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Chen X, Luo X, Fan M, Zeng W, Yang C, Wu J, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Zhao P. Endophytic fungi from the branches of Camellia taliensis (W. W. Smith) Melchior, a widely distributed wild tea plant. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:113. [PMID: 31289918 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Camellia taliensis (W. W. Smith) Melchior is a wild tea plant endemic from the west and southwest of Yunnan province of China to the north of Myanmar and is used commonly to produce tea by the local people of its growing areas. Its chemical constituents are closely related to those of C. sinensis var. assamica, a widely cultivated tea plant. In this study, the α diversity and phylogeny of endophytic fungi in the branches of C. taliensis were explored for the first time. A total of 160 fungal strains were obtained and grouped into 42 species from 29 genera, which were identified based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. Diversity analysis showed that the endophytic fungal community of the branches of C. taliensis had high species richness S (42), Margalef index D' (8.0785), Shannon-Wiener index H' (2.8494), Simpson diversity index DS (0.8891), PIE index (0.8947) and evenness Pielou index J (0.7623) but a low dominant index λ (0.1109). By contrast, that in the branches of C. taliensis had abundant species and high species evenness. Diaporthe tectonigena, Acrocalymma sp. and Colletotrichum magnisporum were the dominant endophytic fungi. The phylogenetic tree was established by maximum parsimony analysis, and the 11 orders observed for endophytic fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were grouped into 4 classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Chen
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Xulu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Fan
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Changlin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China.
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Elad D. Disseminated canine mold infections. Vet J 2019; 243:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Dedeaux A, Grooters A, Wakamatsu-Utsuki N, Taboada J. Opportunistic Fungal Infections in Small Animals. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:327-337. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Opportunistic fungal infections have long been recognized as rare causes of disease in immunocompetent dogs and cats. Recently, the escalating use of multiagent immunosuppression protocols (especially those that include cyclosporine) has resulted in an increased number of patients with opportunistic fungal infection encountered by small animal practitioners and has altered the typical case phenotype. Based on histologic and cytologic features such as pigmentation, hyphal diameter, and distribution in tissue, these opportunistic mycoses can be placed into categories such as phaeohyphomycosis, hyalohyphomycosis, and eumycotic mycetoma. This review aims to summarize the clinical presentations, methods for diagnosis, treatment recommendations, and prognosis for both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients with opportunistic fungal infections. An example case description is included to illustrate the most common current clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dedeaux
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Amy Grooters
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Nobuko Wakamatsu-Utsuki
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Joseph Taboada
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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McAtee BB, Cummings KJ, Cook AK, Lidbury JA, Heseltine JC, Willard MD. Opportunistic Invasive Cutaneous Fungal Infections Associated with Administration of Cyclosporine to Dogs with Immune-mediated Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1724-1729. [PMID: 28887897 PMCID: PMC5697195 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Opportunistic invasive fungal infections (OIFIs) occur in dogs administered immunosuppressive medications. However, the epidemiology of OIFIs among dogs undergoing immunosuppressive treatment is poorly understood. The aims of this study were to (1) estimate the incidence of OIFIs among dogs diagnosed with certain immune‐mediated diseases and treated with immunosuppressive drugs, and (2) determine if administration of particular drug(s) was a risk factor for OIFIs. Hypothesis Dogs receiving cyclosporine treatment (alone or as part of a multidrug protocol) are at higher risk of developing OIFIs. Animals One hundred and thirteen client‐owned dogs diagnosed with select immune‐mediated diseases: 42 with IMHA, 29 with ITP, 34 with IMPA, and 8 with Evans syndrome. Methods Retrospective cohort study. Medical records of dogs presenting to the Texas A&M University, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital between January 2008 and December 2015, and treated for 1 or more of IMHA, IMPA, ITP, or Evans syndrome were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs that did not develop an OIFI were excluded if they died, were euthanized, or were lost to follow‐up within 120 days of initiation of immunosuppressive treatment. Results Fifteen dogs of 113 (13%) were diagnosed with an OIFI based on 1 or more of cytology, culture, or histopathology. The odds of developing an OIFI were greater among dogs that were treated with cyclosporine (OR = 7.1, P = 0.017; 95% CI, 1.5–34.4) and among male dogs (OR = 5.1, P = 0.018; 95% CI, 1.4–17.9). Conclusions and Clinical Importance OIFIs were significantly more likely in male dogs and those receiving cyclosporine. It is important to consider OIFIs as a potential complication of immunosuppressive treatment, particularly cyclosporine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B McAtee
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - A K Cook
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Rothenburg LS, Snider TA, Wilson A, Confer AW, Ramachandran A, Mani R, Rizzi T, Nafe L. Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis in a dog. Med Mycol Case Rep 2017; 15:28-32. [PMID: 28275534 PMCID: PMC5328716 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phaeohyphomycosis is a rare but emerging disease caused by dematiaceous fungi. Here we describe the case of an immunosuppressed dog with disseminated phaeohyphomycosis secondary to Bipolaris spicifera infection. Regionally extensive infiltration of the paw pads, skin, myocardium, liver, renal interstitium and diaphragm was identified on histopathology. Candida glabrata and Fusarium oxysporum were also cultured from multiple sites post-mortem. The dog was treated with fluconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine and liposomal amphotericin B, but was euthanized due to its poor prognosis after 12 days of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana S Rothenburg
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2065 W Farm Road, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Timothy A Snider
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Pathobiology, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Allison Wilson
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2065 W Farm Road, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Anthony W Confer
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Pathobiology, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | | | - Rinosh Mani
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, 1950 W Farm Road, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Theresa Rizzi
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Pathobiology, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Laura Nafe
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2065 W Farm Road, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Perdomo H, García D, Gené J, Cano J, Sutton DA, Summerbell R, Guarro J. Phialemoniopsis, a new genus of Sordariomycetes, and new species ofPhialemoniumandLecythophora. Mycologia 2017; 105:398-421. [DOI: 10.3852/12-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Josep Cano
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201-Reus, Spain
| | - Deanna A. Sutton
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900
| | - Richard Summerbell
- Sporometrics, Inc. 219 Dufferin Street, Suite 20C, Toronto, Ontario, M6K 1Y9, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 223 College Street, Toronto Ontario, M5T 1R4
| | - Josep Guarro
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201-Reus, Spain
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Dowling SR, Webb J, Foster JD, Ginn J, Foy DS, Trepanier LA. Opportunistic fungal infections in dogs treated with ciclosporin and glucocorticoids: eight cases. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 57:105-109. [PMID: 25988822 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are the standard of care for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders, and ciclosporin is increasingly being used off-label as an adjunct immunosuppressive drug in dogs. However, opportunistic infections can develop during combination immunosuppressive regimens. This case series describes atypical fungal infections in eight dogs treated with immunosuppressive dosages of glucocorticoids and ciclosporin. The median duration of combined treatment prior to the identification of fungal infection was 31 (range, 13 to 201) days, although two dogs received glucocorticoids for prolonged periods prior to the addition of ciclosporin. The estimated prevalence of serious fungal infections with this drug combination appears to be low (approximately 1 · 67%), but these infections led directly or indirectly to death or euthanasia in five of eight (63%) dogs. These cases highlight the need for frequent clinical monitoring of dogs receiving immunosuppressive dosages of glucocorticoids and ciclosporin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Dowling
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - J Webb
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - J D Foster
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - J Ginn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, CO, 80033, USA
| | - D S Foy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, CO, 80033, USA
| | - L A Trepanier
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycotic nodule due to Phialemoniopsis hongkongensis sp. nov. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:3280-9. [PMID: 24966363 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01592-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phialemoniopsis species are ubiquitous dematiaceous molds associated with a wide variety of superficial and systemic infections in human. In this study, we isolated a mold from the forearm nodule biopsy specimen from a patient with underlying liver cirrhosis, ankylosing spondylosis, and tuberculosis. He was treated with itraconazole, but unfortunately, he succumbed as a result of disseminated tuberculosis with multiorgan failure. The histology results of the skin biopsy showed necrotizing granulomas in which numerous fungal elements were found. On Sabouraud dextrose agar, the fungal isolate grew as white-to-cream and smooth-to-velvety colonies. Microscopically, oval-to-cylindrical conidia were observed from abundant adelophialides, which possessed barely visible parallel collarettes but no basal septa. The azole drugs voriconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole, as well as amphotericin B, showed high activities against this fungus. Internal transcribed spacer, 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), and β-actin and β-tubulin gene sequencing showed that this fungus is most closely related to but distinct from Phialemonium curvata. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the MALDI-TOF MS spectrum of this fungus is most closely related to that of Phialemonium pluriloculosa. We propose a new species, Phialemoniopsis hongkongensis sp. nov., to describe this fungus.
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Abstract
Infections caused by rarely encountered fungal pathogens have increased in recent decades. Phialemonium species are widely distributed in the environment and are also involved in human infections, affecting both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. The present study describes a case of meningitis caused by Phialemonium curvatum.
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Scott EM, Carter RT. Canine keratomycosis in 11 dogs: a case series (2000-2011). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2014; 50:112-8. [PMID: 24446397 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Keratomycosis is rarely reported in dogs. The purpose of this study was to review the signalment, clinical characteristics, predisposing factors, and outcome of 11 cases of canine keratomycosis. Medical records of included dogs were reviewed and follow-up information was obtained by re-examination of patients following their initial diagnosis. All 11 patients possessed predisposing factors for fungal keratitis, including an underlying endocrinopathy, pre-existing corneal disease, intraocular surgery, and/or prolonged use of either topical antibiotics or corticosteroids at the time of initial examination. Diagnostic techniques included corneal cytology demonstrating yeast or hyphae in 6 of 11 eyes, and fungal cultures with positive results in 7 of 11 eyes. Fungal organisms isolated included Cladosporium spp. (n = 1), Chrysosporium spp. (n = 1), Curvularia spp. (n = 2), Aspergillus spp. (n = 1), Penicillium spp. (n = 1), and Phialemonium spp. (n = 1). Of the 11 patients, 6 responded to medical management alone. Two resolved after a superficial keratectomy, and three were enucleated due to either endophthalmitis or progression of corneal disease. This study identified potential risk factors for developing fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Scott
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Phialemonium and Lecythophora isolates from clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:1209-16. [PMID: 21270235 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01979-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several members of the fungal genera Phialemonium and Lecythophora are occasional agents of severe human and animal infections. These species are difficult to identify, and relatively little is known about their frequency in the clinical setting. The objective of this study was to characterize morphologically and molecularly, on the basis of the analysis of large-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences, a set of 68 clinical isolates presumed to belong to these genera. A total of 59 isolates were determined to be Phialemonium species (n = 32) or a related Cephalotheca species (n = 6) or Lecythophora species (n = 20) or a related Coniochaeta species (n = 1). Nine isolates identified to be Acremonium spp. or Phaeoacremonium spp. were excluded from further study. The most common species were Phialemonium obovatum and Phialemonium curvatum, followed by Lecythophora hoffmannii, Cephalotheca foveolata, and Lecythophora mutabilis.
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Isolation and characterization of a new fungal species, Chrysosporium ophiodiicola, from a mycotic granuloma of a black rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta). J Clin Microbiol 2008; 47:1264-8. [PMID: 19109465 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01751-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation and characterization of the new species Chrysosporium ophiodiicola from a mycotic granuloma of a black rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta) are reported. Analysis of the sequences of different fragments of the ribosomal genes demonstrated that this species belongs to the Onygenales and that this species is genetically different from other morphologically similar species of Chrysosporium. This new species is unique in having both narrow and cylindrical-to-slightly clavate conidia and a strong, pungent odor.
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