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Recent advances in nuclear receptor-binding SET domain 2 (NSD2) inhibitors: An update and perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115232. [PMID: 36863225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-binding SET domain 2 (NSD2) is a histone lysine methyltransferase (HKMTase), which is mainly responsible for the di-methylation of lysine residues on histones, which are involved in the regulation of various biological pathways. The amplification, mutation, translocation, or overexpression of NSD2 can be linked to various diseases. NSD2 has been identified as a promising drug target for cancer therapy. However, relatively few inhibitors have been discovered and this field still needs further exploration. This review provides a detailed summary of the biological studies related to NSD2 and the current progress of inhibitors, research, and describes the challenges in the development of NSD2 inhibitors, including SET (su(var), enhancer-of-zeste, trithorax) domain inhibitors and PWWP1 (proline-tryptophan-tryptophan-proline 1) domain inhibitors. Through analysis and discussion of the NSD2-related crystal complexes and the biological evaluation of related small molecules, we hope to provide insights for future drug design and optimization methods that will stimulate the development of novel NSD2 inhibitors.
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Lam UTF, Tan BKY, Poh JJX, Chen ES. Structural and functional specificity of H3K36 methylation. Epigenetics Chromatin 2022; 15:17. [PMID: 35581654 PMCID: PMC9116022 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-022-00446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylation of histone H3 at lysine 36 (H3K36me) is essential for maintaining genomic stability. Indeed, this methylation mark is essential for proper transcription, recombination, and DNA damage response. Loss- and gain-of-function mutations in H3K36 methyltransferases are closely linked to human developmental disorders and various cancers. Structural analyses suggest that nucleosomal components such as the linker DNA and a hydrophobic patch constituted by histone H2A and H3 are likely determinants of H3K36 methylation in addition to the histone H3 tail, which encompasses H3K36 and the catalytic SET domain. Interaction of H3K36 methyltransferases with the nucleosome collaborates with regulation of their auto-inhibitory changes fine-tunes the precision of H3K36me in mediating dimethylation by NSD2 and NSD3 as well as trimethylation by Set2/SETD2. The identification of specific structural features and various cis-acting factors that bind to different forms of H3K36me, particularly the di-(H3K36me2) and tri-(H3K36me3) methylated forms of H3K36, have highlighted the intricacy of H3K36me functional significance. Here, we consolidate these findings and offer structural insight to the regulation of H3K36me2 to H3K36me3 conversion. We also discuss the mechanisms that underlie the cooperation between H3K36me and other chromatin modifications (in particular, H3K27me3, H3 acetylation, DNA methylation and N6-methyladenosine in RNAs) in the physiological regulation of the epigenomic functions of chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulysses Tsz Fung Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bryan Kok Yan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Jia Xin Poh
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee Sin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore. .,NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Integrative Sciences & Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Pan C, Li M, Wang J, Chu X, Xiong J, Yang X, Tang Y, Ma D, Yuan C, Zhu J, Chang Y, Zhang J, Wang C. miR-4431 targets TRIP10/PRKD1 and impairs glucose metabolism. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 13:617-627. [PMID: 34800086 PMCID: PMC9017615 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim/Introduction Obesity is considered an important risk factor for many metabolic disorders, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, and microRNAs (miRNAs) play a vital role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the role of miR‐4431 in the obesity‐associated pathobiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods Subjects were divided into normal control (n = 36), obese (n = 36), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 12) groups, and serum miR‐4431 levels were analyzed. Adenovirus‐vectored miR‐4431 mimic or sponge was intraperitoneally injected into the normal diet group and the high‐fat diet group (HFD) mice to investigate glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and lipid levels. The downstream target genes of miR‐4431 were predicted using bioinformatics, and they were verified in vitro. Results Serum miR‐4431 levels were significantly high in obese and type 2 diabetes mellitus individuals, and positively correlated with the body mass index and fasting plasma glucose levels. In HFD mice, miR‐4431 levels in the serum, white adipose tissue, and liver were significantly increased. Moreover, miR‐4431 impaired glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism in mice. Bioinformatic prediction suggested that TRIP10 and PRKD1 could be the downstream target genes of miR‐4431. The HFD mice showed a remarkable reduction in the mRNA levels of TRIP10 and PRKD1 in the liver, which were countered by blocking miR‐4431. In HepG2 and L02 cells, miR‐4431 could downregulate TRIP10 and PRKD1 while blocking glucose uptake. The luciferase reporter assay showed that miR‐4431 could bind TRIP10 and PRKD1 3′‐UTR. Conclusion miR‐4431 targets TRIP10/PRKD1 and impairs glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongge Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Menghuan Li
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Jingzhou Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiaolong Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Jianyu Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yihan Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Dingling Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Chenggang Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yongsheng Chang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Cuizhe Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease, Shihezi, China
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Identification of histone methyltransferase NSD2 as an important oncogenic gene in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:974. [PMID: 34671018 PMCID: PMC8528846 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second common cause of cancer-related human mortalities. Dysregulation of histone 3 (H3) methylation could lead to transcriptional activation of multiple oncogenes, which is closely associated with CRC tumorigenesis and progression. Nuclear receptor-binding SET Domain protein 2 (NSD2) is a key histone methyltransferase catalyzing histone H3 lysine 36 dimethylation (H3K36me2). Its expression, the potential functions, and molecular mechanisms in CRC are studied here. Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) bioinformatics results showed that the NSD2 mRNA expression is elevated in both colon cancers and rectal cancers. Furthermore, NSD2 mRNA and protein expression levels in local colon cancer tissues are significantly higher than those in matched surrounding normal tissues. In primary human colon cancer cells and established CRC cell lines, shRNA-induced silencing or CRISPR/Cas9-induced knockout of NSD2 inhibited cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, NSD2 shRNA or knockout induced mitochondrial depolarization, DNA damage, and apoptosis in the primary and established CRC cells. Contrarily, ectopic NSD2 overexpression in primary colon cancer cells further enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. H3K36me2, expressions of multiple oncogenes (ADAM9, EGFR, Sox2, Bcl-2, SYK, and MET) and Akt activation were significantly decreased after NSD2 silencing or knockout in primary colon cancer cells. Their levels were however increased after ectopic NSD2 overexpression. A catalytic inactive NSD2 (Y1179A) also inhibited H3K36me2, multiple oncogenes expression, and Akt activation, as well as cell proliferation and migration in primary colon cancer cells. In vivo, intratumoral injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-packed NSD2 shRNA largely inhibited primary colon cancer cell xenograft growth in nude mice. Together, NSD2 exerted oncogenic functions in CRC and could be a promising therapeutic target.
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Li S, Shi Z, Fu S, Li Q, Li B, Sang L, Wu D. Exosomal-mediated transfer of APCDD1L-AS1 induces 5-fluorouracil resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma via miR-1224-5p/nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) axis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7188-7204. [PMID: 34546854 PMCID: PMC8806529 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1979442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) poses a threat to public health worldwide. LncRNA APCDD1L-AS1 has been reported to participate in tumorigenesis and development of acquired chemoresistance. However, the role of APCDD1L-AS1 in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance regulation within OSCC is still obscure. In this study, 5-FU-resistant cell models were established with OSCC cell lines (HSC-3 and HN-4). Gene expressions and protein levels were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. CCK-8, colony forming, and flow cytometry were utilized to measure IC50 value, cell viability, and cell apoptosis of 5-FU-resistant OSCC cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay were applied to identify the associations between miR-1224-5p and APCDD1L-AS1 or NSD2. Herein, high APCDD1L-AS1 expression was shown in OSCC tissues and cells resistant to 5-FU and related to the worse prognosis of OSCC patients. APCDD1L-AS1 knockdown impaired 5-FU resistance in 5-FU-resistant OSCC cells by reducing IC50 value, suppressing cell viability, and accelerating cell apoptosis. Besides, extracellular APCDD1L-AS1 could be transferred to sensitive cells via exosome incorporation, thereby transmitting 5-FU resistance in OSCC cells. Besides, miR-1224-5p was a molecular target of APCDD1L-AS1 and directly targeted NSD2 in 5-FU-resistant cells. MiR-1224-5p exhibited a much lower level in 5-FU-resistant tissues and increased 5-FU sensitivity in 5-FU-resistant OSCC cells. Moreover, NSD2 upregulation neutralized the influence of blocking APCDD1L-AS1 in HSC-3/5-FU and HN-4/5-FU cells on 5-FU resistance. To sum up, our study demonstrated that exosomal APCDD1L-AS1 conferred resistance to 5-FU in HSC-3/5-FU and HN-4/5-FU cells via the miR-1224-5p/NSD2 axis, thus providing a novel target for OSCC chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Li
- Department of Stomatology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Zhiyan Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Suwei Fu
- Department of Stomatology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Qingfu Li
- Department of Stomatology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Xiaolan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Lixiao Sang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Birth Clinic, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Donghong Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
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