9
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Dekker AD, Sacco S, Carfi A, Benejam B, Vermeiren Y, Beugelsdijk G, Schippers M, Hassefras L, Eleveld J, Grefelman S, Fopma R, Bomer-Veenboer M, Boti M, Oosterling GDE, Scholten E, Tollenaere M, Checkley L, Strydom A, Van Goethem G, Onder G, Blesa R, Zu Eulenburg C, Coppus AMW, Rebillat AS, Fortea J, De Deyn PP. The Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia in Down Syndrome (BPSD-DS) Scale: Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathology in Down Syndrome. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:797-819. [PMID: 29689719 PMCID: PMC5929348 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
People with Down syndrome (DS) are prone to develop Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are core features, but have not been comprehensively evaluated in DS. In a European multidisciplinary study, the novel Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia in Down Syndrome (BPSD-DS) scale was developed to identify frequency and severity of behavioral changes taking account of life-long characteristic behavior. 83 behavioral items in 12 clinically defined sections were evaluated. The central aim was to identify items that change in relation to the dementia status, and thus may differentiate between diagnostic groups. Structured interviews were conducted with informants of persons with DS without dementia (DS, n = 149), with questionable dementia (DS+Q, n = 65), and with diagnosed dementia (DS+AD, n = 67). First exploratory data suggest promising interrater, test-retest, and internal consistency reliability measures. Concerning item relevance, group comparisons revealed pronounced increases in frequency and severity in items of anxiety, sleep disturbances, agitation & stereotypical behavior, aggression, apathy, depressive symptoms, and eating/drinking behavior. The proportion of individuals presenting an increase was highest in DS+AD, intermediate in DS+Q, and lowest in DS. Interestingly, among DS+Q individuals, a substantial proportion already presented increased anxiety, sleep disturbances, apathy, and depressive symptoms, suggesting that these changes occur early in the course of AD. Future efforts should optimize the scale based on current results and clinical experiences, and further study applicability, reliability, and validity. Future application of the scale in daily care may aid caregivers to understand changes, and contribute to timely interventions and adaptation of caregiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain D Dekker
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Angelo Carfi
- Department of Geriatrics, Policlinico Gemelli, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Bessy Benejam
- Down Medical Center, Catalan Down Syndrome Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yannick Vermeiren
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gonny Beugelsdijk
- Ipse de Bruggen, Center for Intellectual Disabilities, Nieuwveen/Zwammerdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Schippers
- Ipse de Bruggen, Center for Intellectual Disabilities, Nieuwveen/Zwammerdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lyanne Hassefras
- Ipse de Bruggen, Center for Intellectual Disabilities, Nieuwveen/Zwammerdam, The Netherlands
| | - José Eleveld
- Cosis, Center for Intellectual Disabilities, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sharina Grefelman
- Cosis, Center for Intellectual Disabilities, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roelie Fopma
- Talant, Center for Intellectual Disabilities, Heerenveen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mariángeles Boti
- Down Medical Center, Catalan Down Syndrome Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esther Scholten
- Elver, Center for Intellectual Disabilities, Nieuw-Wehl, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Tollenaere
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Checkley
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - André Strydom
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gert Van Goethem
- Het GielsBos, Center for Intellectual Disabilities, Gierle, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Graziano Onder
- Department of Geriatrics, Policlinico Gemelli, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Rafael Blesa
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christine Zu Eulenburg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonia M W Coppus
- Dichterbij, Center for Intellectual Disabilities, Gennep, The Netherlands.,Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Juan Fortea
- Down Medical Center, Catalan Down Syndrome Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Van den Bossche T, Sleegers K, Cuyvers E, Engelborghs S, Sieben A, De Roeck A, Van Cauwenberghe C, Vermeulen S, Van den Broeck M, Laureys A, Peeters K, Mattheijssens M, Vandenbulcke M, Vandenberghe R, Martin JJ, De Deyn PP, Cras P, Van Broeckhoven C. Phenotypic characteristics of Alzheimer patients carrying an ABCA7 mutation. Neurology 2016; 86:2126-33. [PMID: 27037232 PMCID: PMC4917260 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To generate a clinical and pathologic phenotype of patients carrying rare loss-of-function mutations in ABCA7, identified in a Belgian Alzheimer patient cohort and in an autosomal dominant family. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of available data records, medical records, results of CSF analyses and neuroimaging studies, and neuropathology data. Results: The mean onset age of the mutation carriers (n = 22) was 73.4 ± 8.4 years with a wide age range of 36 (54–90) years, which was independent of APOE genotype and cerebrovascular disease. The mean disease duration was 5.7 ± 3.0 years (range 2–12 years). A positive family history was recorded for 10 carriers (45.5%). All patient carriers except one presented with memory complaints. The 4 autopsied brains showed typical immunohistochemical changes of late-onset Alzheimer disease. Conclusions: All patients carrying a loss-of-function mutation in ABCA7 exhibited a classical Alzheimer disease phenotype, though with a striking wide onset age range, suggesting the influence of unknown modifying factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobi Van den Bossche
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elise Cuyvers
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Sieben
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arne De Roeck
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline Van Cauwenberghe
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steven Vermeulen
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen Van den Broeck
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Annelies Laureys
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Peeters
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Mattheijssens
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Vandenbulcke
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Jacques Martin
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Cras
- From the Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., C.V.B.), Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (T.V.d.B., K.S., E.C., S.E., A.S., A.D.R., C.V.C., S.V., M.V.d.B., A.L., K.P., M.M., J.-J.M., P.P.D.D., P.C., C.V.B.), University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (T.V.d.B., P.C.), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic (T.V.d.B., S.E., P.P.D.D.), Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken; Department of Neurology (A.S.), University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent; Department of Neurosciences (M.V., R.V.), Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven; Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic (M.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center (P.P.D.D.), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
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