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Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults with mild cognitive impairment are at an increased risk for dementia of the Alzheimer's type. These older adults also report poorer sleep and more pain than their cognitively intact adult counterparts. Poor sleep and pain are both symptoms associated with an increased risk for dementia in later life. Symptom science research in the direction of how poor sleep affects pain among older adults, especially those with mild cognitive impairment, is needed for the development of targeted sleep interventions to reduce pain and potentially delay/reduce the risk for Alzheimer's disease in this population. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine a predictive model of the relationship between poor sleep and pain perception among community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment. METHODS A longitudinal prospective design with 58 continuous matched sleep-pain observations of 15 older adults with mild cognitive impairment for up to 6 months was used. Multilevel, mixed-modeling, statistical techniques were used to examine the effects of prior-week sleep on subsequent pain perception. Pain perception (pain intensity, pain interference, and pain behavior) is measured by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System during monthly in-person visits. The ActiGraph GT3X+ was used to measure sleep (total sleep time, sleep efficiency, awakenings after sleep onset) objectively and continuously for up to 6 months, along with other covariates (e.g., physical activity). RESULTS Increased awakenings after sleep onset in the prior week is associated with increased pain intensity, pain interference, and pain behavior. There was a trend toward sleep efficiency, and increased pain intensity and sleep efficiency predicted increased pain interference and pain behavior. There was no relationship between prior-week total sleep time and subsequent pain perception. DISCUSSION In this study, poor sleep in the prior week increased pain intensity, pain interference, and pain behavior. Interventions designed to decrease awakening after sleep onset and increase sleep efficiency specifically may effectively reduce pain in this population. Given that these symptoms are prevalent among older adults with mild cognitive impairment, sleep and pain interventions may also ameliorate some of the risk for Alzheimer's disease in this population.
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Wang J, Cato K, Conwell Y, Yu F, Heffner K, Caprio TV, Nathan K, Monroe TB, Muench U, Li Y. Pain treatment and functional improvement in home health care: Relationship with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 69:3545-3556. [PMID: 34418061 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain management is important to post-acute functional recovery, yet older persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) are often undertreated for pain. The main objectives were (1) to examine the relationship between ADRD and analgesic use among Medicare home health care (HHC) recipients with daily interfering pain, and (2) to examine the impact of analgesic use on functional outcome in patients with and without ADRD. METHODS We analyzed longitudinal data from the Outcome and Assessment Information Set, Medicare HHC claims, and HHC electronic medical records during a 60-day HHC episode. The sample included 6048 Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 years receiving care from an HHC agency in New York in 2019 who reported daily interfering pain. Analgesic use was assessed during HHC medication reconciliation and included any analgesic, non-opioid analgesic, and opioid. ADRD was identified from ICD-10 codes (HHC claims) and cognitive impairment symptoms (Outcome and Assessment Information Set [OASIS]). Functional outcome was measured as change in the composite Activity of Daily Living (ADL) limitation score in the HHC episode. RESULTS ADRD was related to a lower likelihood of using any analgesic (odds ratio [OR] = 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49, 0.90, p = 0.008) and opioids (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.62, p < 0.001), but not related to non-opioid analgesic use (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.74, 1.18, p = 0.58). Stratified analyses showed that any analgesic use (β = -0.43, 95% CI: -0.73, -0.13, p = 0.004) and non-opioid analgesic use (β = -0.31, 95% CI: -0.56, -0.06, p = 0.016) were associated with greater ADL improvement in patients with ADRD, but not in patients without ADRD. Opioid use was not significantly related to ADL improvement regardless of ADRD status. CONCLUSIONS HHC patients with ADRD may be undertreated for pain, yet pain treatment is essential for functional improvement in HHC. HHC clinicians and policymakers should ensure adequate pain management for older persons with ADRD for improved functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiao Wang
- Elaine Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kenrick Cato
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yeates Conwell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Kathi Heffner
- Elaine Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Geriatrics & Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Thomas V Caprio
- Division of Geriatrics & Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.,UR Medicine Home Care, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Finger Lakes Geriatric Education Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kobi Nathan
- Division of Geriatrics & Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.,Wegmans School of Pharmacy, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Todd B Monroe
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ulrike Muench
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, New York, New York, USA
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McDougall GJ, Pituch KA, Martorella G, Monroe TB. Senior WISE intervention: Gender differences in bodily pain and trait anxiety. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2021; 35:347-357. [PMID: 34176575 PMCID: PMC8239252 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this secondary analysis we tested whether 12 h of Senior WISE (Wisdom Is Simply Exploration) memory or health training with older adults would produce better outcomes by gender in perceptions of anxiety and bodily pain and whether the effects of the Senior WISE training on pain were mediated by anxiety. DESIGN An implemented Phase III randomized clinical trial with follow up for 24 months in Central Texas. The sample was mostly female (79%), 71% Caucasian, 17% Hispanic, and 12% African American with an average age of 75 and 13 years of education. RESULTS The effects of the memory intervention on anxiety were consistent across time, with effects present for males but not females at post-treatment and end-of-study. Although males had more anxiety in the health promotion group, the memory training reduced males' anxiety such that no gender difference was present in this group. The Senior WISE intervention reduced pain for both males and females at post-intervention but not at end-of-study. Although gender differences did not depend on the treatment group for pain, females reported somewhat, but not significantly, less pain at post-treatment and end-of-study. Mediation analysis indicated that, for males, the memory intervention indirectly affected pain at post-treatment, in part, by reducing anxiety, which lowered pain. However, at end-of-study, no indirect effect was present. Males responded to memory training. Training tailored to gender may increase the efficacy of the programs and "buy-in" from male participants, especially if tailored to anxiety and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J McDougall
- Florida State University, College of Nursing, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4310, USA.
| | - Keenan A Pituch
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 500 North Third Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
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Atalla SW, Cowan RL, Anderson AR, Dietrich MS, Iversen L, Beth Kalvas L, Moss KO, Wright K, Monroe TB. Determining the impact of age and sex on the psychophysical and neurophysiological response to thermal pain across the adult lifespan. J Adv Nurs 2021; 77:1546-1555. [PMID: 33450111 PMCID: PMC7898385 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Determine sex- and age-associated psychophysical and neurophysiological differences in the processing of pain across the adult lifespan. DESIGN Preliminary, exploratory, cross-sectional study. METHODS Using psychophysics (to measure intensity and unpleasantness) and functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygenation level dependent methods (to measure stimulus-evoked brain activation), we will examine sex- and age-associated differences in thermal pain processing and their underlying neurophysiology in a broad range of healthy adults (ages 30-89). We will acquire resting state functional connectivity data for secondary analyses exploring whether resting state connectivity predicts psychophysical and neurophysiological responses to thermal pain. To examine the effects of altered blood flow, we will acquire resting-state arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging data to quantify resting cerebral blood flow. We will interpret findings in the context of a proposed neural model of pain, ageing, and sex. Study funding was received in June of 2014. Ethical approval was obtained from the Vanderbilt University IRB prior to study initiation. CONCLUSION Exploring the biological reasons for age- and sex-associated differences in pain processing will increase our understanding of pain in older adults. The paucity of neurobiological evidence to support best practice pain management in older adults places these individuals at risk for poor pain management. IMPACT Poorly treated pain in older adults is a critical public health problem associated with a poor quality of life and increased healthcare costs. Understanding how age and sex have an impact on central processing of pain across the lifespan is a critical step toward improving personalized pain medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian W. Atalla
- The Ohio State University College of NursingColumbusOHUSA
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center Psychiatric Neuroimaging ProgramNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Ronald L. Cowan
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center Psychiatric Neuroimaging ProgramNashvilleTNUSA
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center Institute of Imaging ScienceNashvilleTNUSA
- Vanderbilt University Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Alison R. Anderson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center Psychiatric Neuroimaging ProgramNashvilleTNUSA
- Vanderbilt University School of NursingNashvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Larkin Iversen
- The Ohio State University College of NursingColumbusOHUSA
| | | | - Karen O. Moss
- The Ohio State University College of NursingColumbusOHUSA
| | - Kathy Wright
- The Ohio State University College of NursingColumbusOHUSA
| | - Todd B. Monroe
- The Ohio State University College of NursingColumbusOHUSA
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Amspoker AB, Snow AL, Renn BN, Block P, Pickens S, Morgan RO, Kunik ME. Patient Versus Informal Caregiver Proxy Reports of Pain Interference in Persons With Dementia. J Appl Gerontol 2020; 40:414-422. [PMID: 32026743 DOI: 10.1177/0733464820902632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Pain assessment and treatment is challenging among persons with dementia (PWDs). To better understand reports of pain interference, we examined ratings made by PWDs, as well as corresponding ratings about PWDs, as reported by the caregiver. We aimed to assess alignment between and predictors of caregiver and PWD report of pain interference. Methods: The sample consisted of 203 veterans with pain and mild to moderately severe dementia and an informal caregiver. Results: Most PWDs and their caregivers reported at least some pain interference and similar levels of pain interference. PWDs with greater cognitive impairment reported less pain interference, whereas caregivers who perceived the PWD to have greater depression reported more pain interference. Conclusions: PWD and caregiver characteristics were differentially associated with PWD versus caregiver report of pain interference. Results suggest the importance of caregiver reports to inform assessment, as well as factors complicating assessment. Pain in Dementia As one ages, the risk of developing both dementia and pain increases substantially (Scherder et al., 2009). It is estimated that 30% to 50% of persons with dementia (PWDs) experience persistent pain, a complex multifactor problem (Corbett et al., 2014). Despite the high prevalence of pain among older adults with dementia, and major advances in pain management, pain often remains unrecognized or undertreated (Hodgson et al., 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Amspoker
- Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, TX, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Lynn Snow
- The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA.,Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Sabrina Pickens
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Robert O Morgan
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, USA
| | - Mark E Kunik
- Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, TX, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,VA South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Houston, TX, USA
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