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Rocamonde B, Hasan U, Mathieu C, Dutartre H. Viral-induced neuroinflammation: Different mechanisms converging to similar exacerbated glial responses. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1108212. [PMID: 36937670 PMCID: PMC10017484 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1108212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that viral infections are the source/origin of various types of encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, and other neurological and cognitive disorders. While the involvement of certain viruses, such as the Nipah virus and measles virus, is known, the mechanisms of neural invasion and the factors that trigger intense immune reactions are not fully understood. Based on recent publications, this review discusses the role of the immune response, interactions between viruses and glial cells, and cytokine mediators in the development of inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system. It also highlights the significant gaps in knowledge regarding these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Rocamonde
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Équipe d’Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: Brenda Rocamonde,
| | - Uzma Hasan
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Enveloped Viruses, Vectors and Immunotherapy INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- The Lyon Immunotherapy for Cancer Laboratory (LICL), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052 – CNRS 5286) Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie Équipe Neuro-Invasion, Tropism and Viral Encephalitis, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Cyrille Mathieu,
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Équipe d’Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- Hélène Dutartre,
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2
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Rodrigues ES, Salustiano S, Santos EV, Slavov SN, Picanço-Castro V, Maçonetto JM, de Haes TM, Takayanagui OM, Covas DT, Kashima S. Monitoring of HTLV-1-associated diseases by proviral load quantification using multiplex real-time PCR. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:27-34. [PMID: 35025066 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proviral load (PVL) is one of the determining factors for the pathogenesis and clinical progression of the human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) infection. In the present study, we optimized a sensitive multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection and quantification of HTLV-1 proviral load and beta-globin gene as endogenous control. The values obtained for HTLV-1 PVL were used to monitor the clinical evolution in HTLV-1-infected individuals. A vector containing cloned DNA targets of the real-time PCR for the beta-globin gene and the HTLV-1pol region was constructed. For the reaction validation, we compared the amplification efficiency of the constructed vector and MT-2 cell line containing HTLV-1. The analytical sensitivity of the reaction was evaluated by the application of a standard curve with a high order of magnitude. PVL assay was evaluated on DNA samples of HTLV-1 seropositive individuals. The construct showed adequate amplification for the beta-globin and HTLV-1 pol genes when evaluated as multiplex real-time PCR (slope = 3.23/3.26, Y-intercept = 40.18/40.73, correlation coefficient r2 = 0.99/0.99, and efficiency = 103.98/102.78, respectively). The quantification of PVL using the MT-2 cell line was equivalent to the data obtained using the plasmidial curve (2.5 copies per cell). In HTLV-1-associatedmyelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients, PVL was significantly higher (21315 ± 2154 copies/105 PBMC) compared to asymptomatic individuals (1253 ± 691 copies/105 PBMC). The obtained results indicate that the optimized HTLV-1 PVL assay using plasmidial curve can be applied for monitoring and follow-up of the progression of HTLV-1 disease. The use of a unique reference plasmid for both HTLV-1 and endogenous gene allows a robust and effective quantification of HTLV-1 PVL. In addition, the developed multiplex real-time PCR assay was efficient to be used as a tool to monitor HTLV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandra Strazza Rodrigues
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suellen Salustiano
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Vieira Santos
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Svetoslav Nanev Slavov
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Picanço-Castro
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Matos Maçonetto
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tissiana Marques de Haes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Massaiti Takayanagui
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil. .,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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3
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Erickson LD, Hedges DW, Brown BL, Embley B, Gale SD. Association between Cognitive Function and Depression with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus 1 Seropositivity and Serointensity in UK Adults. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111409. [PMID: 34832565 PMCID: PMC8622850 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases have been associated with cognitive function and neuropsychiatric outcomes in humans, including human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). In this study, we sought to further generalize previously reported associations of cognitive function and depression with HTLV-1 seropositivity and serointensity using a community-based sample of adults aged approximately 40 to 70 years (mean = 55.3 years) from the United Kingdom. In this sample, the results of adjusted linear regression models showed no associations of HTLV-1 seropositivity or serointensity with reasoning, pairs-matching, or reaction-time cognitive tasks or with depression. In addition, neither age, sex, educational attainment, nor income moderated associations of HTLV-1 seropositivity or serointensity with cognitive function or depression. In this middle-aged to older middle-aged adult community sample, HTLV-1 seropositivity and serointensity do not appear to be associated with reasoning, pairs-matching, and reaction-time tasks or with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance D. Erickson
- Department of Sociology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Dawson W. Hedges
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (D.W.H.); (B.L.B.)
- The Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Bruce L. Brown
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (D.W.H.); (B.L.B.)
| | - Bradley Embley
- The Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Shawn D. Gale
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (D.W.H.); (B.L.B.)
- The Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-801-422-9757
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4
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews infectious etiologies of spinal cord dysfunction, emphasizing the importance of recognizing common clinicoradiographic syndromes and interpreting them in the context of exposure risk and individual host susceptibilities. RECENT FINDINGS This article discusses the shifting spectrum of neurologic infectious diseases, the growing population of patients who are immunocompromised, and the emergence of effective antiretroviral therapies. In addition, it discusses new molecular and serologic tests that have the potential to enhance our ability to rapidly and accurately diagnose infectious diseases of the spine. SUMMARY When evaluating patients with suspected infectious myelopathies, it is imperative to narrow the range of pathogens under consideration. The geography, seasonality, and clinicoradiographic presentation and immunocompetence status of the patient define the range of potential pathogens and should guide testing and initial management.
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Programmable Molecular Scissors: Applications of a New Tool for Genome Editing in Biotech. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 14:212-238. [PMID: 30641475 PMCID: PMC6330515 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeted genome editing is an advanced technique that enables precise modification of the nucleic acid sequences in a genome. Genome editing is typically performed using tools, such as molecular scissors, to cut a defined location in a specific gene. Genome editing has impacted various fields of biotechnology, such as agriculture; biopharmaceutical production; studies on the structure, regulation, and function of the genome; and the creation of transgenic organisms and cell lines. Although genome editing is used frequently, it has several limitations. Here, we provide an overview of well-studied genome-editing nucleases, including single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and CRISPR-Cas9 RNA-guided nucleases (CRISPR-Cas9). To this end, we describe the progress toward editable nuclease-based therapies and discuss the minimization of off-target mutagenesis. Future prospects of this challenging scientific field are also discussed.
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Carvalho NB, de Lourdes Bastos M, Souza AS, Netto EM, Arruda S, Santos SB, Carvalho EM. Impaired TNF, IL-1β, and IL-17 production and increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HTLV-1 infected individuals. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Gallo RC, Willems L, Tagaya Y. Time to Go Back to the Original Name. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1800. [PMID: 29018415 PMCID: PMC5615204 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Gallo
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, United States.,HTLV-1 Task Force, Global Virus NetworkBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Luc Willems
- HTLV-1 Task Force, Global Virus NetworkBaltimore, MD, United States.,Research Director, National Fund for Scientific Research at University of LiègeLiège, Belgium
| | - Yutaka Tagaya
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, United States.,HTLV-1 Task Force, Global Virus NetworkBaltimore, MD, United States
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8
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Carvalho Barros LR, Linhares-Lacerda L, Moreira-Ramos K, Ribeiro-Alves M, Machado Motta MC, Bou-Habib DC, Savino W. HTLV-1-infected thymic epithelial cells convey the virus to CD4 + T lymphocytes. Immunobiology 2017; 222:1053-1063. [PMID: 28888743 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). CD4+T cells are the main target of HTLV-1, but other cell types are known to be infected, including immature lymphocytes. Developing T cells undergo differentiation in the thymus, through migration and interaction with the thymic microenvironment, in particular with thymic epithelial cells (TEC) the major component of this three dimensional meshwork of non-lymphoid cells. Herein, we show that TEC express the receptors for HTLV-1 and can be infected by this virus through cell-cell contact and by cell-free virus suspensions. The expression of anti-apoptosis, chemokine and adhesion molecules genes are altered in HTLV-1-infected TEC, although gene expression of antigen presentation molecules remained unchanged. Furthermore, HTLV-1-infected TEC transmitted the virus to a CD4+ T cell line and to CD4+ T cells from healthy donors, during in vitro cellular co-cultures. Altogether, our data point to the possibility that the human thymic epithelial cells play a role in the establishment and progression of HTLV-1 infection, functioning as a reservoir and transmitting the virus to maturing CD4+ T lymphocytes, which in turn will cause disease in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Rodrigues Carvalho Barros
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Brazil
| | - Leandra Linhares-Lacerda
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Brazil
| | - Klaysa Moreira-Ramos
- Alagoas State University of Health Sciences, R Jorge de Lima, 113, 57010-382 Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- HIV/AIDS Clinical Research Center, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectology/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Machado Motta
- Hertha Meyer Laboratory of Cellular, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, R Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Brazil.
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9
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RNA stability regulates human T cell leukemia virus type 1 gene expression in chronically-infected CD4 T cells. Virology 2017; 508:7-17. [PMID: 28478312 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of expression of HTLV-1 gene products from integrated proviruses plays an important role in HTLV-1-associated disease pathogenesis. Previous studies have shown that T cell receptor (TCR)- and phorbol ester (PMA) stimulation of chronically infected CD4 T cells increases the expression of integrated HTLV-1 proviruses in latently infected cells, however the mechanism remains unknown. Analysis of HTLV-1 RNA and protein species following PMA treatment of the latently HTLV-1-infected, FS and SP T cell lines demonstrated rapid induction of tax/rex mRNA. This rapid increase in tax/rex mRNA was associated with markedly enhanced tax/rex mRNA stability while the stability of unspliced or singly spliced HTLV-1 RNAs did not increase. Tax/rex mRNA in the HTLV-1 constitutively expressing cell lines exhibited high basal stability even without PMA treatment. Our data support a model whereby T cell activation leads to increased HTLV-1 gene expression at least in part through increased tax/rex mRNA stability.
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10
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HTLV-1 Infection and Neuropathogenesis in the Context of Rag1 -/-γc -/- (RAG1-Hu) and BLT Mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:504-520. [PMID: 28374110 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, the lack of a suitable small animal model has hindered our understanding of Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1 chronic infection and associated neuropathogenesis defined as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The host immune response plays a critical role in the outcome of HTLV-1 infection, which could be better tested in the context of humanized (hu) mice. Thus, we employ here the Balb/c-Rag1-/-γc-/- or Rag1 as well as Bone marrow-Liver-Thymic (BLT) mouse models for engraftment of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Flow cytometry and histological analyses confirmed reconstitution of Rag1 and BLT mice with human immune cells. Following HTLV-1 infection, proviral load (PVL) was detected in the blood of Rag-1 and BLT hu-mice as early as 2 weeks post-infection (wpi) with sustained elevation in the subsequent weeks followed by Tax expression. Additionally, infection was compared between adult and neonatal Rag1 mice with both PVL and Tax expression considerably higher in the adult Rag1 mice as compared to the neonates. Establishment of peripheral infection led to lymphocytic infiltration with concomitant Tax expression and resulting myelin disruption within the central nervous system of infected mice. In addition, up-regulation in the expression of several immune checkpoint mediators such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), T-cell Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT), and T cell Ig and mucin domain-3 protein (Tim-3) were observed on CD8+ T cells in various organs including the CNS of infected hu-mice. Collectively, these studies represent the first attempt to establish HTLV-1 neuropathogenesis in the context of Rag-1 and BLT hu-mice as potential novel tools for understanding HTLV-1 neuropathogenesis and testing of novel therapies such as immune checkpoint blockade in the amelioration of chronic HTLV-1 infection.
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11
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Cilião Alves DC, Haddad R, Rocha-Júnior MC, de Deus Wagatsuma VM, Martelli-Palomino G, Marques AA, Takayanagui OM, Covas DT, Kashima S, Donadi EA. HLA-G 3'-untranslated region polymorphisms are associated with HTLV-1 infection, proviral load and HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis development. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2742-2752. [PMID: 27449667 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected patients remain asymptomatic throughout life. The factors associated with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) development have not been fully elucidated; immunological and genetic factors may be involved. The association of 14 bp INS/DEL HLA-G polymorphism with HTLV-1 infection susceptibility has been reported previously. Here, other polymorphic sites at the HLA-G 3'-UTR (14-bp D/I, +3003C/T, +3010C/G, +3027A/C, +3035C/T, +3142C/G, +3187A/G and +3196C/G) were evaluated in 37 HTLV-1-infected individuals exhibiting HAM/TSP, 45 HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (HAC) and 153 uninfected individuals, followed up at University Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil. It was observed that: (i) 14bpDI genotype is a risk factor for HTLV-1 infection, while the 14bpDD and +3142CC genotypes were associated with protection against infection; (ii) the +3142C allele and the +3003CT and +3142CC genotypes were associated with susceptibility, while 14bpII and +3003TT genotypes were associated with protection against HAM/TSP development; and (iii) the 14bpII, +3010CC, +3142GG and +3187AA genotypes were associated with lower HTLV-1 proviral load compared to respective counterpart genotypes. Findings that HLA-G has a well-recognized immunomodulatory role and that the genetic variability at HLA-G 3'-UTR may post-transcriptionally modify HLA-G production indicate a differential genetic susceptibility to: (i) the development of HTLV-1 infection, (ii) the magnitude of HTLV-1 proviral load and (iii) HAM/TSP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiani Cristina Cilião Alves
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Haddad
- Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Distrito Federal CEP: 72220-900, Brazil.,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Distrito Federal CEP: 70904-970, Brazil
| | - Maurício Cristiano Rocha-Júnior
- Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14051-140, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Martelli-Palomino
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Adriana Aparecida Marques
- Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14051-140, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Massaiti Takayanagui
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14049-900, Brazil.,Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14051-140, Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14051-140, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antônio Donadi
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14049-900, Brazil
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12
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Quintremil S, Alberti C, Rivera M, Medina F, Puente J, Cartier L, Ramírez E, Tanaka Y, Valenzuela MA. Tax and Semaphorin 4D Released from Lymphocytes Infected with Human Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Their Effect on Neurite Growth. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:68-79. [PMID: 26389656 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus causing HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a neurodegenerative central nervous system (CNS) axonopathy. This virus mainly infects CD4(+) T lymphocytes without evidence of neuronal infection. Viral Tax, secreted from infected lymphocytes infiltrated in the CNS, is proposed to alter intracellular pathways related to axonal cytoskeleton dynamics, producing neurological damage. Previous reports showed a higher proteolytic release of soluble Semaphorin 4D (sSEMA-4D) from CD4(+) T cells infected with HTLV-1. Soluble SEMA-4D binds to its receptor Plexin-B1, activating axonal growth collapse pathways in the CNS. In the current study, an increase was found in both SEMA-4D in CD4(+) T cells and sSEMA-4D released to the culture medium of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HAM/TSP patients compared to asymptomatic carriers and healthy donors. After a 16-h culture, infected PBMCs showed significantly higher levels of CRMP-2 phosphorylated at Ser(522). The effect was blocked either with anti-Tax or anti-SEMA-4D antibodies. The interaction of Tax and sSEMA-4D was found in secreted medium of PBMCs in patients, which might be associated with a leading role of Tax with the SEMA-4D-Plexin-B1 signaling pathway. In infected PBMCs, the migratory response after transwell assay showed that sSEMA-4D responding cells were CD4(+)Tax(+) T cells with a high CRMP-2 pSer(522) content. In the present study, the participation of Tax-sSEMA-4D in the reduction in neurite growth in PC12 cells produced by MT2 (HTLV-1-infected cell line) culture medium was observed. These results lead to the participation of plexins in the reported effects of infected lymphocytes on neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Quintremil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Alberti
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Rivera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Medina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Puente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Cartier
- Departamento de Ciencias Neurológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenio Ramírez
- Programa de Virología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Ryukyus, Japan
| | - M. Antonieta Valenzuela
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Correlation between clinical symptoms and peripheral immune response in HAM/TSP. Microb Pathog 2015; 92:72-75. [PMID: 26626960 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HTLV-1 infects principally CD4+ T cells that are the main reservoirs of the virus in vivo, which play an important role in the immunological response. Most of the infected patients are asymptomatic. However, 2-3% of patients will develop HAM/TSP or Adult T lymphoma. HAM/TSP is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, which is characterized by unremitting myelopathic symptoms. Studies have shown that cytokines levels alterations (IFN-γ and TNF-α) were associated with tissue injury in HAM/TSP. The aims of this study were to compare the gene expression of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 of asymptomatic and HAM/TSP HTLV-1 infected patients, and to correlate the gene expression with those of clinical symptoms. 28 subjects were included, 20 asymptomatic HTLV-1 and 8 with HAM/TSP. Spasticity was evaluated using the Modified Ashworth Scale and the degree of walking aid was classified on a progressive scale. The relative gene expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 was measured by Real-Time PCR. Results showed high gene expression of IFN-γ for all patients, but it was higher among HAM/TSP. A significant correlation was observed between IFN-γ gene expression and the degree of walking aid, and IFN-γ gene expression was higher among wheelchair users compared to non-wheelchair users. No association was found with IL-4 and IL-10. These findings indicate that HAM/TSP patients express higher amounts of IFN-γ than asymptomatic patients, and more importantly, the expression of this cytokine was strongly correlated with the need of walking aid.
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14
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Medina F, Quintremil S, Alberti C, Godoy F, Pando ME, Bustamante A, Barriga A, Cartier L, Puente J, Tanaka Y, Valenzuela MA, Ramírez E. Tax secretion from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Tax detection in plasma of patients with human T-lymphotropic virus-type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and asymptomatic carriers. J Med Virol 2015; 88:521-31. [PMID: 26241614 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus-type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of the neurologic disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Tax viral protein plays a critical role in viral pathogenesis. Previous studies suggested that extracellular Tax might involve cytokine-like extracellular effects. We evaluated Tax secretion in 18 h-ex vivo peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cultures from 15 HAM/TSP patients and 15 asymptomatic carriers. Futhermore, Tax plasma level was evaluated from other 12 HAM/TSP patients and 10 asymptomatic carriers. Proviral load and mRNA encoding Tax were quantified by PCR and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Intracellular Tax in CD4(+)CD25(+) cells occurred in 100% and 86.7% of HAM/TSP patients and asymptomatic carriers, respectively. Percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tax+, proviral load and mRNA encoding Tax were significantly higher in HAM/TSP patients. Western blot analyses showed higher secretion levels of ubiquitinated Tax in HAM/TSP patients than in asymptomatic carriers. In HTLV-1-infected subjects, Western blot of plasma Tax showed higher levels in HAM/TSP patients than in asymptomatic carriers, whereas no Tax was found in non-infected subjects. Immunoprecipitated plasma Tax resolved on SDS-PAGE gave two major bands of 57 and 48 kDa allowing identification of Tax and Ubiquitin peptides by mass spectrometry. Relative percentage of either CD4(+)CD25(+) Tax+ cells, or Tax protein released from PBMCs, or plasma Tax, correlates neither with tax mRNA nor with proviral load. This fact could be explained by a complex regulation of Tax expression. Tax secreted from PBMCs or present in plasma could potentially become a biomarker to distinguish between HAM/TSP patients and asymptomatic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Medina
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Quintremil
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Alberti
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Godoy
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María E Pando
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Bustamante
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Barriga
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Cartier
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Puente
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Ryukyus, Japan
| | - María A Valenzuela
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenio Ramírez
- Faculty of Medicine, Program of Virology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Virology, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Gudo ES, Silva-Barbosa SD, Linhares-Lacerda L, Ribeiro-Alves M, Real SC, Bou-Habib DC, Savino W. HAM/TSP-derived HTLV-1-infected T cell lines promote morphological and functional changes in human astrocytes cell lines: possible role in the enhanced T cells recruitment into Central Nervous System. Virol J 2015; 12:165. [PMID: 26458945 PMCID: PMC4603815 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms through which HTLV-1 leads to and maintains damage in the central nervous system of patients undergoing HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) are still poorly understood. In recent years, increasing evidence indicates that, not only lymphocytes but also glial cells, in particular astrocytes, play a role in the pathophysiology of HAM/TSP. In this study we used a model of co-culture between human HTLV-1-infected (CIB and C91PL) and non-infected (CEM) T lymphocyte cell lines and astrocyte (U251 and U87) cell lines to mimic the in vivo T cell-astrocyte interactions. RESULTS We first observed that CIB and C91PL adhere strongly to cultured astrocytes cell lines, and that co-cultures of HTLV-1 infected and astrocyte cell lines cells resulted in rapid syncytium formation, accompanied by severe morphological alterations and increased apoptotic cell death of astrocyte cells. Additionally, cultures of astrocyte cell lines in presence of supernatants harvested from HTLV-1-infected T cell cultures resulted in significant increase in the mRNA of CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL10, IL-13, IL-8, NFKB1, TLR4, TNF, MMP8 and VCAM1, as compared with the values obtained when we applied supernatants of non-infected T- cell lines. Lastly, soluble factors secreted by cultured astrocytic cell lines primed through 1-h interaction with infected T cell lines, further enhanced migratory responses, as compared to the effect seen when supernatants from astrocytic cell lines were primed with non-infected T cell lines. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results show that HTLV-1 infected T lymphocyte cell lines interact strongly with astrocyte cell lines, leading to astrocyte damage and increased secretion of attracting cytokines, which in turn may participate in the further attraction of HTLV-1-infected T cells into central nervous system (CNS), thus amplifying and prolonging the immune damage of CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Samo Gudo
- National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Av. Eduardo Mondlane, 1008, Maputo, Mozambique. .,Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Leandra Linhares-Lacerda
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Suzana Corte Real
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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16
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Pellagatti A, Dolatshad H, Yip BH, Valletta S, Boultwood J. Application of genome editing technologies to the study and treatment of hematological disease. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 60:122-134. [PMID: 26433620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing technologies have advanced significantly over the past few years, providing a fast and effective tool to precisely manipulate the genome at specific locations. The three commonly used genome editing technologies are Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), and the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system. ZFNs and TALENs consist of endonucleases fused to a DNA-binding domain, while the CRISPR/Cas9 system uses guide RNAs to target the bacterial Cas9 endonuclease to the desired genomic location. The double-strand breaks made by these endonucleases are repaired in the cells either by non-homologous end joining, resulting in the introduction of insertions/deletions, or, if a repair template is provided, by homology directed repair. The ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 systems take advantage of these repair mechanisms for targeted genome modification and have been successfully used to manipulate the genome in human cells. These genome editing tools can be used to investigate gene function, to discover new therapeutic targets, and to develop disease models. Moreover, these genome editing technologies have great potential in gene therapy. Here, we review the latest advances in the application of genome editing technology to the study and treatment of hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pellagatti
- Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Hamid Dolatshad
- Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Bon Ham Yip
- Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Simona Valletta
- Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacqueline Boultwood
- Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
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17
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Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on reducing spasticity in patients suffering from HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. J Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 31:547-51. [PMID: 25462141 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 has been implicated in human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Regarding its endemicity in Iran and the role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in reducing spasticity, we decided to evaluate the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in reducing spasticity (as primary outcome) and pain, muscle power, and quality of life (as secondary outcomes) in patients suffering from HAM/TSP. METHODS In this pretest-posttest study, nine definite patients with HAM/TSP (according to WHO guidelines) were recruited. All patients underwent five consecutive daily sessions of active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (each session consisting of 20 trains of 10 pulses at 5 Hz and an intensity of 90% of resting motor threshold for the biceps brachii muscle). Main outcome measures including spasticity (by modified Ashworth scale), pain (by visual analog scale), muscle power, and quality of life (by SF 36) were measured before the study and days 5, 7, 30 after the termination of the sessions. RESULTS Seven (77.8%) females and 2 (22.2%) males were recruited with the mean age of 52 ± 12.67 years, and the mean duration of the disease was 5 ± 3.94. Comparison of the repeated measures showed a statistically significant decrease in pain and spasticity in lower limbs. The decrement in spasticity was persistent even 30 days after the intervention; however, the pain reduction was seen only 5 days after the procedure. No change in quality of life, and muscle power was detected. CONCLUSIONS It seems that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation could decrease spasticity and pain in patients with HAM/TSP, and this effect could persistently continue by 1 month, but it did not influence patients' muscle power and quality of life, and it could be used as an adjuvant therapy in patients suffering from human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated HAM/TSP.
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18
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Fuzii HT, da Silva Dias GA, de Barros RJS, Falcão LFM, Quaresma JAS. Immunopathogenesis of HTLV-1-assoaciated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Life Sci 2014; 104:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax-deregulated autophagy pathway and c-FLIP expression contribute to resistance against death receptor-mediated apoptosis. J Virol 2013; 88:2786-98. [PMID: 24352466 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03025-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax protein is considered to play a central role in the process that leads to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 Tax-expressing cells show resistance to apoptosis induced by Fas ligand (FasL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The regulation of Tax on the autophagy pathway in HeLa cells and peripheral T cells was recently reported, but the function and underlying molecular mechanism of the Tax-regulated autophagy are not yet well defined. Here, we report that HTLV-1 Tax deregulates the autophagy pathway, which plays a protective role during the death receptor (DR)-mediated apoptosis of human U251 astroglioma cells. The cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), which is upregulated by Tax, also contributes to the resistance against DR-mediated apoptosis. Both Tax-induced autophagy and Tax-induced c-FLIP expression require Tax-induced activation of IκB kinases (IKK). Furthermore, Tax-induced c-FLIP expression is regulated through the Tax-IKK-NF-κB signaling pathway, whereas Tax-triggered autophagy depends on the activation of IKK but not the activation of NF-κB. In addition, DR-mediated apoptosis is correlated with the degradation of Tax, which can be facilitated by the inhibitors of autophagy. IMPORTANCE Our study reveals that Tax-deregulated autophagy is a protective mechanism for DR-mediated apoptosis. The molecular mechanism of Tax-induced autophagy is also illuminated, which is different from Tax-increased c-FLIP. Tax can be degraded via manipulation of autophagy and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These results outline a complex regulatory network between and among apoptosis, autophagy, and Tax and also present evidence that autophagy represents a new possible target for therapeutic intervention for the HTVL-1 related diseases.
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20
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A novel therapeutic molecule against HTLV-1 infection targeting provirus. Leukemia 2013; 27:1621-7. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Cook LB, Elemans M, Rowan AG, Asquith B. HTLV-1: persistence and pathogenesis. Virology 2013; 435:131-40. [PMID: 23217623 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/immunology
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- HTLV-I Infections/immunology
- HTLV-I Infections/pathology
- HTLV-I Infections/virology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/virology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/virology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/pathology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Receptors, KIR/genetics
- Receptors, KIR/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy B Cook
- Section of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
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22
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Santos SB, Oliveira P, Luna T, Souza A, Nascimento M, Siqueira I, Tanajura D, Muniz AL, Glesby MJ, Carvalho EM. Immunological and viral features in patients with overactive bladder associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. J Med Virol 2013; 84:1809-17. [PMID: 22997085 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The majority of patients infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus-type 1 (HTLV-1) are considered carriers, but a high frequency of urinary symptoms of overactive bladder, common in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) have been documented in these patients. The aim of this study was to determine if immunological and viral factors that are seen in HAM/TSP are also observed in these patients. Participants were classified as HTLV-1 carriers (n = 45), HTLV-1 patients suffering from overactive bladder (n = 45) and HAM/TSP (n = 45). Cells from HTLV-1 overactive bladder patients produced spontaneously more proinflammatory cytokines than carriers. TNF-α and IL-17 levels were similar in HAM/TSP and HTLV-1 overactive bladder patients. High proviral load was found in patients with overactive bladder and HAM/TSP and correlated with proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast with findings in patients with HAM/TSP, serum levels of Th1 chemokines were similar in HTLV-1 overactive bladder and carriers. Exogenous addition of regulatory cytokines decreased spontaneous IFN-γ production in cell cultures from HTLV-1 overactive bladder patients. The results show that HTLV-1 overactive bladder and HAM/TSP patients have in common some immunological features as well as similar proviral load profile. The data show that HTLV-1 overactive bladder patients are still able to down regulate their inflammatory immune response. In addition, these patients express levels of chemokines similar to carriers, which may explain why they have yet to develop the same degree of spinal cord damage as seen in patients with HAM/TSP. These patients present symptoms of overactive bladder, which may be an early sign of HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvane Braga Santos
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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23
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Nagai M, Tsujii T, Iwaki H, Nishikawa N, Nomoto M. Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin, but not osteopontin, is a valuable biomarker for the treatment response in patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Intern Med 2013; 52:2203-8. [PMID: 24088752 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.52.0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The concentrations of neopterin and osteopontin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured in patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in order to evaluate their utility as biomarkers for the treatment response. METHODS Seven HAM/TSP patients were treated intravenously with high-dose methylprednisolone (1,000 mg/day) for 3 days. CSF samples were collected before and after the treatment. The neopterin and osteopontin concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and an enzyme immunoassay, respectively. The clinical symptoms were evaluated using the Osame Motor Disability Score and the Urinary Disturbance Score. RESULTS Four out of the seven patients showed an improvement in motor function with the treatment, and were therefore classed as responders. The pre-treatment CSF neopterin concentration exceeded the upper limit of normal in all seven of the patients, and tended to be higher in treatment responders as compared to non-responders. The CSF neopterin concentration was reduced following treatment in all patients. The mean CSF neopterin concentration significantly (p<0.01) decreased following treatment by almost 60% (from 124.1±79.9 nmol/L to 49.2±29.8 nmol/L). The mean CSF osteopontin concentration was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the HAM/TSP patients in comparison to the 18 HTLV-1-seronegative patients who were designated as controls (9.54±4.53 mg/L vs. 3.72±3.04 mg/L). No significant (p=0.47) reduction of the CSF osteopontin concentration was observed following the intravenous administration of high-dose methylprednisolone. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the CSF neopterin concentration, but not the osteopontin concentration, is a potentially valuable biomarker for monitoring the treatment response in HAM/TSP patients. Furthermore, high pre-treatment CSF neopterin concentrations may be a predictive biomarker for a response to intravenous high-dose methylprednisolone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nagai
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Hajj HE, Nasr R, Kfoury Y, Dassouki Z, Nasser R, Kchour G, Hermine O, de Thé H, Bazarbachi A. Animal models on HTLV-1 and related viruses: what did we learn? Front Microbiol 2012; 3:333. [PMID: 23049525 PMCID: PMC3448133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are associated with a wide variety of diseases, including immunological, neurological disorders, and different forms of cancer. Among retroviruses, Oncovirinae regroup according to their genetic structure and sequence, several related viruses such as human T-cell lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2), simian T cell lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 (STLV-1 and STLV-2), and bovine leukemia virus (BLV). As in many diseases, animal models provide a useful tool for the studies of pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. In the current review, an overview on different animal models used in the study of these viruses will be provided. A specific attention will be given to the HTLV-1 virus which is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) but also of a number of inflammatory diseases regrouping the HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), infective dermatitis and some lung inflammatory diseases. Among these models, rabbits, monkeys but also rats provide an excellent in vivo tool for early HTLV-1 viral infection and transmission as well as the induced host immune response against the virus. But ideally, mice remain the most efficient method of studying human afflictions. Genetically altered mice including both transgenic and knockout mice, offer important models to test the role of specific viral and host genes in the development of HTLV-1-associated leukemia. The development of different strains of immunodeficient mice strains (SCID, NOD, and NOG SCID mice) provide a useful and rapid tool of humanized and xenografted mice models, to test new drugs and targeted therapy against HTLV-1-associated leukemia, to identify leukemia stem cells candidates but also to study the innate immunity mediated by the virus. All together, these animal models have revolutionized the biology of retroviruses, their manipulation of host genes and more importantly the potential ways to either prevent their infection or to treat their associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
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25
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Tattermusch S, Bangham CRM. HTLV-1 infection: what determines the risk of inflammatory disease? Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:494-500. [PMID: 22917680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an exogenous retrovirus that persists lifelong in the infected host. Infection has been linked to a spectrum of diverse diseases: adult T cell leukemia, encephalomyelopathy, and predisposition to opportunistic bacterial and helminth infections. Applications of new technologies and biological concepts to the field have provided new insights into viral persistence and pathogenesis in HTLV-1 infection. Here, we summarize the emerging concepts of dynamic HTLV-1-host interactions and propose that chronic interferon (IFN) production causes tissue damage in HTLV-1-associated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Tattermusch
- Imperial College London, Department of Immunology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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26
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Rocha-Júnior MC, Haddad R, Cilião Alves DC, de Deus Wagatsuma VM, Mendes-Junior CT, Deghaide NHS, Takayanagui OM, Covas DT, Donadi EA, Kashima S. Interleukin-18 and interferon-gamma polymorphisms are implicated on proviral load and susceptibility to human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 80:143-50. [PMID: 22587568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) exert important functions in both innate and adaptive immune responses against intracellular pathogens and viruses. Previous studies suggested that host genetic factors, including cytokines gene polymorphisms, could be involved in the pathogenesis of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Thus, we analyzed -137C/G and -607A/C of the IL-18 promoter and +874T/A of the IFN-γ in DNA samples from 98 HTLV-1-infected individuals exhibiting or not clinical symptoms and 150 healthy control individuals. The IL-18 promoter -607CC genotype was significantly lower in HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (HAC) and HTLV-1-infected individuals (HAC + HAM/TSP) than healthy control group. In contrast, the -607AC genotype was significantly higher in HAC and HTLV-1-infected individuals group compared to the healthy control group. The -137G/-607A IL-18 haplotype was higher in infected group than healthy control group, and the -137C/-607C IL-18 haplotype was increased in the healthy control group compared to the others. Finally, the IFN-γ polymorphism analysis showed that the HTLV-1-infected individuals with +874AT genotype presented higher proviral load than +874AA genotype. These data indicate that the IL-18-607AC genotype and -137G/-607A haplotype could be a risk factor for HTLV-1 infection, whereas the protective effect could be conferred by -607CC genotype and -137C/-607C haplotype. Also, the IFN-γ could be implicated on the proviral load levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rocha-Júnior
- Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14051-140, Brazil
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Inagaki S, Takahashi M, Fukunaga Y, Takahashi H. HTLV-I-infected breast milk macrophages inhibit monocyte differentiation to dendritic cells. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:106-16. [PMID: 22356642 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), a causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), is transmitted from mother to child, predominantly by breastfeeding. Oral HTLV-I infection and infection early in life are associated with a subsequent risk of ATL. Although the pathogenic mechanisms of ATL remain largely unknown, the host immune system seems to play an important role in HTLV-I pathogenesis. Previous studies have shown that monocytes from ATL patients had reduced capacity for dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. Therefore, we performed the present study to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the impairment of DC differentiation using HTLV-I-infected breast milk macrophages (HTLV-BrMMø). We found that when CD14⁺ monocytes were cultured with GM-CSF and IL-4 in the presence of HTLV-BrMMø, they altered the surface phenotype of immature DCs and the stimulatory capacity of T-cell proliferation. The presence of HTLV-BrMMø significantly blocked the increased expression of CD1a, CD1b, CD11b, DC-SIGN, and HLA-DR; however, increased expression of CD1d and CD86 was observed. These effects could be partially replicated by incubation with culture supernatants from HTLV-BrMMø. The impairment of monocyte differentiation might be not due to HTLV-I infection of monocytes, but might be due to unknown soluble factors. Since other HTLV-I-infected cells exhibited similar inhibitory effects on monocyte differentiation to DCs, we speculated that HTLV-I infection might cause the production of some inhibitory cytokines in infected cells. Identifying the factors responsible for the impairment of monocyte differentiation to DCs may be helpful to understand HTLV-I pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Inagaki
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Systems biology approaches reveal a specific interferon-inducible signature in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002480. [PMID: 22291590 PMCID: PMC3266939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that persists lifelong in the host. In ∼4% of infected people, HTLV-1 causes a chronic disabling neuroinflammatory disease known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The pathogenesis of HAM/TSP is unknown and treatment remains ineffective. We used gene expression microarrays followed by flow cytometric and functional assays to investigate global changes in blood transcriptional profiles of HTLV-1-infected and seronegative individuals. We found that perturbations of the p53 signaling pathway were a hallmark of HTLV-1 infection. In contrast, a subset of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes was over-expressed in patients with HAM/TSP but not in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers or patients with the clinically similar disease multiple sclerosis. The IFN-inducible signature was present in all circulating leukocytes and its intensity correlated with the clinical severity of HAM/TSP. Leukocytes from patients with HAM/TSP were primed to respond strongly to stimulation with exogenous IFN. However, while type I IFN suppressed expression of the HTLV-1 structural protein Gag it failed to suppress the highly immunogenic viral transcriptional transactivator Tax. We conclude that over-expression of a subset of IFN-stimulated genes in chronic HTLV-1 infection does not constitute an efficient host response but instead contributes to the development of HAM/TSP. Infection with the Human T Lymphotropic virus is widespread in the tropics and subtropics, where it causes a chronic disabling disease of the nervous system abbreviated as HAM/TSP. There is no effective treatment available for HAM/TSP, because it is not understood how the virus causes the neuronal damage that results in the clinical symptoms of weakness and paralysis of the legs. Here, we compared the frequencies of cell populations and gene expression profiles from diseased and asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers to identify abnormalities in biological pathways that cause HAM/TSP. We discovered a distinct group of genes that is over-expressed in white blood cells in patients with HAM/TSP, but not asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers or patients with the clinically similar disease multiple sclerosis. The expression of these genes is induced by interferons, a group of anti-viral proteins that are usually beneficial to the host but can also cause inflammation. We also found that interferons did not efficiently suppress HTLV-1 protein expression in vitro. We conclude that interferons do not control chronic HTLV-1 infection but instead contribute to the development of HAM/TSP. Our study provides new insights into the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases and opens new areas of therapeutic intervention.
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Olière S, Douville R, Sze A, Belgnaoui SM, Hiscott J. Modulation of innate immune responses during human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) pathogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:197-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Controversies in targeted therapy of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma: ON target or OFF target effects? Viruses 2011; 3:750-69. [PMID: 21994752 PMCID: PMC3185778 DOI: 10.3390/v3060750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) represents an ideal model for targeted therapy because of intrinsic chemo-resistance of ATL cells and the presence of two well identified targets: the HTLV-I retrovirus and the viral oncoprotein Tax. The combination of zidovudine (AZT) and interferon-alpha (IFN) has a dramatic impact on survival of ATL patients. Although the mechanism of action remains unclear, arguments in favor or against a direct antiviral effect will be discussed. Yet, most patients relapse and alternative therapies are mandatory. IFN and arsenic trioxide induce Tax proteolysis, synergize to induce apoptosis in ATL cells and cure Tax-driven ATL in mice through specific targeting of leukemia initiating cell activity. These results provide a biological basis for the clinical success of arsenic/IFN/AZT therapy in ATL patients and suggest that both extinction of viral replication (AZT) and Tax degradation (arsenic/IFN) are needed to cure ATL.
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Haddad R, Cilião Alves DC, Rocha–Junior MC, Azevedo R, do Socorro Pombo–de–Oliveira M, Takayanagui OM, Donadi EA, Covas DT, Kashima S. HLA-G 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism is a risk factor for HTLV-1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:283-8. [PMID: 20977358 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
About 95% of HTLV-1 infected patients remain asymptomatic throughout life, and the risk factors associated with the development of related diseases, such as HAM/TSP and ATL, are not fully understood. The human leukocyte antigen-G molecule (HLA-G), a nonclassical HLA class I molecule encoded by MHC, is expressed in several pathological conditions, including viral infection, and is related to immunosuppressive effects that allow the virus-infected cells to escape the antiviral defense of the host. The 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism of exon 8 HLA-G gene influences the stability of the transcripts and could be related to HTLV-1-infected cell protection and to the increase of proviral load. The present study analyzed by conventional PCR the 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism of exon 8 HLA-G gene in 150 unrelated healthy subjects, 82 HTLV-1 infected patients with symptoms (33 ATL and 49 HAM), and 56 asymptomatic HTLV-1 infected patients (HAC). In addition, the proviral load was determined by quantitative real-time PCR in all infected groups and correlated with 14-bp insertion/deletion genotypes. The heterozygote genotype frequencies were significantly higher in HAM, in the symptomatic group, and in infected patients compared to control (p < 0.05). The proviral load was higher in the symptomatic group than the HAC group (p < 0.0005). The comparison of proviral load and genotypes showed that -14-bp/-14-bp genotype had a higher proviral load than +14-bp/-14-bp and +14-bp/+14-bp genotypes. Although HLA-G 14-bp polymorphism does not appear to be associated with HTLV-1 related disease development, it could be a genetic risk factor for susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Haddad
- Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Cristiano Rocha–Junior
- Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rochele Azevedo
- Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eduardo Antônio Donadi
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Haddad R, Kashima S, Rodrigues ES, Azevedo R, Palma PVB, de Magalhães DAR, Zago MA, Covas DT. Silencing of HTLV-1 gag and env genes by small interfering RNAs in HEK 293 cells. J Virol Methods 2011; 173:92-8. [PMID: 21277903 PMCID: PMC7112899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of RNAi technology, several functional genomic and disease therapy studies have been conducted using this technique in the field of oncology and virology. RNAi-based antiviral therapies are being studied for the treatment of retroviruses such as HIV-1. These studies include the silencing of regulatory, infectivity and structural genes. The HTLV-1 structural genes are responsible for the synthesis of proteins involved in the entry, assembly and release of particles during viral infection. To examine the possibility of silencing HTLV-1 genes gag and env by RNA interference technology, these genes were cloned into reporter plasmids. These vectors expressed the target mRNAs fused to EGFP reporter genes. Three small interference RNAs (siRNAs) corresponding to gag and three corresponding to env were designed to analyze the effect of silencing by RNAi technology. The plasmids and siRNAs were co-transfected into HEK 293 cells. The results demonstrated that the expression of the HTLV-1 gag and env genes decreased significantly in vitro. Thus, siRNAs can be used to inhibit HTLV-1 structural genes in transformed cells, which could provide a tool for clarifying the roles of HTLV-1 structural genes, as well as a therapy for this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Haddad
- Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Olière S, Hernandez E, Lézin A, Arguello M, Douville R, Nguyen TLA, Olindo S, Panelatti G, Kazanji M, Wilkinson P, Sékaly RP, Césaire R, Hiscott J. HTLV-1 evades type I interferon antiviral signaling by inducing the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001177. [PMID: 21079688 PMCID: PMC2973829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of Adult T cell Leukemia (ATL) and the neurological disorder HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although the majority of HTLV-1–infected individuals remain asymptomatic carriers (AC) during their lifetime, 2–5% will develop either ATL or HAM/TSP, but never both. To better understand the gene expression changes in HTLV-1-associated diseases, we examined the mRNA profiles of CD4+ T cells isolated from 7 ATL, 12 HAM/TSP, 11 AC and 8 non-infected controls. Using genomic approaches followed by bioinformatic analysis, we identified gene expression pattern characteristic of HTLV-1 infected individuals and particular disease states. Of particular interest, the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1—SOCS1—was upregulated in HAM/TSP and AC patients but not in ATL. Moreover, SOCS1 was positively correlated with the expression of HTLV-1 mRNA in HAM/TSP patient samples. In primary PBMCs transfected with a HTLV-1 proviral clone and in HTLV-1-transformed MT-2 cells, HTLV-1 replication correlated with induction of SOCS1 and inhibition of IFN-α/β and IFN-stimulated gene expression. Targeting SOCS1 with siRNA restored type I IFN production and reduced HTLV-1 replication in MT-2 cells. Conversely, exogenous expression of SOCS1 resulted in enhanced HTLV-1 mRNA synthesis. In addition to inhibiting signaling downstream of the IFN receptor, SOCS1 inhibited IFN-β production by targeting IRF3 for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. These observations identify a novel SOCS1 driven mechanism of evasion of the type I IFN antiviral response against HTLV-1. Infection with HTLV-1 leads to the development of Adult T cell Leukemia (ATL) or the neurological disorder HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although the majority of HTLV-1–infected individuals remain asymptomatic carriers (AC) during their lifetime, 2–5% will develop either ATL or HAM/TSP. Using gene expression profiling of CD4+ T lymphocytes from HTLV-1 infected patients, we identified Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) as being highly expressed in HAM/TSP and AC patients. SOCS1 expression positively correlated with the high HTLV-1 mRNA load that is characteristic of HAM/TSP patients. SOCS1 inhibited cellular antiviral signaling during HTLV-1 infection by degrading IRF3, an essential transcription factor in the interferon pathway. Our study reveals a novel evasion mechanism utilized by HTLV-1 that leads to increased retroviral replication, without triggering the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Olière
- Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:577-89. [PMID: 20610824 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00063-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is present in diverse regions of the world, where its infection is usually neglected in health care settings and by public health authorities. Since it is usually asymptomatic in the beginning of the infection and disease typically manifests later in life, silent transmission occurs, which is associated with sexual relations, breastfeeding, and blood transfusions. There are no prospects of vaccines, and screening of blood banks and in prenatal care settings is not universal. Therefore, its transmission is active in many areas such as parts of Africa, South and Central America, the Caribbean region, Asia, and Melanesia. It causes serious diseases in humans, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and an incapacitating neurological disease (HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis [HAM/TSP]) besides other afflictions such as uveitis, rheumatic syndromes, and predisposition to helminthic and bacterial infections, among others. These diseases are not curable as yet, and current treatments as well as new perspectives are discussed in the present review.
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Van den Broeke A, Oumouna M, Beskorwayne T, Szynal M, Cleuter Y, Babiuk S, Bagnis C, Martiat P, Burny A, Griebel P. Cytotoxic responses to BLV tax oncoprotein do not prevent leukemogenesis in sheep. Leuk Res 2010; 34:1663-9. [PMID: 20591480 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Delta retrovirus-mediated leukemogenesis is dependent on the oncogenic potential of Tax. It is not clear, however, whether Tax-specific immune responses play a role in leukemia onset and progression. Using the BLV-associated leukemia model in sheep, we found that Tax-specific cytotoxic responses induced by DNA immunization or viral infection of naïve animals were not predictive of disease outcome and did not prevent tumor development. Furthermore, provirus and tax may be absent from blood for extended periods, emphasizing the relevance of surveying other compartments during chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. Our results support the conclusion that Tax-specific cytotoxic responses, even during the initial phase of infection, are not sufficient to prevent leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Van den Broeke
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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Takeuchi H, Takahashi M, Norose Y, Takeshita T, Fukunaga Y, Takahashi H. Transformation of breast milk macrophages by HTLV-I: implications for HTLV-I transmission via breastfeeding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 31:53-61. [PMID: 20203420 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.31.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), a causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), is transmitted from mother to child predominantly by breastfeeding. The source of HTLV-I-infected cells in breast milk has been thought to be T cells, however, the majority of cells in breast milk are CD14(+) macrophages but not CD3(+) T lymphocytes, and no data are available regarding HTLV-I transmission through breast milk macrophages (BrMMpsi). To explore the potential of BrMMpsi as a possible source of infection in mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HTLV-I, an immortalized cell line (HTLV-BrMMpsi) has been established from BrMMpsi by infection with HTLV-I. HTLV-BrMMpsi retained macrophage characteristics and did not express a complete dendritic cell (DC) phenotype; nevertheless, HTLV-BrMMpsi efficiently promoted T cell proliferation in primary allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) like DC. Moreover, HTLV-I infection could be transmitted from HTLV-BrMMpsi to activated T cells in the peripheral blood. These findings suggested that BrMMpsi might be an appropriate HTLV-I reservoir involved in MTCT transmission via breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodaka Takeuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Toulza F, Nosaka K, Tanaka Y, Schioppa T, Balkwill F, Taylor GP, Bangham CRM. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-induced CC chemokine ligand 22 maintains a high frequency of functional FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:183-9. [PMID: 20525891 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is accompanied by a high frequency of CD4(+)FoxP3(+) cells in the circulation. In asymptomatic carriers of HTLV-1 and in patients with HTLV-1-associated inflammatory and malignant diseases, a high FoxP3(+) cell frequency correlated with inefficient cytotoxic T cell-mediated killing of HTLV-1-infected cells. In adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), the FoxP3(+) population was distinct from the leukemic T cell clones. However, the cause of the increase in FoxP3(+) cell frequency in HTLV-1 infection was unknown. In this study, we report that the plasma concentration of the chemokine CCL22 is abnormally high in HTLV-1-infected subjects and that the concentration is strongly correlated with the frequency of FoxP3(+) cells, which express the CCL22 receptor CCR4. Further, we show that CCL22 is produced by cells that express the HTLV-1 transactivator protein Tax, and that the increased CCL22 enhances the migration and survival of FoxP3(+) cells in vitro. Finally, we show that FoxP3(+) cells inhibit the proliferation of ex vivo, autologous leukemic clones from patients with ATLL. We conclude that HTLV-1-induced CCL22 causes the high frequency of FoxP3(+) cells observed in HTLV-1 infection; these FoxP3(+) cells may both retard the progression of ATLL and HTLV-1-associated inflammatory diseases and contribute to the immune suppression seen in HTLV-1 infection, especially in ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Toulza
- Department of Immunology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom.
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38
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Nakayama-Ichiyama S, Yokote T, Hiraoka N, Takayama A, Iwaki K, Kobayashi K, Akioka T, Oka S, Miyoshi T, Takubo T, Tsuji M, Hanafusa T. Central nervous system involvement in adult T-cell lymphoma diagnosed with T-cell receptor gene clonality testing of cerebrospinal fluid. Br J Haematol 2010; 150:629-32. [PMID: 20497173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kattan T, MacNamara A, Rowan AG, Nose H, Mosley AJ, Tanaka Y, Taylor GP, Asquith B, Bangham CRM. The avidity and lytic efficiency of the CTL response to HTLV-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5723-9. [PMID: 19380819 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection, a high frequency of HTLV-1-specific CTLs can co-exist stably with a high proviral load and the proviral load is strongly correlated with the risk of HTLV-1-associated inflammatory diseases. These observations led to the hypothesis that HTLV-1 specific CTLs are ineffective in controlling HTLV-1 replication but contribute to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory diseases. But evidence from host and viral immunogenetics and gene expression microarrays suggests that a strong CTL response is associated with a low proviral load and a low risk of HAM/TSP. Here, we quantified the frequency, lytic activity and functional avidity of HTLV-1-specific CD8(+) cells in fresh, unstimulated PBMCs from individuals with natural HTLV-1 infection. The lytic efficiency of the CD8(+) T cell response-the fraction of autologous HTLV-1-expressing cells eliminated per CD8(+) cell per day-was inversely correlated with both the proviral load and the rate of spontaneous proviral expression. The functional avidity of HTLV-1-specific CD8(+) cells was strongly correlated with their lytic efficiency. We conclude that efficient control of HTLV-1 in vivo depends on the CTL lytic efficiency, which depends in turn on CTL avidity of Ag recognition. CTL quality determines the position of virus-host equilibrium in persistent HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Kattan
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Whole-genome association studies of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: are retroelements involved? Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:148-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gene expression profiling of ATL patients: compilation of disease-related genes and evidence for TCF4 involvement in BIRC5 gene expression and cell viability. Blood 2009; 113:4016-26. [PMID: 19131553 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-08-175901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive and fatal disease. We have examined 32 patients with smoldering, chronic, lymphoma and acute leukemia using Affymetrix HG-U133A2.0 arrays. Using the BRB array program, we identified genes differentially expressed in leukemia cells compared with normal lymphocytes. Several unique genes were identified that were overexpressed in leukemic cells, including TNFSF11, RGS13, MAFb, CSPG2, C/EBP-alpha, and TCF4; 200 of the most highly overexpressed ATL genes were analyzed by the Pathway Studio, version 4.0 program. ATL leukemia cells were characterized by an increase in genes linked to "central" genes CDC2/cyclin B1, SYK/LYN, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and BIRC5. Because of its potential therapeutic importance, we focused our studies on the regulation and function of BIRC5, whose expression was increased in 13 of 14 leukemia samples. TCF4 reporter assays and transfection of DN-TCF4 demonstrated that TCF4 regulates BIRC5 gene expression. Functionally, transfection of ATL cells with BIRC5 shRNA decreased BIRC5 expression and cell viability 80%. Clinical treatment of ATL patients with Zenapax or bortezomib decreased BIRC5 expression and cell viability. These experiments represent the first direct experimental evidence that BIRC5 plays an important role in ATL cell viability and provides important insight into ATL genesis and potential targeted therapies.
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Burbelo PD, Meoli E, Leahy HP, Graham J, Yao K, Oh U, Janik JE, Mahieux R, Kashanchi F, Iadarola MJ, Jacobson S. Anti-HTLV antibody profiling reveals an antibody signature for HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Retrovirology 2008; 5:96. [PMID: 18937847 PMCID: PMC2580768 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HTLV-I is the causal agent of adult T cell leukemia (ATLL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Biomarkers are needed to diagnose and/or predict patients who are at risk for HAM/TSP or ATLL. Therefore, we investigated using luciferase immunoprecipitation technology (LIPS) antibody responses to seven HTLV-I proteins in non-infected controls, asymptomatic HTLV-I-carriers, ATLL and HAM/TSP sera samples. Antibody profiles were correlated with viral load and examined in longitudinal samples. Results Anti-GAG antibody titers detected by LIPS differentiated HTLV-infected subjects from uninfected controls with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, but did not differ between HTLV-I infected subgroups. However, anti-Env antibody titers were over 4-fold higher in HAM/TSP compared to both asymptomatic HTLV-I (P < 0.0001) and ATLL patients (P < 0.0005). Anti-Env antibody titers above 100,000 LU had 75% positive predictive value and 79% negative predictive value for identifying the HAM/TSP sub-type. Anti-Tax antibody titers were also higher (P < 0.0005) in the HAM/TSP compared to the asymptomatic HTLV-I carriers. Proviral load correlated with anti-Env antibodies in asymptomatic carriers (R = 0.76), but not in HAM/TSP. Conclusion These studies indicate that anti-HTLV-I antibody responses detected by LIPS are useful for diagnosis and suggest that elevated anti-Env antibodies are a common feature found in HAM/TSP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Burbelo
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Grant C, Oh U, Yao K, Yamano Y, Jacobson S. Dysregulation of TGF-beta signaling and regulatory and effector T-cell function in virus-induced neuroinflammatory disease. Blood 2008; 111:5601-9. [PMID: 18326816 PMCID: PMC2424157 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-11-123430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs), important for the maintenance of immune tolerance and prevention of autoimmune disease, from patients with human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) exhibit reduced Foxp3 expression and Treg suppressor function compared with healthy donors. Since TGF-beta signaling has been previously reported to be critical for both Foxp3 expression and Treg function, we examined whether this signaling pathway was dysregulated in patients with HAM/TSP. Levels of TGF-beta receptor II (TGF-betaRII) as well as Smad7 (a TGF-beta-inducible gene) were significantly reduced in CD4(+) T cells in patients with HAM/TSP compared with healthy donors, and the expression of TGF-betaRII inversely correlated with the HTLV-I tax proviral load. Importantly, both CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells from HAM/TSP patients exhibited reduced TGF-betaRII expression compared with healthy donors, which was associated with functional deficits in vitro, including a block in TGF-beta-inducible Foxp3 expression that inversely correlated with the HTLV-I tax proviral load, loss of Treg suppressor function, and escape of effector T cells from Treg-mediated control. This evidence suggests that a virus-induced breakdown of immune tolerance affecting both regulatory and effector T cells contributes to the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Products, tax/metabolism
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/physiology
- Liver Neoplasms
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Smad3 Protein/metabolism
- Smad4 Protein/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Grant
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ribeiro de Jesus A, Luna T, Pacheco de Almeida R, Machado PRL, Carvalho EM. Pentoxifylline down modulate in vitro T cell responses and attenuate pathology in Leishmania and HTLV-I infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1344-53. [PMID: 18687297 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is known to have numerous biological properties relating to inflammation. This cytokine participates in the tissue damage of chronic inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious diseases. Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine that inhibits phosphodiesterase IV, which inhibits the degradation of the cAMP and prostanoids. The increased intracellular concentration of the cAMP leads to a negative regulation of NF-kappaB and NF-AT transcription factors and suppresses TNF-alpha production. This review describes studies that support evidences that TNF-alpha is involved in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy and of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis. Additionally, it demonstrates the effect of pentoxifylline in vitro in inhibiting TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma spontaneous production in PBMC from HTLV-1-infected patients, as well as its in vivo effect in inhibiting TNF-alpha in sera from mucosal leishmaniasis patients. Moreover, we review the results of clinical studies from the last 10 years using pentoxifylline to treat HTLV-1 associated myelopathy and cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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High frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ cells in HTLV-1 infection: inverse correlation with HTLV-1-specific CTL response. Blood 2007; 111:5047-53. [PMID: 18094326 PMCID: PMC2602587 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-118539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from population genetics, gene expression microarrays, and assays of ex vivo T-cell function indicates that the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) controls the level of HTLV-1 expression and the proviral load. The rate at which CTLs kill autologous HTLV-1–infected lymphocytes differs significantly among infected people, but the reasons for such variation are unknown. Here, we demonstrate a strong negative cor-relation between the frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ Tax− regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the circulation and the rate of CTL-mediated lysis of autologous HTLV-1–infected cells ex vivo. We propose that the frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ Tax− Tregs is one of the chief determinants of the efficiency of T cell–mediated immune control of HTLV-1.
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Giovannoni G, Cutter GR, Lunemann J, Martin R, Münz C, Sriram S, Steiner I, Hammerschlag MR, Gaydos CA. Infectious causes of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5:887-94. [PMID: 16987736 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Giovannoni
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK.
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Lee SM, Morcos Y, Jang H, Stuart JM, Levin MC. HTLV-1 induced molecular mimicry in neurological disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 296:125-36. [PMID: 16323422 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-30791-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
As a model for molecular mimicry, we study patients infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) who develop a neurological disease called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a disease with important biological similarities to multiple sclerosis (MS) (Khan et al. 2001; Levin et al. 1998, 2002a; Levin and Jacobson 1997). The study of HAM/TSP, a disease associated with a known environmental agent (HTLV-1), allows for the direct comparison of the infecting agent with host antigens. Neurological disease in HAM/TSP patients is associated with immune responses to HTLV-1-tax (a regulatory and immunodominant protein) and human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1*0101 (Bangham 2000; Jacobson et al. 1990; Jeffery et al. 1999; Lal 1996). Recently, we showed that HAM/TSP patients make antibodies to heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein A1 (hnRNP A1), a neuron-specific autoantigen (Levin et al. 2002a). Monoclonal antibodies to tax cross-reacted with hnRNP A1, indicating molecular mimicry between the two proteins. Infusion of cross-reactive antibodies with an ex vivo system completely inhibited neuronal firing indicative of their pathogenic nature (Kalume et al. 2004; Levin et al. 2002a). These data demonstrate a clear link between chronic viral infection and autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in humans and, we believe, in turn will give insight into the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis 38163, USA
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Santos SB, Porto AF, Muniz AL, Luna T, Nascimento MC, Guerreiro JB, Oliveira-Filho J, Morgan DJ, Carvalho EM. Modulation of T cell responses in HTLV-1 carriers and in patients with myelopathy associated with HTLV-1. Neuroimmunomodulation 2006; 13:145-51. [PMID: 17119343 DOI: 10.1159/000097259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human T lymphotropic virus-type 1 (HTLV-1) activates the immune system leading to a persistent and exacerbated T-cell response with increased production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. Overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines is correlated with the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), although some HTLV-1 carriers also show high levels of these cytokines. In this study, the ability of regulatory cytokines and cytokine antagonists to inhibit spontaneous IFN-gamma production was investigated. METHOD IFN-gamma levels were measured by ELISA before and after addition of cytokines or anti-cytokines. RESULTS Addition of IL-10 significantly reduced spontaneous IFN-gamma synthesis in cell cultures from HTLV-1 carriers, while no differences were observed in HAM/TSP patients. There was also a tendency to decreased IFN-gamma levels in cell cultures from HTLV-1 carriers with exogenous addition of TGF-beta. In paired analysis, neutralization of IL-2 significantly decreased IFN-gamma production in HTLV-1 carriers but not in HAM/TSP patients. Neutralization of IL-15 was less effective than neutralization of IL-2 in modulating IFN-gamma production. In HTLV-1 carriers, anti-IL-2 and simultaneous addition of anti-IL-2 and anti-IL-15 decreased IFN-gamma synthesis by 46 and 64%, respectively, whereas in patients with HAM/TSP simultaneous neutralization of both anti-cytokines only decrease IFN-gamma levels by 27%. CONCLUSIONS Although a large proportion of HTLV-1 carriers produced high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines similar to those observed in HAM/TSP patients, immune response can be downregulated by cytokines or cytokine antagonists in most HTLV-1 carriers. This modulation can be an important step in the prevention of tissue damage and progression from the HTLV-1 carrier state to HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvane B Santos
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, Brazil
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Kubota T, Miyata A. Successful use of ketamine for intractable burning pain of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005; 30:397-9. [PMID: 16310613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
It has been 25 years since the discovery of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and its role in adult T-cell leukemia. Here, in brief, we review the current state of our understanding of HTLV-I epidemiology, viral biology, pathogenesis, and treatment. We discuss how HTLV-I may transform cells through destabilization of cellular genomic integrity and induction of cellular tolerance for chromosomal errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Immunology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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