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Vander Steen G, Ropers J, Rousseau C, Joris A, Gilles C, Rozenberg S, Manigart Y. Pharmacist recommendations for emergency contraception in Belgium: a simulated user study. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2024; 29:177-181. [PMID: 38721704 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2024.2345114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency contraception reduces the risk of unintended pregnancy, after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure. In Belgium, emergency contraception is available without a prescription and pharmacists play therefore a crucial role in dispensing emergency contraception. AIM This study assesses the dispensing practices of emergency contraception by pharmacists in two regions of Belgium. METHOD AND DESIGN Simulated patient study, using a predefined scenario, evaluating a request for emergency contraception. The scenario involves a 25-year-old woman not using contraception, who had unprotected sexual intercourse 84 h (3.5 days) ago. Her last menstrual period was 10 days ago. POPULATION 260 pharmacies were randomly selected. Principal outcome: proportion of pharmacists who deliver the adequate emergency contraception. We considered the following responses as adequate: Prescribing ulipristal acetate or redirecting to another pharmacy, in case of unavailability, or referring for a copper IUD. RESULTS We analysed the data obtained in 216 pharmacies (216/260 = 83.1%). In 64% of cases, adequate dispensing of emergency contraception (dispensing of ulipristal acetate or referral for intrauterine device insertion) occurred. There was an association between correct dispensing and asking appropriate questions, such as the date of the last menstrual period and the date of the risky sexual intercourse. CONCLUSION More than one-third of visited pharmacies did not distribute appropriate emergency contraception, underlining the need for improvement. We hypothesise that this may be achieved with appropriate training, use a dispensing checklist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vander Steen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Saint Pierre University Hospital 322, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Free University of Brussels (ULB-VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeanne Ropers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Saint Pierre University Hospital 322, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Free University of Brussels (ULB-VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Rousseau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Saint Pierre University Hospital 322, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Free University of Brussels (ULB-VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Joris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Saint Pierre University Hospital 322, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Free University of Brussels (ULB-VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Gilles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Saint Pierre University Hospital 322, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Free University of Brussels (ULB-VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Rozenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Saint Pierre University Hospital 322, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Free University of Brussels (ULB-VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yannick Manigart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Saint Pierre University Hospital 322, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Free University of Brussels (ULB-VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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Almaghaslah D. Reproductive health services: attitudes and practices of Saudi community pharmacists. Ir J Med Sci 2024; 193:497-503. [PMID: 37436656 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-023-03455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services are a crucial provision of public health. The consequences of having suboptimal SRH services include unplanned pregnancies, unsafe abortions, reproductive cancers, and sexually transmitted and bloodborne infections. This study was conducted to assess the role community pharmacists play in providing SRH, their practices, and their attitudes toward fulfilling the exciting demand. METHODS A cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire was used. The study was conducted among community pharmacies across the Asir region. RESULTS A total of 196 community pharmacists were included in this study. The majority of pharmacy chains reported selling pregnancy tests (93.9%) compared to independent pharmacies (72.9%), p value (0.0001). Similarly, community pharmacists working in pharmacy chains educated patients on pregnancy tests (78.2%) more often than those working in independent pharmacies (62.6%), p value (0.03). Ovulation tests were sold more frequently in pharmacy chains (74.3%) than in independent pharmacies (52.08%), p value (0.004). Providing education on these products followed the same pattern with (72.9%, 47.9%), respectively, p value (0.003). CONCLUSION The majority of pharmacists reported selling pregnancy tests and ovulation and educated patients regarding both these test kits. However, these services were more widely available in pharmacy chains than in independent pharmacies. Pharmacists exhibited a positive attitude toward SRH, exhibiting social accountability and an ethical responsibility to fulfill their role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, PO Box 1882, Abha, 61441, Saudi Arabia.
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Ceulemans M, Willekens J, Cavens L, De Wulf I, Peeters L, Roose N, Foulon V. Knowledge and counseling preferences of the public and pharmacy staff on emergency contraception: results of a cross-sectional study in Belgium. Contraception 2022; 115:27-30. [PMID: 35932795 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the knowledge and counseling preferences of the public ('individuals') and pharmacy staff ('professionals') in Belgium on emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs). STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study using two different anonymous, online surveys (one addressing the public and one professionals). RESULTS Overall, 1518 individuals and 1118 professionals participated, obtaining a mean knowledge score of 6.3(±1.8)/10 and 5.0(± 1.6)/10, respectively. For the public, a lower level of knowledge was found among men, non-healthcare workers and low educated individuals with no prior ECP use/purchase. For professionals, a lower level of knowledge was observed among pharmacy-technicians, French-speaking persons, and professionals with ≥5 years of experience and poorly involved in continuous education. CONCLUSIONS Limited knowledge on ECPs was observed among the public and pharmacy staff in Belgium, underscoring educational and counseling opportunities on ECPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ceulemans
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, ON2 Herestraat 49 box 521, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Teratology Information Service, Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, Goudsbloemvallei 7, 5237 MH 's Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; L-C&Y, KU Leuven Child & Youth Institute, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Julie Willekens
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, ON2 Herestraat 49 box 420, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Cavens
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, ON2 Herestraat 49 box 420, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle De Wulf
- National Pharmacists Association (APB), Archimedesstraat 11, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Peeters
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, ON2 Herestraat 49 box 420, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Roose
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, ON2 Herestraat 49 box 521, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Foulon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, ON2 Herestraat 49 box 521, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Barrense-Dias Y, Stadelmann S, Suris JC, Akre C. From request to dispensation: how adolescent and young adult females experience access to emergency contraception in pharmacies. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2022; 27:403-408. [PMID: 35867534 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2022.2093849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Emergency contraception (EC) access was liberalised in 2002 in Switzerland by making it accessible in pharmacies without medical prescription. However, its dispensation still requires a confidential interview with a pharmacist. This qualitative study aims to explore experiences of adolescent and young adult (AYA) females who have gone to a pharmacy in order to obtain EC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty interviews were conducted from April to August 2019 with females aged between 15 and 25 years old at the interview. Inclusion criteria was to have requested at least one EC in a pharmacy between 2014 and 2019. A thematic content analysis was performed to extract themes brought up by the participants. RESULTS Some participants reported that the most difficult moment in the process was the request at the counter. The majority of participants were escorted in a private back room but opinions were divided regarding this isolation. Experiences were sometimes negative due to lack of information and knowledge regarding the dispensation process. The interview also has also a preventive aim, but the information given during it often focussed solely on the risk of vomiting. Several participants reported having perceived or received moral judgements from pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists are key resources and EC dispensation an opportunity for sexual health. This exploratory study presents several elements requiring the adaptation of practices in order to prevent them from becoming barriers for AYA to access EC. Concerns are regularly expressed by young women about privacy, embarrassment and judgement in the pharmacy context regarding contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Barrense-Dias
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Research Group on Adolescent Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Stadelmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Research Group on Adolescent Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joan-Carles Suris
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Research Group on Adolescent Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christina Akre
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Research Group on Adolescent Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ceulemans M, Brughmans M, Poortmans LL, Spreuwers E, Willekens J, Roose N, De Wulf I, Foulon V. Development and Pilot Testing of a Dispensing Protocol on Emergency Contraceptive Pills for Community Pharmacists in Belgium. PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10030058. [PMID: 35736773 PMCID: PMC9228420 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Community pharmacists in Belgium frequently dispense emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs). However, variable and insufficient counseling practices exist across pharmacies, highlighting the need for standardization and quality improvement strategies. The aim of this project was to develop and test an ECP dispensing protocol for pharmacists. An ‘experience-based’ co-design approach involving academic and practicing pharmacists was applied, followed by a 4-month test period and interviews to assess users’ experiences. In total, eight geographically dispersed pharmacies participated. Pharmacists (n = 15) reached a consensus on most items to be included in the protocol, which was subsequently tested in seven pharmacies, with overall 97 registered ECP conversations. Pharmacists considered the protocol complete but felt that not all items should be mentioned/questioned during all conversations. They suggested only subtle modifications to be made prior to delivering a final protocol ready for nationwide distribution. Despite attributing positive effects to having a protocol, no single pharmacist ‘actively’ used it at-the-counter but used it instead as a ‘checklist’ after the encounter. Pharmacists found that the paper-based format of the protocol hindered protocol-based dispensing. Future research is needed to provide evidence on the actual benefits of protocol application, as well as to identify factors influencing the implementation of ECP dispensing using a software-integrated protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ceulemans
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.R.); (V.F.)
- Teratology Information Service, Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, 5237 MH Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
- L-C&Y, Child and Youth Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-37-72-27
| | - Marieke Brughmans
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (L.-L.P.); (E.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Laura-Lien Poortmans
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (L.-L.P.); (E.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Ellen Spreuwers
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (L.-L.P.); (E.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Julie Willekens
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (L.-L.P.); (E.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Nele Roose
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.R.); (V.F.)
| | | | - Veerle Foulon
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.R.); (V.F.)
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Yous T, Allemann S, Lutters M. Physicians' Opinion Regarding Extended Access to Hormonal Contraception in Switzerland. PHARMACY 2021; 9:pharmacy9040184. [PMID: 34842813 PMCID: PMC8628942 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Access to hormonal contraceptives (HC) strongly differs between countries and varies from over the counter (OTC) to prescription-only availability. This study aimed to identify opinions among physicians in Switzerland regarding extended access to HC. (2) Methods: Web-based survey among physicians (gynecologists, general practitioners, and pediatricians) in Switzerland. (3) Results: Hundred sixty-three physicians, mainly gynecologists, participated in this survey and 147 (90%) were included for analysis. A total of 68% (n = 100) answered that prescription-only status could be extended under certain conditions but physicians were concerned about patients' safety (97%, n = 142). Moreover, there was concern about insufficient patient education on HC (93%, n = 136) and that women may forego preventive examinations (80%, n = 118). Participants did not support OTC availability (93%, n = 136). Pharmacists prescribing (including initiation of HC) revealed controversial results, but a combined access model (initial prescription from physician and follow-up prescriptions by pharmacists) found acceptance in 70% (n = 103). (4) Conclusions: Participating physicians stated that prescription-only status for HC could be lifted under certain conditions but also some concerns, e.g., patients' safety or neglection of preventive examinations, were raised. Future research should focus on specific conditions in which extended access to HC could be agreed on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Yous
- Department of Medical Sciences, Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, 9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Correspondence:
| | - Samuel Allemann
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Monika Lutters
- Clinical Pharmacy, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, 5404 Baden, Switzerland;
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Haag M, Zemp E, Hersberger KE, Arnet I. Who Is Best to Test? A Systematic Review of Chlamydia Infections in Switzerland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249389. [PMID: 33333868 PMCID: PMC7765330 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In many countries, community pharmacies provide sexual-health-related services to limit the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including chlamydia testing. To identify suitable target groups for pharmacy-based chlamydia testing in Switzerland, we aimed to assess chlamydia prevalence, identify risk groups, and delineate screening strategies. We conducted a systematic literature search up to December 2019 in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, according to the PRISMA guidelines, using as keywords “chlamydia”, “screening”, and “Switzerland”. Two researchers screened the title, abstract, and full-text article and assessed the methodological quality. The literature search generated 108 hits, and nine studies were included. Chlamydia prevalence ranged between 0.8 and 12.8%. Most frequently affected were undocumented women undergoing voluntary termination of pregnancy (12.8%, 95% CI: 8.4–18.9), HIV-positive men who have sex with men (10.9%, 95% CI: 9.2–17.6), and adult offenders (6.5%, 95% CI: 3.2–9.0). Systematic screening was suggested for the first two risk groups and women suffering a miscarriage. To conclude, chlamydia infections are prevalent in Switzerland, but the identified risk groups are difficult to reach for a pharmacy-based testing service. More studies are needed to identify suitable target groups, including customers seeking sexual health services, particularly emergency contraception users who already receive counselling for STIs at community pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Haag
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; (K.E.H.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-612071519
| | - Elisabeth Zemp
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt E. Hersberger
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; (K.E.H.); (I.A.)
| | - Isabelle Arnet
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; (K.E.H.); (I.A.)
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Langer B, Grimm S, Lungfiel G, Mandlmeier F, Wenig V. The Quality of Counselling for Oral Emergency Contraceptive Pills-A Simulated Patient Study in German Community Pharmacies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186720. [PMID: 32942744 PMCID: PMC7559115 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: In Germany, there are two different active substances, levonorgestrel (LNG) and ulipristal acetate (UPA), available as emergency contraception (the “morning after pill”) with UPA still effective even 72 to 120 h after unprotected sexual intercourse, unlike LNG. Emergency contraceptive pills have been available without a medical prescription since March 2015 but are still only dispensed by community pharmacies. The aim of this study was to determine the counselling and dispensing behaviour of pharmacy staff and the factors that may influence this behaviour in a scenario that intends that only the emergency contraceptive pill containing the active substance UPA is dispensed (appropriate outcome). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the form of a covert simulated patient study in a random sample of community pharmacies stratified by location in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and reported in accordance with the STROBE statement. Each pharmacy was visited once at random by one of four trained test buyers. They simulated a product-based request for an emergency contraceptive pill, stating contraceptive failure 3.5 days prior as the reason. The test scenario and the evaluation forms are based on the recommended actions, including the checklist from the Federal Chamber of Pharmacies. Results: All 199 planned pharmacy visits were carried out. The appropriate outcome (dispensing of UPA) was achieved in 78.9% of the test purchases (157/199). A significant correlation was identified between the use of the counselling room and the use of a checklist (p < 0.001). The use of a checklist led to a significantly higher questioning score (p < 0.001). In a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, a higher questioning score (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.22–1.63; p < 0.001) and a time between 12:01 and 4:00 p.m. (AOR = 2.54; 95% CI = 1.13–5.73; p = 0.024) compared to 8:00 to 12:00 a.m. were significantly associated with achieving the appropriate outcome. Conclusions: In a little over one-fifth of all test purchases, the required dispensing of UPA did not occur. The use of a counselling room and a checklist, the use of a checklist and the questioning score as well as the questioning score and achieving the appropriate outcome are all significantly correlated. A target regulation for the use of a counselling room, an explicit guideline recommendation about the use of a checklist, an obligation for keeping UPA in stock and appropriate mandatory continuing education programmes should be considered.
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