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Srinivasan Y, Liu A, Rameau A. Machine learning in the evaluation of voice and swallowing in the head and neck cancer patient. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 32:105-112. [PMID: 38116798 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to present recent advances and limitations in machine learning applied to the evaluation of speech, voice, and swallowing in head and neck cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Novel machine learning models incorporating diverse data modalities with improved discriminatory capabilities have been developed for predicting toxicities following head and neck cancer therapy, including dysphagia, dysphonia, xerostomia, and weight loss as well as guiding treatment planning. Machine learning has been applied to the care of posttreatment voice and swallowing dysfunction by offering objective and standardized assessments and aiding innovative technologies for functional restoration. Voice and speech are also being utilized in machine learning algorithms to screen laryngeal cancer. SUMMARY Machine learning has the potential to help optimize, assess, predict, and rehabilitate voice and swallowing function in head and neck cancer patients as well as aid in cancer screening. However, existing studies are limited by the lack of sufficient external validation and generalizability, insufficient transparency and reproducibility, and no clear superior predictive modeling strategies. Algorithms and applications will need to be trained on large multiinstitutional data sets, incorporate sociodemographic data to reduce bias, and achieve validation through clinical trials for optimal performance and utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashes Srinivasan
- Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Amy Liu
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Anaïs Rameau
- Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Balaguer M, Pommée T, Farinas J, Pinquier J, Woisard V, Speyer R. Effects of oral and oropharyngeal cancer on speech intelligibility using acoustic analysis: Systematic review. Head Neck 2019; 42:111-130. [PMID: 31571334 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of automatic tools based on acoustic analysis allows to overcome the limitations of perceptual assessment for patients with head and neck cancer. The aim of this study is to provide a systematic review of literature describing the effects of oral and oropharyngeal cancer on speech intelligibility using acoustic analysis. METHODS Two databases (PubMed and Embase) were surveyed. The selection process, according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, led to a final set of 22 articles. RESULTS Nasalance is studied mainly in oropharyngeal patients. The vowels are mostly studied using formant analysis and vowel space area, the consonants by means of spectral moments with specific parameters according to their phonetic characteristic. Machine learning methods allow classifying "intelligible" or "unintelligible" speech for T3 or T4 tumors. CONCLUSIONS The development of comprehensive models combining different acoustic measures would allow a better consideration of the functional impact of the speech disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Balaguer
- CHU Larrey, Toulouse, France.,IRIT, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Virginie Woisard
- CHU Larrey, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire Octogone-Lordat, Toulouse, France
| | - Renée Speyer
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Lee Y, Kim G, Wang S, Jang J, Cha W, Choi H, Kim H. Acoustic Characteristics in Epiglottic Cyst. J Voice 2018; 33:497-500. [PMID: 29731377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze the acoustic characteristics associated with alternation deformation of the vocal tract due to large epiglottic cyst, and to confirm the relation between the anatomical change and resonant function of the vocal tract. METHODS Eight men with epiglottic cyst were enrolled in this study. The jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio, and first two formants were analyzed in vowels /a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, and /u:/. These values were analyzed before and after laryngeal microsurgery. RESULTS The F1 value of /a:/ was significantly raised after surgery. Significant differences of formant frequencies in other vowels, jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonic ratio were not presented. CONCLUSION The results of this study could be used to analyze changes in the resonance of vocal tracts due to the epiglottic cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- YeonWoo Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - GeunHyo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - SooGeun Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - JeonYeob Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Wonjae Cha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - HongSik Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Institute of Logopedics & Phoniatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - HyangHee Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Ha J, Sung IY, Son JH, Stone M, Ord R, Cho YC. Analysis of speech and tongue motion in normal and post-glossectomy speaker using cine MRI. J Appl Oral Sci 2016; 24:472-480. [PMID: 27812617 PMCID: PMC5083024 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720150421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Since the tongue is the oral structure responsible for mastication, pronunciation, and swallowing functions, patients who undergo glossectomy can be affected in various aspects of these functions. The vowel /i/ uses the tongue shape, whereas /u/ uses tongue and lip shapes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphological changes of the tongue and the adaptation of pronunciation using cine MRI for speech of patients who undergo glossectomy. Material and Methods Twenty-three controls (11 males and 12 females) and 13 patients (eight males and five females) volunteered to participate in the experiment. The patients underwent glossectomy surgery for T1 or T2 lateral lingual tumors. The speech tasks “a souk” and “a geese” were spoken by all subjects providing data for the vowels /u/ and /i/. Cine MRI and speech acoustics were recorded and measured to compare the changes in the tongue with vowel acoustics after surgery. 2D measurements were made of the interlip distance, tongue-palate distance, tongue position (anterior-posterior and superior-inferior), tongue height on the left and right sides, and pharynx size. Vowel formants Fl, F2, and F3 were measured. Results The patients had significantly lower F2/Fl ratios (F=5.911, p=0.018), and lower F3/F1 ratios that approached significance. This was seen primarily in the /u/ data. Patients had flatter tongue shapes than controls with a greater effect seen in /u/ than /i/. Conclusion The patients showed complex adaptation motion in order to preserve the acoustic integrity of the vowels, and the tongue modified cavity size relationships to maintain the value of the formant frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Ha
- University of Ulsan, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Department of Dentistry, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Iel-Yong Sung
- University of Ulsan, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Jang-Ho Son
- University of Ulsan, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Maureen Stone
- University of Maryland, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Science, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Robert Ord
- University of Maryland, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Yeong-Cheol Cho
- University of Ulsan, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ulsan, South Korea
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Macari AT, Ziade G, Khandakji M, Tamim H, Hamdan AL. Effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on Voice. J Voice 2015; 30:760.e1-760.e6. [PMID: 26572721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequencies F1-F4. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 14 consecutive patients between the ages of 9.6 years and 15 years with a constricted maxilla undergoing RME were included in this study. Measurements were made before (T1) and after treatment (T2). These included maxillary arch length, depth, width, and perimeter in addition to F0, habitual pitch, and formants F1, F2, F3, and F4 for the vowels /ɑ/, /i/, /o/, and /u/. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the mean of F1/ɑ/ and F2/ɑ/ before and after treatment (P value of 0.04 and 0.013, respectively). It is worth noting that F1/ɑ/ decreased in 11 and F2/ɑ/ decreased in 10 of the 14 subjects. CONCLUSION The application of RME in the treatment of maxillary constriction leads to a significant lowering of the first and second formants for the vowel /ɑ/ in most subjects. Subjects undergoing rapid maxillary application should be aware of the potential change in voice quality especially in case of professional voice users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Macari
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Ziade
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohannad Khandakji
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hani Tamim
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdul-Latif Hamdan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Dwivedi RC, St Rose S, Chisholm EJ, Clarke PM, Kerawala CJ, Nutting CM, Rhys-Evans PH, Kazi R, Harrington KJ. Acoustic parameters of speech: Lack of correlation with perceptual and questionnaire-based speech evaluation in patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer treated with primary surgery. Head Neck 2015; 38:670-6. [PMID: 25524696 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acoustic evaluation of speech is the least explored method of speech evaluation in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore acoustic parameters of speech and their correlation with questionnaire evaluation and perceptual evaluation in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. METHODS One hundred seventeen subjects (65 consecutive patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer and 52 controls) participated in this study. Formant frequencies (by Linear Predictive Coding), Speech Handicap Index, and London Speech Evaluation scale were used for acoustic evaluation, questionnaire evaluation, and perceptual evaluation, respectively. RESULTS Men showed significant elevation in second formant (F2) values for patients with oral cavity cancer and those who underwent surgery alone. Female patients with early T classification cancers and those who underwent surgery and chemoradiation showed significant reduction in the mean F2 values. Importantly, however, acoustic evaluation parameters did not correlate with either perceptual evaluation or questionnaire evaluation parameters, although there was moderate correlation between questionnaire evaluation and perceptual evaluation speech parameters. CONCLUSION Acoustic evaluation modalities have no clear role in the management of patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav C Dwivedi
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne St Rose
- Research, Data and Statistical Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter M Clarke
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrus J Kerawala
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Nutting
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H Rhys-Evans
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rehan Kazi
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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Acher A, Perrier P, Savariaux C, Fougeron C. Speech production after glossectomy: methodological aspects. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2014; 28:241-256. [PMID: 23837408 DOI: 10.3109/02699206.2013.802015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on methodological issues related to quantitative assessments of speech quality after glossectomy. Acoustic and articulatory data were collected for 8 consonants from two patients. The acoustic analysis is based on spectral moments and the Klatt VOT. Lingual movements are recorded with ultrasound without calibration. The variations of acoustic and articulatory parameters across pre- and post-surgery conditions are analyzed in the light of perceptual evaluations of the stimuli. A parameter is considered to be relevant if its variation is congruent with perceptual ratings. The most relevant acoustic parameters are the skewness and the Center of Gravity. The Klatt VOT explains differences that could not be explained by spectral parameters. The SNTS ultrasound parameter provides information to describe impairments not accounted for by acoustical parameters. These results suggest that the combination of articulatory, perceptual and acoustic data provides comprehensive complementary information for a quantitative assessment of speech after glossectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Acher
- GIPSA-Lab, UMR 5216 CNRS/ Université Grenoble-Alpes , Saint Martin d'Hères , France and
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8
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Factors influencing relative speech intelligibility in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective study using automatic, computer-based speech analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 42:1377-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Speech and swallowing following tongue cancer surgery and free flap reconstruction – A systematic review. Oral Oncol 2013; 49:507-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schuster M, Stelzle F. Outcome measurements after oral cancer treatment: speech and speech-related aspects--an overview. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 16:291-8. [PMID: 22864645 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-012-0340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral cancer and its surgical treatment impair speech quality by an alteration of the vocal tract. Local size and stage of the tumour as well as surgical and adjuvant treatment modalities have an impact on the functional outcome of patients' speech rehabilitation. It was the aim of this overview to specifiy speech and speech-related aspects as well as to delineate measurement methods of speech outcome in patients with oral cancer by a review of the literature. METHODS The review is based on a Medline Search on "speech", "cancer", "oral cancer", "malignoma mouth", "intelligibility", "formant", "ultrasound". DISCUSSION In particular, speech intelligibility is inevitable for the social interaction of patients which is highly correlated with the patient's quality of life. However, speech outcome measurement shows a variety of methods without an international standardisation. Additionally, several co-aspects of speech production have to be considered: tongue mobility, voice production, velopharyngeal closure and neural coordination are important influencing factors. Speech assessment is traditionally performed by perceptual methods on a subjective or semi-subjective base. More objective, technical-based methods of speech evaluation are in development and under research. PURPOSE It was the aim of this overview to specify speech and speech-related aspects as well as to delineate measurement methods of speech outcome in patients with oral cancer by a review of the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuster
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Kaipa R, Robb MP, O'Beirne GA, Allison RS. Recovery of speech following total glossectomy: an acoustic and perceptual appraisal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2012; 14:24-34. [PMID: 22257069 DOI: 10.3109/17549507.2011.623326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study involved an acoustic and perceptual analysis of the speech produced by a 31-year-old female following total glossectomy. Speech samples were collected on three occasions within the first 3 months following glossectomy. Vowel articulation was examined acoustically as a function of vowel space and the Euclidean distance separating corner vowels. Perceptual analyses involved presentation of the participant's CV productions to 30 healthy adult listeners who made forced-choice identifications of consonant type. Acoustic analysis revealed improvements in vowel space area and an increase in the Euclidean distances. The perceptual results revealed a statistically significant deterioration in consonants over the 3-month period with anterior sounds being perceived more correctly than medial and posterior sounds. The current study highlights the variable nature of speech following glossectomy, with greater improvements in vowel articulation compared to consonant articulation during the earliest stages of surgical recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kaipa
- Department of Communication Disorders,University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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de Bruijn M, ten Bosch L, Kuik DJ, Langendijk JA, Leemans CR, Verdonck-de Leeuw I. Artificial neural network analysis to assess hypernasality in patients treated for oral or oropharyngeal cancer. LOGOP PHONIATR VOCO 2011; 36:168-74. [PMID: 21864051 DOI: 10.3109/14015439.2011.606227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigation of applicability of neural network feature analysis of nasalance in speech to assess hypernasality in speech of patients treated for oral or oropharyngeal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Speech recordings of 51 patients and of 18 control speakers were evaluated regarding hypernasality, articulation, intelligibility, and patient-reported speech outcome. Feature analysis of nasalance was performed on /a/, /i/, and /u/ and on the entire stretch of speech. RESULTS Nasalance distinguished significantly between patients and controls. Nasalance in /a/ and /i/ predicted best intelligibility, nasalance in /a/ predicted best articulation, and nasalance in /i/ and /u/ predicted best hypernasality. CONCLUSION Feature analysis of nasalance in oral or oropharyngeal cancer patients is feasible; prediction of subjective parameters varies between moderate and poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke de Bruijn
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Natour YS, Marie BS, Saleem MA, Tadros YK. Formant Frequency Characteristics in Normal Arabic-Speaking Jordanians. J Voice 2011; 25:e75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Laaksonen JP, Rieger J, Happonen RP, Harris J, Seikaly H. Speech after radial forearm free flap reconstruction of the tongue: a longitudinal acoustic study of vowel and diphthong sounds. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2010; 24:41-54. [PMID: 20030552 DOI: 10.3109/02699200903340758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to use acoustic analyses to describe speech outcomes over the course of 1 year after radial forearm free flap (RFFF) reconstruction of the tongue. Eighteen Canadian English-speaking females and males with reconstruction for oral cancer had speech samples recorded (pre-operative, and 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year post-operative). Acoustic characteristics of formants (F1, F2), fundamental frequency (F0), and duration of 699 vowel and diphthong tokens were analysed. Furthermore, the changes in size of the vowel space area were studied, as well as the effects of radiation therapy (RT) and inclusion of the floor of the mouth (FOM) in the reconstruction. RFFF reconstruction was found to affect several characteristics in males, and a minimal number of variables in females. General signs of reduced ability to articulate were not observed. RT and FOM had no differing effects compared to non-RT or non-FOM. There were individual differences between patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha-Pertti Laaksonen
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Dwivedi RC, Kazi RA, Agrawal N, Nutting CM, Clarke PM, Kerawala CJ, Rhys-Evans PH, Harrington KJ. Evaluation of speech outcomes following treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 35:417-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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