and NQO-1), thereby increasing SOD and GSH, and decreasing MDA and ROS activities. Furthermore, OBB strikingly restrained the translocation of NF-κB p65 and phosphorylation of IκBα, promoted HO-1 expression, Keap1 degradation and Nrf2 nuclear translocation.

CONCLUSION

The study firstly indicated that OBB had a superior therapeutic effect than BBR against TNBS-elicited colitis in rats. The protective effect of OBB might be closely related to the modulation of Keap1/Nrf2/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response and oxidant stress. The evidences highlight the potentiality of OBB as a prospective candidate for the amelioration of colitis.

Role of Berberine as a Potential Efflux Pump Inhibitor against MdfA from Escherichia coli: In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Infections by Gram-negative pathogens are usually difficult to manage due to the drug export by efflux pumps. With the evolution and horizontal transfer of efflux pumps, there is an urgent need to discover safe and effective efflux pump inhibitors. Here, we found that the natural compound berberine (BBR), a traditional medicine for intestinal infection, is an inhibitor against the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) efflux pump MdfA in Escherichia coli. The impact of BBR on MdfA was evaluated in a recombinant E. coli reporter strain. We demonstrated that low levels of BBR significantly increased intracellular ciprofloxacin concentrations and restored antibiotic susceptibility of the reporter strain. At the same time, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the mechanisms of BBR's effect on MdfA. Our data indicated that BBR can aggregate to the periplasmic and cytoplasmic sides of MdfA in both of its inward and outward conformations. Protein rigidities were affected to different degrees. More importantly, two major driving forces for the conformational transition, salt bridges and hydrophilic interactions with water, were changed by BBR's aggregation to MdfA, which affected its conformational transition. In summary, our data provide evidence for the extended application of BBR as an efflux pump inhibitor at a clinically meaningful level. We also reveal the mechanisms and provide insights into BBR's effect on the reciprocal motion of MdfA. IMPORTANCE In this work, we evaluated the role of berberine (BBR) as an inhibitor of the MFS efflux pump MdfA from E. coli. We demonstrated that low levels of BBR significantly increased intracellular ciprofloxacin concentrations and restored antibiotic susceptibility of the reporter strain. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the effect of BBR on the conformational transition of MdfA. Our data suggested that driving forces for MdfA's conformational transition were affected by BBR and provided evidence for BBR's extended application as an effective inhibitor of MdfA.

Study of Hypoglycemic Activity of Novel 9-N-alkyltetrahydroberberine Derivatives

Novel 9-N-alkyltetrahydroberberine derivatives were synthesized, among which, based on the results of OGTT, one compound containing the longest aliphatic substituent was selected for study in mice C57BL/6^Ay, which demonstrate obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and concomitant liver non-alcoholic fatty disease. Administration of this substance at a dose of 15 mg/kg for four weeks improved the insulin sensitivity of mice, which resulted in a decrease in fasting glucose levels and improved the tolerance of mice to OGTT glucose loading. A decrease in the level of lactate in the blood and a decrease in the amount of glucokinase in the liver were also found. The introduction of compound 3c did not have a toxic effect on animals based on biochemical data, histological analysis, and measurements of general parameters such as body weight and feed intake. Thus, the 9-N-heptyltetrahydroberberine derivative showed prominent hypoglycemic effects, which makes it promising to obtain and study other derivatives with longer substituents.

The Effect of Berberine on Metabolic Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective

Rhizoma Coptidis is an herb that has been frequently used in many traditional formulas for the treatment of diabetic mellitus (DM) over thousands of years. Berberine, the main active component of Rhizoma Coptidis, has been demonstrated to have the potential effect of hypoglycemia. To determine the potential advantages of berberine for diabetic care, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the efficacy and safety of berberine in the treatment of patients with type 2 DM.

Methods

Eight databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Database (SinoMed), Wanfang Database, and Chinese VIP Information was searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting clinical data regarding the use of berberine for the treatment of DM. Publication qualities were also considered to augment the credibility of the evidence. Glycemic metabolisms were the main factors studied, including glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasm glucose (FPG), and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPG). Insulin resistance was estimated by fasting blood insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and body mass index (BMI). Lipid profiles were also assessed, including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), along with inflammation factors such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and adverse events were applied to evaluate the safety of berberine.

Results

Forty-six trials were assessed. Analysis of berberine applied alone or with standard diabetic therapies versus the control group revealed significant reductions in HbA1c (MD = −0.73; 95% CI (−0.97, −0.51)), FPG (MD = −0.86, 95% CI (−1.10, −0.62)), and 2hPG (MD = −1.26, 95% CI (−1.64, −0.89)). Improved insulin resistance was assessed by lowering FINS (MD = −2.05, 95% CI (−2.62, −1.48)), HOMA-IR (MD = −0.71, 95% CI (−1.03, −0.39)), and BMI (MD = −1.07, 95% CI (−1.76, −0.37)). Lipid metabolisms were also ameliorated via the reduction of TG (MD = −0.5, 95% CI (−0.61, −0.39)), TC (MD = 0.64, 95% CI (−0.78, −0.49)), and LDL (MD = 0.86, 95% CI (−1.06, −0.65)) and the upregulation of HDL (MD = 0.17, 95% CI (0.09, 0.25)). Additionally, berberine improved the inflammation factor.

Conclusion

There is strong evidence supporting the clinical efficacy and safety of berberine in the treatment of DM, especially as an adjunctive therapy. In the future, this may be used to guide targeted clinical use of berberine and the development of medications seeking to treat patients with T2DM and dyslipidemia.