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Wang MJ, Khodadadi AB, Turan JM, White K. Scoping Review of Access to Emergency Contraception for Sexual Assault Victims in Emergency Departments in the United States. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:413-421. [PMID: 31610767 PMCID: PMC10676010 DOI: 10.1177/1524838019882023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a scoping review of the literature to assess the prevalence of hospital policies regarding emergency contraception (EC) and the frequency that U.S. emergency departments (EDs) provide EC to sexual assault survivors. STUDY DESIGN We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL from inception to January 2019 for studies that assessed access to EC for sexual assault survivors in EDs. We included English-language studies that surveyed ED staff at U.S. hospitals and reported the weighted mean of the percentage of hospitals with an EC policy for sexual assault survivors and the percentage that provided EC counseling, offered or dispensed EC onsite. Secondary outcomes were rates of testing and prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV. RESULTS From 390 articles retrieved, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria; all studies were published between 2000 and 2013. Eligible studies surveyed staff at 3,314 hospitals. Overall, 60% (weighted mean) of hospitals had a policy on EC, 75% provided EC counseling, 44% offered EC, and 62% had EC available to dispense onsite. Four studies reported secondary outcomes: 81% of hospitals provided STI testing, 84% provided STI prophylaxis, 64% provided HIV testing, and 53% provided HIV prophylaxis. CONCLUSION Existing literature demonstrates significant variability in EC policies and practices for sexual assault survivors in U.S. hospital EDs. Future research should assess whether EC access for survivors has improved in ED settings as well as evaluate persistent or new barriers to access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J. Wang
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
- Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra B. Khodadadi
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Janet M. Turan
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kari White
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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Boon H, Bozinovski N. A Systematic Narrative Review of the Evidence for Labeling of Natural Health Products and Dietary Supplements. J Altern Complement Med 2019; 25:777-788. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Boon
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to identify the role of mother's education in the nutritional status of children aged 2-5 years in Serbia. DESIGN Nationally representative population-based study. Age- and gender-specific BMI percentiles of children were analysed. In accordance with the WHO growth reference, children with BMI less than the 5th percentile were considered undernourished. Logistic regression was used to calculate the association between mother's education and other socio-economic determinants as possible confounders. SETTING UNICEF's fourth Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, conducted in both Roma and non-Roma settlements in Serbia. SUBJECTS Children (n 2603) aged 2-5 years (mean age 3·05 years). RESULTS Less than 5 % of children aged 2-5 years were undernourished. There were significantly more undernourished children among the Roma population, in the capital of Serbia and among those whose mothers were less educated. There were statistically significant differences according to mother's education in all socio-economic characteristics (ethnicity, area, region of living and wealth index). Mother's level of education proved to be the most important factor for child's nutritional status; place of living (region) was also associated. CONCLUSIONS Mother's education is the most significant predictor of children's undernutrition. It confirms that investment in females' education will bring benefits and progress not only for women and their children, but also for society as a whole.
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Sweeney LA, Molloy GJ, Byrne M, Murphy AW, Morgan K, Hughes CM, Ingham R. A Qualitative Study of Prescription Contraception Use: The Perspectives of Users, General Practitioners and Pharmacists. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144074. [PMID: 26633191 PMCID: PMC4669182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral contraceptive pill (OCP) remains the most popular form of prescription contraception in many countries, despite adherence difficulties for many. Uptake of long acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), which are less reliant on user adherence, remains low. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of, and attitudes towards, prescription contraception amongst samples of contraception users, general practitioners (GPs) and pharmacists. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with 18 contraception users, 18 GPs and 9 pharmacists. The study took place in Galway, Republic of Ireland between June and September 2014. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Overall, contraception users were more familiar with the OCP, and all the women interviewed began their prescription contraception journey using this method. All participants identified episodes of poor adherence throughout the reproductive life course. The identified barriers for use of LARCs were lack of information, misconceptions, lack of access and high cost. In contrast, GPs believed that adherence to the OCP was good and stated they were more likely to prescribe the OCP than other methods, as they were most familiar with this option. Barriers to prescribing LARCSs were time, cost to practice, training and deskilling. Pharmacists also believed that adherence to the OCP was generally good and that their role was limited to dispensing medication and providing information when asked. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION There are contrasting perspectives between contraception service providers and contraceptive users. Training for healthcare providers is required to support informed contraceptive choice and adherence. It is necessary to address the practice barriers of cost and lack of time, to promote better communication around adherence issues and prescription contraception options. There is a need for more easily-accessible public health information to promote awareness on all methods of prescription contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh-Ann Sweeney
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
- Whitaker Institute for Innovation and Societal Change, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Gerard J. Molloy
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
- Whitaker Institute for Innovation and Societal Change, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Molly Byrne
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
- Whitaker Institute for Innovation and Societal Change, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Andrew W. Murphy
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Karen Morgan
- Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- Perdana University Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Carmel M. Hughes
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Ingham
- Centre for Sexual Health Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Nikolic Z, Djikanovic B. Differences in the use of contraception between Roma and non-Roma women in Serbia. J Public Health (Oxf) 2014; 37:581-9. [PMID: 25445741 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdu096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unwanted pregnancies are still common in Central and Eastern European countries, including Serbia. Little is known about the use of contraception in different ethnic groups. This research was undertaken to investigate the use of contraception between Roma and non-Roma women in Serbia and factors associated with it. METHODS Data from the 2010 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS4) conducted in Serbia were used. This research included 1082 Roma and 2145 non-Roma women aged 15-49. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze socio-demographic factors associated with the use of contraception in both population groups. RESULTS Roma women use any type of contraception more often than non-Roma women. However, Roma women rely more on traditional and unsafe methods such as withdrawal and lactational amenorrhea method, but significantly less on modern methods such as pill, condom and intrauterine device. Place of living (region) is also associated with contraceptive usage. CONCLUSIONS Inequalities in the use of contraception between Roma and non-Roma women exist. Promoting modern methods of contraception and education about the importance of the use of contraception should be in the focus of national health policies and strategies related to reproductive health to reduce these inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Nikolic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 15, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bosiljka Djikanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 15, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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The role of health literacy and numeracy in contraceptive decision-making for urban Chicago women. J Community Health 2014; 39:394-9. [PMID: 24105614 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-013-9777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Low functional health literacy and numeracy have known associations with poor health outcomes, yet little work has investigated these markers of health disparity in a family planning population. We used an in-depth qualitative process and 2 literacy and numeracy assessment tools, the REALM-7 and the Schwartz numeracy scale, to assess the role of literacy and numeracy in contraceptive decision-making in an urban Chicago population. Brief surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 postpartum women who had received Medicaid-funded care at an obstetrics clinic in an academic medical center. In-person one-on-one interviews were then reviewed for themes using an iterative process. Qualitative analysis techniques identifying emergent themes were applied to interview data. Literacy and numeracy were assessed using REALM-7 and a validated 3-question numeracy scale. In this cohort of African American (63 %) and Hispanic (37 %) women (median age 26), 73 % had unplanned pregnancies. Although health literacy rates on the REALM-7 were adequate, numeracy scores were low. Low literacy and numeracy scores were associated with interview reports of poor contraceptive knowledge and difficulty with contraceptive use. Low health literacy and numeracy may play an important role in contraception decision-making in this low-income, minority population of women. We recommend further study of literacy and numeracy in a family planning population. Comprehensive contraception education and communication around the contraceptive decision-making process should take place at literacy and numeracy levels appropriate to each individual.
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Tong V, Raynor DK, Aslani P. Design and comprehensibility of over-the-counter product labels and leaflets: a narrative review. Int J Clin Pharm 2014; 36:865-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11096-014-9975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Effective Birth Control Use among Women at Risk for Unintended Pregnancy in Los Angeles, California. Womens Health Issues 2012; 22:e351-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hocevar S, Yuksel N. Reading Grade Level of Plan B Instructions and Patient Information Materials on Emergency Contraception. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2011. [DOI: 10.3821/1913-701x-144.3.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background: Plan B recently became a schedule III product in Canada. Patients can now access Plan B without a pharmacist consult and may rely only on the packaging information provided to learn about the medication. It is recommended that health information materials directed at patients be written at or below a grade 8 level. We assessed the reading grade level of the Plan B packaging information and of patient information materials on Plan B and emergency contraception. Methods: Plan B packaging information was obtained from the manufacturer, and a convenience sample of 10 patient information materials on Plan B and emergency contraception were collected from pharmacies and clinics in Edmonton, Alberta, and from Canadian websites. The Fry graph and SMOG formula were used to measure readability of the materials. Results: The Plan B packaging information had a mean reading grade level of 12.8. The mean reading grade level of patient information materials was 12.9 for print materials and 13.4 for online materials. Conclusions: Plan B packaging information and patient information materials relating to Plan B and emergency contraception are written at reading grade levels beyond the recommendations for patient health literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hocevar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. Ms. Hocevar was a 4th-year undergraduate student at the time this article was written. Contact
| | - Nesé Yuksel
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. Ms. Hocevar was a 4th-year undergraduate student at the time this article was written. Contact
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Dehlendorf C, Rodriguez MI, Levy K, Borrero S, Steinauer J. Disparities in family planning. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202:214-20. [PMID: 20207237 PMCID: PMC2835625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prominent racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy, abortion, and unintended births exist in the United States. These disparities can contribute to the cycle of disadvantage experienced by specific demographic groups when women are unable to control their fertility as desired. In this review we consider 3 factors that contribute to disparities in family planning outcomes: patient preferences and behaviors, health care system factors, and provider-related factors. Through addressing barriers to access to family planning services, including abortion and contraception, and working to ensure that all women receive patient-centered reproductive health care, health care providers and policy makers can substantially improve the ability of women from all racial/ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds to make informed decisions about their fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dehlendorf
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Wang SW, Capo JT, Orillaza N. Readability and comprehensibility of patient education material in hand-related web sites. J Hand Surg Am 2009; 34:1308-15. [PMID: 19596175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As patients are more frequently referring to the Internet for information on their musculoskeletal problems, the readability and comprehensibility of these educational materials becomes increasingly more important to most of the lay public. In this study, we investigated the readability of the currently available web sites of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) that pertain to hand and wrist problems, to assess their usefulness as a source for patient information. METHODS We analyzed all articles available in 2008 from the AAOS web site within the Patient Education Library under the heading, "Hand & Wrist" and from the ASSH web site under the heading, "Hand Conditions." A total of 83 articles were identified for hand conditions. Each article was analyzed by the Flesch-Kincaid program available in Microsoft Office Word software and the Dale-Chall grade-level assessor. These program models analyze all words in the specified text and return a grade level that corresponds to the difficulty level of the text. RESULTS The AAOS web sites contained 34 articles with a mean Flesch-Kincaid grade level of 8.5 and a mean Dale-Chall grade level of 8.8. The ASSH web site contained 49 articles showing a mean Flesch-Kincaid grade level of 10.4 and a mean Dale-Chall grade level of 10.8. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the patient education materials found on the AAOS and ASSH web sites have readability scores that are higher than the recommended reading levels and thus may be too difficult to be understood by a substantial portion of the U.S. population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve W Wang
- Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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Siziya S, Muula AS, Rudatsikira E. Prevalence and correlates of truancy among adolescents in Swaziland: findings from the Global School-Based Health Survey. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2007; 1:15. [PMID: 18034908 PMCID: PMC2221841 DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Educational attainment is an important determinant of diverse health outcomes. Truancy among adolescents jeopardizes chances of achieving their educational goals. Truant behaviors are also associated with various psychosocial problems. There is however limited data on the prevalence and factors associated with truancy among adolescents in Africa. METHODS We used data from the Swaziland Global School-Based Health Survey (GSHS) conducted in 2003 to estimate the prevalence of self-reported truancy within the last 30 days among adolescents. We also assessed the association between self-reported truancy and a selected list of independent variables using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 7341 students participated in the study. In analysis of available data, 2526 (36.2%) and 4470 (63.8%) were males and females respectively. The overall prevalence of truancy within the last 30 days preceding the study was 21.6%. Prevalence of truancy was 27.4% (605) and 17.9% (723) in males and females respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, being a male, having been bullied, lower school grades, and alcohol use were positively associated with truancy. Adolescents who perceived themselves as having parental support were less likely to have reported being truant. CONCLUSION Truancy among adolescents in Swaziland should be regarded as an important social problem as it is relatively prevalent. The design and implementation of intervention programs aimed to reduce truant behaviours should incorporate our knowledge of the factors identified as associated with bullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seter Siziya
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Adamson S Muula
- Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Emmanuel Rudatsikira
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Global Health, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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