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Nazarenko MS, Koroleva IA, Zarubin AA, Sleptcov AA. miRNA Regulome in Different Atherosclerosis Phenotypes. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Expression patterns of miR-34a, miR-125b, miR-221 and antioxidant gene NRF2 in plasma samples of patients with atherosclerosis. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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MiR-32-3p Regulates Myocardial Injury Induced by Microembolism and Microvascular Obstruction by Targeting RNF13 to Regulate the Stability of Atherosclerotic Plaques. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021; 15:143-166. [PMID: 34185281 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of myocardial protection. The effects of miR-32-3p and ring finger protein 13 (RNF13) on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis of A-10 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were detected using flow cytometry. The effects of miR-32-3p and phenylbutyric acid (PBA) on plaque instability and myocardial tissue injury in rats were investigated after establishment of arterial plaque model and embolization model and treatment with miR-32-3p-antagomir and PBA. RNF13, which was differentially expressed in myocardial infarction, was the direct target gene of miR-32-3p. MiR-32-3p inhibited RNF13 expression and targeted RNF13 to inhibit ER stress-induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, inhibiting miR-32-3p expression induced arterial plaque instability by reducing survival, increasing pathological lesions in arterial tissue, up-regulating ER stress-related proteins, and regulating the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins in the model rats. However, PBA reversed the effects of miR-32-3p-antagomir on the model rats. MiR-32-3p regulates myocardial injury induced by micro-embolism and micro-vascular obstruction by targeting RNF13 to regulate the stability of atherosclerotic plaques.
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4
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Atorvastatin improves the proliferation and migration of endothelial progenitor cells via the miR-221/VEGFA axis. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226426. [PMID: 32936287 PMCID: PMC7689653 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at investigating the detailed functions of atorvastatin, a lipid-lowering agent, in the pathogenesis of coronary slow flow (CSF), a clinical disease characterized by delayed angiographic coronary opacity without obstructive coronary disease. In the present study, we successfully identified isolated endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from the peripheral blood of patients with CSF. Their vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) protein levels were determined using immunoblotting analyses. We determined cell viability using MTT assays, cell migration capacity using Transwell assays, and the angiogenic capacity using a tube formation assay. The target association between miR-221 and VEGFA was validated with a luciferase reporter assay. Atorvastatin treatment increased EPC VEGFA protein levels, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. miR-221 expression was down-regulated after atorvastatin treatment; miR-221 overexpression exerted an opposing effect to atorvastatin treatment on VEGFA protein, EPC proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. The protective effects of atorvastatin treatment on VEGFA protein and EPCs could be significantly suppressed by miR-221 overexpression. miR-221 directly bound the VEGFA 3'UTR to inhibit its expression. In conclusion, atorvastatin improves the cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of EPCs via the miR-221/VEGFA axis. Thus, atorvastatin could be a potent agent against CSF, pending further in vivo and clinical investigations.
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Telkoparan-Akillilar P, Cevik D. Identification of miR-17, miR-21, miR-27a, miR-106b and miR-222 as endoplasmic reticulum stress-related potential biomarkers in circulation of patients with atherosclerosis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3503-3513. [PMID: 33860430 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases are among the most common causes of death worldwide. Unfolded protein response, also known as Endoplasmic reticulum stress, has a critical role in many diseases including atherosclerosis. Small non-coding microRNAs (miRNA), which generally suppress gene expression, regulate UPR signalling and they may also be involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. We aim to investigate the expression levels of miR-17, miR-21, miR-27a, miR-106b, miR-222 and CHOP gene in circulation of atherosclerosis patients compared to healthy controls to establish a link between ER stress and atherosclerosis. miRNA containing whole RNA was isolated from blood samples of 25 patients with atherosclerosis and 26 healthy controls. Expression levels of miRNAs and CHOP were measured via Real Time PCR method. miR-17 and miR-106b were significantly increased while miR-21, miR-27a, and miR-222 were significantly decreased in patients compared to controls. CHOP gene was also dramatically and significantly induced in patient samples. miR-17, miR-21, miR-27a, miR-106b, miR-222 and CHOP were significantly differentially expressed in patients with atherosclerosis. Each miRNA and CHOP might regulate atherosclerotic plaque progression and they can be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis and follow-up of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilek Cevik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
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6
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Singh S, de Ronde MWJ, Kok MGM, Beijk MA, De Winter RJ, van der Wal AC, Sondermeijer BM, Meijers JCM, Creemers EE, Pinto-Sietsma SJ. MiR-223-3p and miR-122-5p as circulating biomarkers for plaque instability. Open Heart 2020; 7:openhrt-2019-001223. [PMID: 32487772 PMCID: PMC7269547 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we discovered and validated candidate microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers for coronary artery disease (CAD). METHOD Candidate tissue-derived miRNAs from atherosclerotic plaque material in patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) (n=14) and unstable coronary artery disease (UCAD) (n=25) were discovered by qPCR-based arrays. We validated differentially expressed miRNAs, along with seven promising CAD-associated miRNAs from the literature, in the serum of two large cohorts (n=395 and n=1000) of patients with SCAD and UCAD and subclinical atherosclerosis (SubA) and controls, respectively. RESULT From plaque materials (discovery phase), miR-125b-5p and miR-193b-3p were most upregulated in SCAD, whereas miR-223-3p and miR-142-3p were most upregulated in patients with UCAD. Subsequent validation in serum from patients with UCAD, SCAD, SubA and controls demonstrated significant upregulation of miR-223-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-146-3p and miR-155-5p. The ischaemia-related miR-499-5p was also highly upregulated in patients with UCAD compared with the other groups (SCAD OR 20.63 (95% CI 11.16 to 38.15), SubA OR 96.10 (95% CI 40.13 to 230.14) and controls OR 15.73 (95% CI 7.80 to 31.72)). However, no significant difference in miR-499-5p expression was observed across SCAD, SubA and controls. MiR-122-5p was the only miRNA to be significantly upregulated in the serum of both patients with UCAD and SCAD. CONCLUSION In conclusion, miR-122-5p and miR-223-3p might be markers of plaque instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice W J de Ronde
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maayke G M Kok
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Am Beijk
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert J De Winter
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allard C van der Wal
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brigitte M Sondermeijer
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost C M Meijers
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther E Creemers
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara-Joan Pinto-Sietsma
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sun D, Xiang G, Wang J, Li Y, Mei S, Ding H, Yan J. miRNA 146b-5p protects against atherosclerosis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Epigenomics 2020; 12:2189-2204. [PMID: 33084403 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the potentially important role of miRNA 146b-5p (miR-146b) during the development of atherosclerosis. Materials & methods: Proliferation, migration and luciferase assays and mouse models were used to determine the functions of miR-146b. Results: miR-146b was identified as substantially upregulated in the aortic plaques of ApoE-/- mice as well as in response to inflammatory cytokines. Overexpression of miR-146b repressed proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells by downregulating Bag1 and Mmp16, respectively. Adeno-associated virus-mediated miR-146b overexpression inhibited neointima formation after carotid injury and suppressed atherosclerotic plaque formation in western diet-induced ApoE-/- mice. Conclusion: miR-146b is a novel regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell function induced by inflammatory response, specifically in neointima formation, and offers a novel therapeutic strategy for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dating Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Gui Xiang
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shuai Mei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hu Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jiangtao Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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Soler-Botija C, Gálvez-Montón C, Bayés-Genís A. Epigenetic Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Genet 2019; 10:950. [PMID: 31649728 PMCID: PMC6795132 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death worldwide and greatly impact quality of life and medical costs. Enormous effort has been made in research to obtain new tools for efficient and quick diagnosis and predicting the prognosis of these diseases. Discoveries of epigenetic mechanisms have related several pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, to epigenetic dysregulation. This has implications on disease progression and is the basis for new preventive strategies. Advances in methodology and big data analysis have identified novel mechanisms and targets involved in numerous diseases, allowing more individualized epigenetic maps for personalized diagnosis and treatment. This paves the way for what is called pharmacoepigenetics, which predicts the drug response and develops a tailored therapy based on differences in the epigenetic basis of each patient. Similarly, epigenetic biomarkers have emerged as a promising instrument for the consistent diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Their good accessibility and feasible methods of detection make them suitable for use in clinical practice. However, multicenter studies with a large sample population are required to determine with certainty which epigenetic biomarkers are reliable for clinical routine. Therefore, this review focuses on current discoveries regarding epigenetic biomarkers and its controversy aiming to improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in cardiovascular patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Soler-Botija
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gálvez-Montón
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genís
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiology Service, HUGTiP, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Barcelona Autonomous University (UAB), Badalona, Spain
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Ye J, Wu Y, Guo R, Zeng W, Duan Y, Yang Z, Yang L. miR-221 Alleviates the Ox-LDL-Induced Macrophage Inflammatory Response via the Inhibition of DNMT3b-Mediated NCoR Promoter Methylation. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4530534. [PMID: 31565033 PMCID: PMC6745124 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4530534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease, and macrophages play a key role in all phases of AS. Recent studies have shown that miR-221 is a biomarker for AS and stroke; however, the role and mechanism of miR-221 in AS are unclear. Herein, we found that miR-221 and NCoR levels were decreased in ox-LDL-treated THP-1-derived macrophages. In contrast, DNMT3b, IL-6, and TNF-α expression levels were increased under these conditions. Upregulation of miR-221 or NCoR could partially inhibit ox-LDL-induced IL-6 and TNF-α expression. Further studies showed that DNMT3b was a target of miR-221. DNMT3b inhibition also suppressed IL-6 and TNF-α expression and increased NCoR expression in the presence of ox-LDL. Moreover, DNMT3b was involved in ox-LDL-induced DNA methylation in the promoter region of NCoR. These findings suggest that miR-221 suppresses ox-LDL-induced inflammatory responses via suppressing DNMT3b-mediated DNA methylation in the promoter region of NCoR. These results provide a rationale for using intracellular miR-211 as a possible antiatherosclerotic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Ye
- Department of Cardiology, 920 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Yunnan 650032, China
- Department of Cardiology, Tongren Hospital, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Yaxi Wu
- Institution of Cardiovascular Research, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Cardiology, 920 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Wenjun Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Tongren Hospital, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Yanan Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Tongren Hospital, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongren Hospital, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Lixia Yang
- Department of Cardiology, 920 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Yunnan 650032, China
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10
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Li L, Li Y, Tang C. The role of microRNAs in the involvement of vascular smooth muscle cells in the development of atherosclerosis. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:1102-1112. [PMID: 31066128 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of nonprotein-encoding RNAs of ~22 nucleotides in length that bind to or complement each other with a target gene messenger RNA (mRNA) to promote mRNA degradation or inhibit translation of the target mRNA. The protein required [such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins] is controlled at an optimal level. By affecting protein translation, miRNAs have become powerful regulators of biological processes, including development, differentiation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. MiRNAs are involved in the regulation of proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), thereby affecting the formation of atherosclerosis (AS). In recent years, the role and mechanism of miRNAs involved in AS development in VSMCs have been studied extensively. In the current study, the results and progress in miRNA research are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqing Li
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chengchun Tang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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11
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12
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Esplugas R, Arenas M, Serra N, Bellés M, Bonet M, Gascón M, Vallvé JC, Linares V. Effect of radiotherapy on the expression of cardiovascular disease-related miRNA-146a, -155, -221 and -222 in blood of women with breast cancer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217443. [PMID: 31150454 PMCID: PMC6544229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most important neoplasias among women. Many patients receive radiotherapy (RT), which involves radiation exposure of the thoracic zone, including the heart and blood vessels, leading to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a long-term side effect. The severity of CVD-related pathologies leads research on assessing novel CVD biomarkers as diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic agents. Currently, the possible candidates include blood microRNAs (miRNAs). Previous studies have supported a role for miRNA-146a, -155, -221, and -222 in the progression of CVD. Our purpose was to evaluate the RT-induced modulation of the expression of these miRNAs in the blood of women with BC. Pre-RT control and post-RT blood samples were collected, and after miRNA isolation and reverse transcription, the levels of the selected miRNAs were measured by real-time PCR. Our results showed that miRNA-155 exhibited the lowest expression, while miRNA-222 exhibited the highest expression, followed by miRNA-221. The expression of each individual miRNA was positively correlated with that of the others both pre-RT control and post-RT and inversely correlated with age before RT. Furthermore, RT promoted the overexpression of the selected miRNAs. Their levels were also affected by CVD-linked clinical parameters, treatment and BC side. Modulation of the expression of the selected miRNAs together with other risk factors might be associated with the development of future cardiovascular pathologies. Further confirmatory studies are needed to assess their potential as possible biomarkers in the progression of or as therapeutic targets for RT-induced CVD in BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Esplugas
- Physiology Unit, School of Medicine, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
| | - Meritxell Arenas
- Radiation Oncology Department, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
| | - Noemí Serra
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
| | - Montserrat Bellés
- Physiology Unit, School of Medicine, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Bonet
- Radiation Oncology Department, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
| | - Marina Gascón
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joan-Carles Vallvé
- Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria Linares
- Physiology Unit, School of Medicine, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
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Kränkel N. You don't know them until you challenge them - micro ribonucleic acid changes in response to acute exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018; 26:343-345. [PMID: 30526024 DOI: 10.1177/2047487318816419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Kränkel
- 1 Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Cardiology, Germany.,2 DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
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