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Liu Q, Yan R, Wang L, Li R, Zhang D, Liao C, Mao S. Alpha-asarone alleviates cutaneous hyperalgesia by inhibiting hyperexcitability and neurogenic inflammation via TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in a female chronic migraine rat model. Neuropharmacology 2024; 261:110158. [PMID: 39276863 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Migraine is a highly prevalent neurological disorder. Alpha-asarone (ASA), a major active component found in Acorus tatarinowii, plays a crucial role in analgesia and anti-inflammation for neuropathic pain. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of ASA against migraine and elucidate its potential mechanisms using a well-established inflammatory soup (IS) migraine female rat model. Mechanical pain thresholds were assessed daily before IS infusion, followed by post-infusion administration of ASA. Subsequently, spontaneous locomotor activities, exploratory behavior, short-term spatial memory, and photophobia were blindly evaluated after the final drug administration. The rats were then sacrificed for investigation into the underlying mechanisms of action. Network pharmacology was also employed to predict potential targets and pathways of ASA against migraine. The anti-inflammatory activity of ASA and pathway-related proteins were examined in BV2 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The results demonstrated that ASA ameliorated cutaneous hyperalgesia and photophobia while improving spatial memory and increasing exploratory behavior in IS rats. ASA attenuated central sensitization-related indicators and excessive glutamate levels while enhancing GABA synthesis. ASA rescued neuronal loss in the cortex and hippocampus of IS rats. Notably, the ability of ASA to improve spatial memory performance in the Y maze test was not observed with sumatriptan, a first-line treatment drug, suggesting the potential involvement of the TLR4 pathway. Moreover, ASA suppressed microglial activation, reduced pro-inflammatory factors, and downregulated TLR4, MyD88, p-NF-κB/NF-κB, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18. Overall, ASA demonstrated its potential to alleviate hyperalgesia and improve behavioral performance in migraine rats by inhibiting hyperexcitability and microglia-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ruijie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Can Liao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shengjun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Perversi F, Costa C, Labate A, Lattanzi S, Liguori C, Maschio M, Meletti S, Nobili L, Operto FF, Romigi A, Russo E, Di Bonaventura C. The broad-spectrum activity of perampanel: state of the art and future perspective of AMPA antagonism beyond epilepsy. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1182304. [PMID: 37483446 PMCID: PMC10359664 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1182304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamatergic neurons primarily compose basic neuronal networks, especially in the cortex. An imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory activities may result in epilepsy or other neurological and psychiatric conditions. Among glutamate receptors, AMPA receptors are the predominant mediator of glutamate-induced excitatory neurotransmission and dictate synaptic efficiency and plasticity by their numbers and/or properties. Therefore, they appear to be a major drug target for modulating several brain functions. Perampanel (PER) is a highly selective, noncompetitive AMPA antagonist approved in several countries worldwide for treating different types of seizures in various epileptic conditions. However, recent data show that PER can potentially address many other conditions within epilepsy and beyond. From this perspective, this review aims to examine the new preclinical and clinical studies-especially those produced from 2017 onwards-on AMPA antagonism and PER in conditions such as mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, idiopathic and genetic generalized epilepsy, brain tumor-related epilepsy, status epilepticus, rare epileptic syndromes, stroke, sleep, epilepsy-related migraine, cognitive impairment, autism, dementia, and other neurodegenerative diseases, as well as provide suggestions on future research agenda aimed at probing the possibility of treating these conditions with PER and/or other AMPA receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cinzia Costa
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Neurological Clinic, S. Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angelo Labate
- Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Lattanzi
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudio Liguori
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Epilepsy Center, Neurology Unit, University Hospital “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Maschio
- Center for Tumor-Related Epilepsy, UOSD Neuro-Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Meletti
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Child and Maternal Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Felicia Operto
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Romigi
- Sleep Medicine Center, Neurological Mediterranean Institute IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Psychology Faculty, International Telematic University Uninettuno, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Bonaventura
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Benbow T, Cairns BE. Dysregulation of the peripheral glutamatergic system: A key player in migraine pathogenesis? Cephalalgia 2021; 41:1249-1261. [PMID: 34148407 PMCID: PMC8504403 DOI: 10.1177/03331024211017882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Although the role of glutamate in migraine pathogenesis remains uncertain, there has been significant interest in the development of drug candidates that target glutamate receptors. Activation of trigeminovascular afferent fibers is now recognized as a crucial step to the onset of a migraine episode. New evidence suggests a dysfunction in peripheral glutamate regulation may play a role in this process. Objective To provide a narrative review of the role of peripheral glutamate dysfunction in migraine. Method A review of recent literature from neurobiological, pharmacological and genomic studies was conducted to support peripheral glutamate dysfunction as a potential element in migraine pathogenesis. Results Studies in rats suggest that elevated blood glutamate mechanically sensitizes trigeminal afferent fibers and stimulates the release of calcitonin-gene related peptide and other neuropeptides to promote and maintain neurogenic inflammation. These effects may be driven by upregulation of glutamate receptors, and modifications to reuptake and metabolic pathways of glutamate. Furthermore, genome wide association studies have found polymorphisms in glutamate receptor and transporter genes that are associated with migraine. Conclusion The role of peripheral glutamate signalling in the onset and maintenance of migraine is not completely elucidated and future studies are still needed to confirm its role in migraine pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Benbow
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brian E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Brain Energy Deficit as a Source of Oxidative Stress in Migraine: A Molecular Basis for Migraine Susceptibility. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1913-1932. [PMID: 33939061 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
People with migraine are prone to a brain energy deficit between attacks, through increased energy demand (hyperexcitable brain) or decreased supply (mitochondrial impairment). However, it is uncertain how this precipitates an acute attack. Here, the central role of oxidative stress is adduced. Specifically, neurons' antioxidant defenses rest ultimately on internally generated NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), whose levels are tightly coupled to energy production. Mitochondrial NADPH is produced primarily by enzymes involved in energy generation, including isocitrate dehydrogenase of the Krebs (tricarboxylic acid) cycle; and an enzyme, nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), that depends on the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to function, and that works in reverse, consuming antioxidants, when energy generation fails. In migraine aura, cortical spreading depression (CSD) causes an initial severe drop in level of NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), causing NNT to impair antioxidant defense. This is followed by functional hypoxia and a rebound in NADH, in which the electron transport chain overproduces oxidants. In migraine without aura, a similar biphasic fluctuation in NADH very likely generates oxidants in cortical regions farthest from capillaries and penetrating arterioles. Thus, the perturbations in brain energy demand and/or production seen in migraine are likely sufficient to cause oxidative stress, triggering an attack through oxidant-sensing nociceptive ion channels. Implications are discussed for the development of new classes of migraine preventives, for the current use of C57BL/6J mice (which lack NNT) in preclinical studies of migraine, for how a microembolism initiates CSD, and for how CSD can trigger a migraine.
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Neurophysiological Model of Migraine Pathophysiology: Bringing the Past into the Future. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE MIGRAINE BRAIN 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-56538-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Spasov AA, Yakovlev DS, Brigadirova AA, Maltsev DV, Agatsarskaya YV. Novel Approaches to the Development of Antimigraine Drugs: A Focus on 5-HT2A Receptor Antagonists. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a wave of increased electrocortical activity and vasodilation, followed by sustained decreased activity and prolonged vasoconstriction. Although the discovery of CSD has been ascribed to Leão, rather than vasoconstriction, he only observed a depression of neural activity combined with vasodilation, with much weaker stimulation than used by his followers. There is a longstanding belief that CSD underlies migraine aura, with its positive symptoms such as mosaic patterns and its negative symptoms such as scotoma, and a similar propagation speed and vasoreaction pattern. However, there are many arguments against this theory. CSD is difficult to evoke in man, and electroencephalography (EEG) readings are not flattened during migraine (as opposed to EEG during CSD). Moreover, in contrast to CSD, migraine can occur bilaterally, and is not accompanied by a disrupted blood-brain barrier, increased cerebral metabolism, or cerebral cell swelling. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, which is thought to be characteristic of migraine pain, is increased in the blood from the external jugular vein during migraine in humans, but not during CSD in cats or rats. Moreover, CSD does not explain the appearance of premonitory symptoms or allodynia, long before the actual onset of aura. In addition, there is a variation in the pain mechanisms of migraine and CSD, and in their reaction to transcranial magnetic stimulation and several pharmacologic interventions. Finally, the origin of putative CSD in migraine is currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Borgdorff
- a Department of Physiology, ICaR-VU , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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