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Di Lorenzo B, Zoroddu S, Mangoni AA, Sotgia S, Paliogiannis P, Erre GL, Carru C, Zinellu A. Association between blood Pentraxin-3 concentrations and rheumatic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2024:e14257. [PMID: 38808454 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the Pentraxins, the long Pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) is associated with several processes, particularly in the earliest phases of the innate humoral response. Increased blood PTX-3 concentrations have been observed in a wide range of conditions, from infectious to cardiovascular disorders. Since its increase is more rapid than C-reactive protein (CRP), PTX-3 can be useful to detect and monitor early inflammation. To dissect its pathophysiological role in rheumatic diseases (RD), we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing blood PTX-3 concentrations in RD patients and healthy individuals and investigating possible associations with clinical, demographic, and study characteristics. METHODS We performed a search of published evidence until April 2024 in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, which led to the selection of 60 relevant manuscripts from a total of 1072 records. RESULTS Our synthesis revealed a statistically significant difference in PTX-3 concentrations between RD patients and controls (standard mean difference, SMD = 1.02, 95% CI 0.77-1.26, p < .001), that correlated with CRP concentrations. The effect size was associated with geographical region of study conduction, RD type, with a reduction of the observed heterogeneity in patients with low LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our study has shown a significant increase in blood PTX-3 concentrations in RD patients, which was associated with specific patient characteristics. Nevertheless, additional studies are needed to better define the utility of measuring PTX-3 in the early phase of RD. Our study was conducted in compliance with the PRISMA 2020 statement (study protocol available at PROSPERO CRD42024516600).
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Di Lorenzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Zoroddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Salvatore Sotgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology Unit, University Hospital (AOU) of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Erre
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Rheumatology Unit, University Hospital (AOU) of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital (AOU) of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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2
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Fornaro M, Girolamo F, Cacciapaglia F, Carabellese G, Bizzoca R, Scioscia C, Coladonato L, Lopalco G, Ruggieri M, Mastrapasqua M, Fari G, D'Abbicco D, Iannone F. Plasma pentraxin 3 in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a possible new biomarker of disease activity. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 214:94-102. [PMID: 37280166 PMCID: PMC10711351 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is a component of humoral innate immunity with essential functions both in promotion and resolution of inflammation. We aimed to study the PTX3 in the plasma and in the muscle of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) and whether PTX3 may correlate with disease activity. Plasma PTX3 levels were assessed in 20 patients with IIMs, 10 dermatomyositis (DM), and 10 polymyositis (PM), compared to 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 10 healthy donors (HDs) aged, sex, and body mass index matched. Disease activity in IIMs was assessed by Myositis Disease Activity Assessment Visual Analog Scale (MYOACT), while disease activity score on 28 joints (DAS28) was used for RA patients. Muscle histopathology and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were also performed. Mean plasma PTX3 levels were significantly higher in IIM patients than HDs (518 ± 260 pg/ml vs. 275 ± 114 pg/ml, P = 0.009). Linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and disease duration showed a direct correlation between PTX3 and CPK levels (β: 0.590), MYOACT (β: 0.759), and physician global assessment of disease activity (β: 0.832) in IIMs. No association between PTX3 levels and DAS28 was found in RA. Global PTX3 pixel fraction was higher in IIM than HDs muscle, but a lower PTX3 expression was found in perifascicular areas of DM and in myofibers with sarcolemmal staining for membrane attack complement. PTX3 plasma levels were increased in IIMs and correlated with disease activity suggesting a possible role as biomarker of disease activity. PTX3 showed a different distribution in DM or PM muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fornaro
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine - Area Jonica (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - F Girolamo
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience "DiBraiN", University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - F Cacciapaglia
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine - Area Jonica (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - G Carabellese
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - R Bizzoca
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine - Area Jonica (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - C Scioscia
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine - Area Jonica (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - L Coladonato
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine - Area Jonica (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - G Lopalco
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine - Area Jonica (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - M Ruggieri
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience "DiBraiN", University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - M Mastrapasqua
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience "DiBraiN", University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - G Fari
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience "DiBraiN", University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - D D'Abbicco
- Institute of General Surgery "G Marinaccio", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine - Area Jonica (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - F Iannone
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine - Area Jonica (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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3
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Orucoglu N, Balci-Fidanci S, Tamer L. Is the Level of Pentraxin-3 a Valid Biomarker in Axial
Spondyloarthritis? AKTUEL RHEUMATOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1990-0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background Pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) is essential in inflammation, remodelling
and regulation of inflammation in various rheumatic diseases. This study aimed
to determine whether serum PTX-3 levels indicate increased inflammation and
disease activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA).
Material and Methods The study comprised 50 AxSpA patients and 20 healthy
controls (HC). Serum PTX-3, interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-23 levels were compared
between AxSpA patients and the control group. The relationship between PTX-3
levels and acute-phase reactants and disease activity was examined. Disease
activity was scored using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index
(BASDAI) and the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score-CRP (ASDAS-CRP).
Patients with AxSpA were also separated into two subgroups –
non-radiographic AxSpA (nr-AxSpA) and radiographic AxSpA (r-AxSpA) – and
compared based on their PTX-3 levels. PTX-3, IL-17 and IL-23 levels were
measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.
Results PTX-3 levels were higher in patients with AxSpA compared with the
HC (2.69±2.03 vs 1.84±1.03 ng/mL,
p=0.025). When patients were divided into nr-AxSpA and r-AxSpA
subgroups, this difference was found to be only due to patients with r-AxSpA.
The r-AxSpA group had significantly higher PTX-3 levels than the nr-AxSpA and HC
groups (p=0.020 and p=0.016, respectively). There was no
statistically significant difference in PTX-3 levels between the nr-AxSpA and HC
groups (p=0.961). There was no correlation between PTX-3 levels and
acute-phase reactants, IL-17, IL-23 and disease activity scores (BASDAI and
ASDAS-CRP).
Conclusion These findings support the hypothesis that PTX-3 levels are
higher in patients with r-AxSpA, where chronic inflammation and structural
progression are more pronounced and can be used as an inflammation marker.
However, they demonstrate that this relationship does not exist in nr-AxSpA and
that there is no correlation between disease activity and PTX-3 levels. Thus,
PTX-3 levels may be associated with structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Orucoglu
- Rheumatology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin,
Turkey
| | | | - Lulufer Tamer
- Medical Biochemistry, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin,
Turkey
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4
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Practical Significance of Biomarkers in Axial Spondyloarthritis: Updates on Diagnosis, Disease Activity, and Prognosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911561. [PMID: 36232862 PMCID: PMC9570274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can lead to ankylosis by secondary ossification of inflammatory lesions, with progressive disability and a significant impact on quality of life. It is also a risk factor for the occurrence of comorbidities, especially cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), mood disorders, osteoporosis, and malignancies. Early diagnosis and treatment are needed to prevent or decrease functional decline and to improve the patient's prognosis. In respect of axSpA, there is an unmet need for biomarkers that can help to diagnose the disease, define disease activity and prognosis, and establish personalized treatment approaches. The aim of this review was to summarize the available information regarding the most promising biomarkers for axSpA. We classified and identified six core categories of biomarkers: (i) systemic markers of inflammation; (ii) molecules involved in bone homeostasis; (iii) HLA-B27 and newer genetic biomarkers; (iv) antibody-based biomarkers; (v) microbiome biomarkers; and (vi) miscellaneous biomarkers. Unfortunately, despite efforts to validate new biomarkers, few of them are used in clinical practice; however, we believe that these studies provide useful data that could aid in better disease management.
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Jonasdottir AD, Antovic A, Qureshi AR, Nordin A, Malmström V, Gunnarsson I, Bruchfeld A. Pentraxin-3 - a potential biomarker in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Scand J Rheumatol 2022; 52:293-301. [PMID: 35383519 DOI: 10.1080/03009742.2022.2045790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate pentraxin-3 (PTX3) as a potential biomarker of inflammatory activity in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) at baseline and 6 month follow-up in a longitudinal cohort. METHOD Plasma PTX3 levels were measured in 79 newly diagnosed or relapsing AAV patients at baseline and 6 month follow-up, and in 23 healthy controls. Urinary PTX3 levels were measured in 34 of the patients. C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, and albuminuria were measured and the cumulative glucocorticoid dose at inclusion was calculated. The Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) was assessed at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Plasma PTX3 levels were significantly higher at baseline than at 6 months (2.85 vs 1.23 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Plasma and urinary PTX3 levels correlated with BVAS at baseline (ρ = 0.45, p < 0.001, and ρ = 0.49, p = 0.008, respectively). A significant correlation between both plasma and urinary PTX3 levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria was found. However, there was no correlation between plasma and urinary PTX3 levels. At baseline, plasma and urinary PTX3 levels were significantly higher in patients with kidney involvement. PTX3 levels did not correlate with CRP, nor was there a correlation between CRP levels and BVAS at baseline. CONCLUSION Plasma and urinary PTX3 seem to reflect disease activity in AAV better than the commonly used CRP. PTX3 may have a potential role as a biomarker in monitoring disease activity in AAV patients, particularly in patients with kidney involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Jonasdottir
- Division of Renal Medicine, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Antovic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A R Qureshi
- Baxter Novum, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Nordin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V Malmström
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Gunnarsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Bruchfeld
- Division of Renal Medicine, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Özdemirel AE, Güven SC, Sunar İ, Sari Sürmeli Z, Doğanci A, Tutkak H, Yalçin Sayin AP, Ataman Ş. The Relationship between Plasma Pentraxin 3 and Serum Amyloid P Levels and Disease Activity in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:7243399. [PMID: 35685583 PMCID: PMC9159165 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7243399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical practice, it is hard to judge the level of disease activity in some patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) who have low traditional acute phase reactant values such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) but have considerable pain and inflammation. The aim of this study is to investigate plasma pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and serum amyloid P (SAP) levels in patients with AS who had normal ESR and CRP but high disease activity. METHODS 100 AS patients and 100 gender- and age-matched controls were included. Epidemiological, clinical, and treatment data and plasma levels of CRP, ESR, PTX3, and SAP were evaluated. The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS)-CRP were used for evaluating disease activity. Plasma levels of PTX3 and SAP were compared between AS patients and controls and also among AS patients with active and inactive disease. RESULTS AS patients had significantly higher plasma levels of PTX3 and SAP than controls. There were not any significant correlations between PTX3 and SAP with BASDAI, ASDAS-CRP, and ESR. There was a positive correlation between PTX3 and CRP. No significant difference in plasma levels of PTX3 and SAP was observed between patients with active disease and inactive disease, both with normal ESR and CRP levels. Disease duration and treatment did not influence plasma PTX3 levels. CONCLUSIONS In patients with AS, plasma levels of PTX3 and SAP were found to be elevated when compared to healthy controls. No association was observed between these biomarkers and disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Erhan Özdemirel
- Gaziler Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Rheumatology, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - İsmihan Sunar
- Aydın State Hospital, Clinic of Rheumatology, Aydın, Turkey
| | | | - Alper Doğanci
- ErzurumRegional Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Tutkak
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Allergy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Peyman Yalçin Sayin
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şebnem Ataman
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Wu Q, Cao F, Tao J, Li X, Zheng SG, Pan HF. Pentraxin 3: A promising therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102584. [PMID: 32534154 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a prototypic humoral soluble pattern recognition molecule that exerts a pivotal role in innate immune response and inflammation, as well as in tissue damage and remodeling. Recently, emerging evidence has revealed that PTX3 is involved in the occurrence and development of various autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), systemic sclerosis (SSc), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and psoriasis, etc. In this review, we have succinctly summarized the complex immunological functions of PTX3 and mostly focused on recent findings of the pleiotropic activities played by PTX3 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, aiming at hopefully offering possible future therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Cao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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8
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Simon D, Kampylafka E, Hueber AJ. Neue molekulare Mechanismen in der Pathophysiologie der Psoriasisarthritis. Z Rheumatol 2018; 77:776-782. [DOI: 10.1007/s00393-018-0503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Sargin G, Senturk T, Yavasoglu I. The relationship between blood eosinophil count and disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with TNF-α inhibitors. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:943-946. [PMID: 30416349 PMCID: PMC6218330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Anti-TNF-α) therapy has achieved an important position, are widely used for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. TNF-α inhibition improves clinical outcomes and has differential effects on haematopoiesis. Information about effects on eosinophils is limited. The aim of our study is to determine the relationship between blood eosinophil counts in AS patients treated with TNF-α inhibitors. Methods Seventy-five patients diagnosed with AS according to modified New York criteria were enrolled in this study. Disease activity was assessed by BASDAI, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein of patients were evaluated. All data were analyzed with Spearman’s correlation and Friedman's Two-Way by using SPSS version 19.0 statistical software, and p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results Seventy-five AS (F/M: 27/48, the mean age of 41 ± 10 years) patients were evaluated. On the 3rd month of treatment, there was a correlation between BASDAI and CRP (r = 0.32, p = 0.005), but no correlation between BASDAI and ESR (r = 0.21, p = 0.06). Blood eosinophil count was not correlated with BASDAI, ESR and CRP on pre-, post-therapy (p > 0.05). It counts lower before anti-TNF-α therapy compare with post-treatment (130/mm3, 140/mm3 and 190/mm3, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between pre- and 3rd month (p > 0.05), while correlation was found between pre- and 6th month, and also 3rd month and 6th month (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively) for blood eosinophil count. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to evaluate blood eosinophil counts and disease activity with anti-TNF-α therapy. Blood eosinophil count may be affected by TNF-α inhibition in patients with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Sargin
- Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty, Department of Rheumatology, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Taskin Senturk
- Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty, Department of Rheumatology, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Irfan Yavasoglu
- Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty, Department of Hematology, Aydın, Turkey
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