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van Wamelen DJ, Leta V, Chaudhuri KR, Jenner P. Future Directions for Developing Non-dopaminergic Strategies for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1606-1620. [PMID: 37526188 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230731110709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been dominated by the use of dopaminergic medication, but significant unmet need remains, much of which is related to non-motor symptoms and the involvement of non-dopaminergic transmitter systems. As such, little has changed in the past decades that has led to milestone advances in therapy and significantly improved treatment paradigms and patient outcomes, particularly in relation to symptoms unresponsive to levodopa. This review has looked at how pharmacological approaches to treatment are likely to develop in the near and distant future and will focus on two areas: 1) novel non-dopaminergic pharmacological strategies to control motor symptoms; and 2) novel non-dopaminergic approaches for the treatment of non-motor symptoms. The overall objective of this review is to use a 'crystal ball' approach to the future of drug discovery in PD and move away from the more traditional dopamine-based treatments. Here, we discuss promising non-dopaminergic and 'dirty drugs' that have the potential to become new key players in the field of Parkinson's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J van Wamelen
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Valentina Leta
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hos- pital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jenner
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Behl T, Kumar S, Althafar ZM, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Badavath VN, Yadav S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Almoshari Y, Almikhlafi MA, Bungau S. Exploring the Role of Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4257-4273. [PMID: 35505049 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, researchers have discovered that a group of apparently unrelated neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, have remarkable cellular and molecular biology similarities. Protein misfolding and aggregation are involved in all of the neurodegenerative conditions; as a result, inclusion bodies aggregation starts in the cells. Chaperone proteins and ubiquitin (26S proteasome's proteolysis signal), which aid in refolding misfolded proteins, are frequently found in these aggregates. The discovery of disease-causing gene alterations that code for multiple ubiquitin-proteasome pathway proteins in Parkinson's disease has strengthened the relationship between the ubiquitin-proteasome system and neurodegeneration. The specific molecular linkages between these systems and pathogenesis, on the other hand, are unknown and controversial. We outline the current level of knowledge in this article, focusing on important unanswered problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Ziyad M Althafar
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Alquwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Shivam Yadav
- Yashraj Institute of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.,School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Yosif Almoshari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad A Almikhlafi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibha University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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3
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Li L, Wang H, Li H, Lu X, Gao Y, Guo X. Long noncoding RNA BACE1-antisense transcript plays a critical role in Parkinson's disease via microRNA-214-3p/Cell death-inducing p53-target protein 1 axis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10889-10901. [PMID: 35481549 PMCID: PMC9208522 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2066750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the function and latent mechanism of long noncoding RNA BACE1-antisense transcript (lncRNA BACE1-AS) in MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were cultivated in 1 mM MPP+ for 24 h to establish Parkinson’s disease (PD) model in vitro. TargetScan and luciferase reporter assay were conducted to predict and verify the interaction between microRNA (miR)-214-3p and CDIP1 (Cell death-inducing p53-target protein 1). Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and cell apoptosis were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2 H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), LDH, and flow cytometer. The secretion of inflammatory factors and representative biomarkers of oxidative stress, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and specific assay kits. Results suggested that lncRNA BACE1-AS was over-expressed and miR-214-3p was under-expressed in MPP+-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells. Further analyses revealed that MPP+ inhibited cell viability; enhanced cell apoptosis, Cleaved Caspase-3 expression and Cleaved Caspase-3/GAPDH ratio; induced oxidative stress and inflammation in SH-SY5Y cells were inhibited by lncRNA BACE1-AS-siRNA transfection; and all these inhibitions were reversed by miR-214-3p inhibitor. In addition, we found that CDIP1 was directly targeted by miR-214-3p and up-regulated in MPP+-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells. Further functional assays suggested that CDIP1-plasmid reversed the effects of miR-214-3p mimic on MPP+-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells. In conclusion, lncRNA BACE1-AS regulates SH-SY5Y cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress through direct regulation of miR-214-3p/CDIP1 signaling axis, and could be a potential candidate associated with the diagnosis and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Li
- First Department of Neurology, Baoji Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoji, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Second Department of Neurology, Baoji Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoji, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huicang Li
- First Department of Neurology, Baoji Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoji, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Lu
- First Department of Neurology, Baoji Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoji, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanxiang Gao
- First Department of Neurology, Yangquan Third People's Hospital, Yangquan Shaanxi, Yangquan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Baoji People's Hospital, Baoji, Shaanxi, China
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Tardiff DF, Lucas M, Wrona I, Chang B, Chung CY, Le Bourdonnec B, Rhodes KJ, Scannevin RH. Non-clinical Pharmacology of YTX-7739: a Clinical Stage Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Inhibitor Being Developed for Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2171-2189. [PMID: 35060064 PMCID: PMC9015998 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is a potential therapeutic target for Parkinson’s and related neurodegenerative diseases. SCD inhibition ameliorates neuronal toxicity caused by aberrant α-synuclein, a lipid-binding protein implicated in Parkinson’s disease. Its inhibition depletes monounsaturated fatty acids, which may modulate α-synuclein conformations and membrane interactions. Herein, we characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of YTX-7739, a clinical-stage SCD inhibitor. Administration of YTX-7739 to rats and monkeys for 15 days caused a dose-dependent increase in YTX-7739 concentrations that were well-tolerated and associated with concentration-dependent reductions in the fatty acid desaturation index (FADI), the ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids. An approximate 50% maximal reduction in the carbon-16 desaturation index was observed in the brain, with comparable responses in the plasma and skin. A study with a diet supplemented in SCD products indicates that changes in brain C16 desaturation were due to local SCD inhibition, rather than to changes in systemic fatty acids that reach the brain. Assessment of pharmacodynamic response onset and reversibility kinetics indicated that approximately 7 days of dosing were required to achieve maximal responses, which persisted for at least 2 days after cessation of dosing. YTX-7739 thus achieved sufficient concentrations in the brain to inhibit SCD and produce pharmacodynamic responses that were well-tolerated in rats and monkeys. These results provide a framework for evaluating YTX-7739 pharmacology clinically as a disease-modifying therapy to treat synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Tardiff
- Yumanity Therapeutics, 40 Guest Street, Suite 4410, Boston, MA, 02135, USA.
| | - Matthew Lucas
- Yumanity Therapeutics, 40 Guest Street, Suite 4410, Boston, MA, 02135, USA.,Black Diamond Therapeutics, 1 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Iwona Wrona
- Yumanity Therapeutics, 40 Guest Street, Suite 4410, Boston, MA, 02135, USA.,Black Diamond Therapeutics, 1 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Belle Chang
- Yumanity Therapeutics, 40 Guest Street, Suite 4410, Boston, MA, 02135, USA.,iNeuro Therapeutics, 325 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chee Yeun Chung
- Yumanity Therapeutics, 40 Guest Street, Suite 4410, Boston, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Bertrand Le Bourdonnec
- Yumanity Therapeutics, 40 Guest Street, Suite 4410, Boston, MA, 02135, USA.,Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, 200 Smith St, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Kenneth J Rhodes
- Yumanity Therapeutics, 40 Guest Street, Suite 4410, Boston, MA, 02135, USA.,Pfizer Rare Disease Research Unit, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Robert H Scannevin
- Yumanity Therapeutics, 40 Guest Street, Suite 4410, Boston, MA, 02135, USA.,Verge Genomics, 2 Tower Pl, San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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Zhang K, Zhu S, Li J, Jiang T, Feng L, Pei J, Wang G, Ouyang L, Liu B. Targeting autophagy using small-molecule compounds to improve potential therapy of Parkinson's disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3015-3034. [PMID: 34729301 PMCID: PMC8546670 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), known as one of the most universal neurodegenerative diseases, is a serious threat to the health of the elderly. The current treatment has been demonstrated to relieve symptoms, and the discovery of new small-molecule compounds has been regarded as a promising strategy. Of note, the homeostasis of the autolysosome pathway (ALP) is closely associated with PD, and impaired autophagy may cause the death of neurons and thereby accelerating the progress of PD. Thus, pharmacological targeting autophagy with small-molecule compounds has been drawn a rising attention so far. In this review, we focus on summarizing several autophagy-associated targets, such as AMPK, mTORC1, ULK1, IMPase, LRRK2, beclin-1, TFEB, GCase, ERRα, C-Abelson, and as well as their relevant small-molecule compounds in PD models, which will shed light on a clue on exploiting more potential targeted small-molecule drugs tracking PD treatment in the near future.
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Key Words
- 3-MA, 3-methyladenine
- 5-HT2A, Serotonin 2A
- 5-HT2C, serotonin 2C
- A2A, adenosine 2A
- AADC, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
- ALP, autophagy-lysosomal pathway
- AMPK, 5ʹAMP-activated protein kinase
- ATG, autophagy related protein
- ATP13A2, ATPase cation transporting 13A2
- ATTEC, autophagosome-tethering compound
- AUC, the area under the curve
- AUTAC, autophagy targeting chimera
- Autophagy
- BAF, bafilomycinA1
- BBB, blood−brain barrier
- CL, clearance rate
- CMA, chaperone-mediated autophagy
- CNS, central nervous system
- COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase
- DA, dopamine
- DAT, dopamine transporter
- DJ-1, Parkinson protein 7
- DR, dopamine receptor
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERRα, estrogen-related receptor alpha
- F, oral bioavailability
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GBA, glucocerebrosidase β acid
- GWAS, genome-wide association study
- HDAC6, histone deacetylase 6
- HSC70, heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein
- HSPA8, heat shock 70 kDa protein 8
- IMPase, inositol monophosphatase
- IPPase, inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase
- KI, knockin
- LAMP2A, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 A
- LC3, light chain 3
- LIMP-2, lysosomal integrated membrane protein-2
- LRRK2, leucine-rich repeat sequence kinase 2
- LRS, leucyl-tRNA synthetase
- LUHMES, lund human mesencephalic
- Lamp2a, type 2A lysosomal-associated membrane protein
- MAO-B, monoamine oxidase B
- MPP+, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
- MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine
- MYCBP2, MYC-binding protein 2
- NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid
- ONRs, orphan nuclear receptors
- PD therapy
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PDE4, phosphodiesterase 4
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PI3P, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate
- PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1
- PLC, phospholipase C
- PREP, prolyl oligopeptidase
- Parkin, parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin−protein ligase
- Parkinson's disease (PD)
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SAS, solvent accessible surface
- SN, substantia nigra
- SNCA, α-synuclein gene
- SYT11, synaptotagmin 11
- Small-molecule compound
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TSC2, tuberous sclerosis complex 2
- Target
- ULK1, UNC-51-like kinase 1
- UPS, ubiquitin−proteasome system
- mAChR, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
- mTOR, the mammalian target of rapamycin
- α-syn, α-synuclein
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Time until Need for Levodopa among New Users of Dopamine Agonists or MAO-B Inhibitors. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 2021:9952743. [PMID: 34306611 PMCID: PMC8270692 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9952743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the use of dopamine agonists and monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitors in the Norwegian population, between 1 July 2006 and 31 December 2016. Our primary endpoint was time until need for levodopa among new monotherapy users of dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors. Methods A prospective cohort study including all patients, aged 50 years or above, who had at least one prescription for a dopamine agonist or a MAO-B inhibitor dispensed in the study period. We used data from the Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD). As we wished to focus on new Parkinson patients, we excluded patients who had levodopa dispensed less than 180 days prior to their first dopamine agonist or MAO-B inhibitor redemption. We explored the demographics and the time until monotherapy was insufficient treatment (defined as need for levodopa prescription). Results We included 22958 new monotherapy users. Of these, 22108 used dopamine agonists and 850 used MAO-B inhibitors. The mean number of days until the first prescription of levodopa was dispensed was higher among the dopamine agonist users (621 days) compared to the MAO-B inhibitor users (352 days). The proportion of dopamine agonist users who started levodopa treatment during the study period was less than 7%, while the corresponding proportion of MAO-B inhibitor users was almost 59%. Conclusions We found that new dopamine agonist users had a much greater delay in the need for levodopa than new MAO-B inhibitor users. It seems to be beneficial to initiate treatment with dopamine agonists when starting pharmacological treatment for new Parkinson patients.
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Saminathan H, Ghosh A, Zhang D, Song C, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Fyn Kinase-Mediated PKCδ Y311 Phosphorylation Induces Dopaminergic Degeneration in Cell Culture and Animal Models: Implications for the Identification of a New Pharmacological Target for Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:631375. [PMID: 33995031 PMCID: PMC8113680 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.631375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis are some of the key etiological factors responsible for dopamin(DA)ergic degeneration during Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the downstream molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are largely unknown. Recently, a genome-wide association study revealed the FYN gene to be associated with PD, suggesting that Fyn kinase could be a pharmacological target for PD. In this study, we report that Fyn-mediated PKCδ tyrosine (Y311) phosphorylation is a key event preceding its proteolytic activation in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of Parkinsonism. MPP+/MPTP induced Fyn kinase activation in N27 DAergic neuronal cells and the mouse substantia nigra. PKCδ-Y311 phosphorylation by activated Fyn initiates the apoptotic caspase-signaling cascade during DAergic degeneration. Pharmacological attenuation of Fyn activity protected DAergic neurons from MPP+-induced degeneration in primary mesencephalic neuronal cultures. We further employed Fyn wild-type and Fyn knockout (KO) mice to confirm whether Fyn is a valid pharmacological target of DAergic neurodegeneration. Primary mesencephalic neurons from Fyn KO mice were greatly protected from MPP+-induced DAergic cell death, neurite loss and DA reuptake loss. Furthermore, Fyn KO mice were significantly protected from MPTP-induced PKCδ-Y311 phosphorylation, behavioral deficits and nigral DAergic degeneration. This study thus unveils a mechanism by which Fyn regulates PKCδ's pro-apoptotic function and DAergic degeneration. Pharmacological inhibitors directed at Fyn activation could prove to be a novel therapeutic target in the delay or halting of selective DAergic degeneration during PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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