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Vallée A, Carbonnel M, Ceccaldi PF, Feki A, Ayoubi JM. Postmenopausal endometriosis: a challenging condition beyond menopause. Menopause 2024; 31:447-456. [PMID: 38531006 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000002338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE AND OBJECTIVE Postmenopausal endometriosis is a complex condition that challenges the conventional belief that endometriosis resolves with menopause. Despite the cessation of menstruation, a subset of women continues to experience or develop endometriosis-related symptoms during the postmenopausal period. Thus, this review aimed to shed light on postmenopausal endometriosis, exploring its clinical features, diagnostic considerations, management approaches, and the potential impact on women's health. METHODS PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were used for the research, with only articles in English language, using the following terms: "postmenopausal endometriosis," "menopause," "management," "treatment," and "quality of life," from inception to 2023. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The clinical features of postmenopausal endometriosis include persistent or recurrent pelvic pain, dyspareunia, bowel, or urinary symptoms and, occasionally, abnormal vaginal bleeding. The absence of menstrual cycles presents a diagnostic challenge, as the traditional diagnostic criteria for endometriosis rely on menstrual patterns. Visual cues may be less evident, and the symptoms often overlap with other gynecological conditions, necessitating a thorough evaluation to differentiate postmenopausal endometriosis from other potential causes. Management approaches for postmenopausal endometriosis encompass surgical intervention, hormonal therapies, pain management, and individualized care. Postmenopausal endometriosis significantly impacts the quality of life, sexual health, and long-term well-being of women. Understanding the clinical features, diagnostic challenges, and management approaches of postmenopausal endometriosis is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide effective care and to improve the quality of life of women affected by this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | | | | | - Anis Feki
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Dinu MD, Haj Hamoud B, Amza M, Gorecki GP, Sima RM, Gică N, Pleș L. Endometriosis in Menopausal Women-A New Age Is Coming? Literature Review. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:485. [PMID: 38672755 PMCID: PMC11051166 DOI: 10.3390/life14040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue, that leads to dysmenorrhea, painful intercourse and infertility. The shift in paradigm from the previous belief that endometriosis exclusively impacts women of reproductive age has brought attention to the condition in both premenarchal and postmenopausal women. Currently, 2-4% of postmenopausal women have endometriosis. Many women experience menopausal symptoms during the peri- and postmenopausal periods and require extensive investigations and monitoring in order to avoid the recurrence of endometriosis symptoms or the risk of malignant transformation when treatment with menopausal hormones is elected. Our goal was to compile and present a clear and concise overview of the existing literature on postmenopausal endometriosis, offering an up-to-date and precise summary of the available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai-Daniel Dinu
- Department PhD, IOSUD, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-D.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Bashar Haj Hamoud
- Department for Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Kirrberger Straße 100, Building 9, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Mihaela Amza
- Department PhD, IOSUD, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-D.D.); (M.A.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (N.G.); (L.P.)
- “Bucur” Maternity, Saint John Hospital, 012361 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Romina-Marina Sima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (N.G.); (L.P.)
- “Bucur” Maternity, Saint John Hospital, 012361 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Gică
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (N.G.); (L.P.)
- Filantropia Clinical Hospital Bucharest, 011132 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liana Pleș
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (N.G.); (L.P.)
- “Bucur” Maternity, Saint John Hospital, 012361 Bucharest, Romania
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Sarpietro G, Matarazzo MG, Vecchio GM, Palermo G, Cianci A. Primary vulvar endometriosis in postmenopausal woman: a case report and review of the literature. Minerva Obstet Gynecol 2023; 75:387-389. [PMID: 37458252 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-606x.22.05089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a benign, estrogen-dependent condition that commonly affects women during the reproductive age. Postmenopausal endometriosis is a rare condition because of the absence of estrogenic hormone production. Furthermore, extrapelvic endometriosis is a rare and complex phenomenon. For this reason, it is usually a misdiagnosed disease. An 84-year-old female patient with no medical history of endometriosis or dysmenorrhea and no hormone replacement therapy was found to have a 4.4×3 cm tender, mobile mass on the left labium majus detached from the underlying perineal muscle. The patient underwent surgical excision under sedation and local anesthesia. The mass was easily removed intact and was not adherent to the vagina or the perineal muscles. Surgical resection of the lesion should be performed in order to remove the lesion and to confirm the diagnosis histologically. The diagnosis of long-standing endometriotic cyst was made. Primary vulvo-perineal endometriosis is a rare and difficult diagnosis especially in postmenopausal women without previous surgical procedures and no history of endometriosis. A better awareness of symptoms and signs of uncommon locations of extrapelvic endometriosis should be encouraged in order to optimize patient care. Finally, more research is needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of endometriosis in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sarpietro
- Clinic of Gynecology, Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy -
| | - Maria G Matarazzo
- Clinic of Gynecology, Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giada M Vecchio
- Unit of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaia Palermo
- Clinic of Gynecology, Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Cianci
- Clinic of Gynecology, Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Amer S, Bazmi S. HRT in Women Undergoing Pelvic Clearance for Endometriosis-A Case Report and a National Survey. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12010336. [PMID: 36615134 PMCID: PMC9821579 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women who have undergone pelvic clearance for endometriosis remains uncertain with insufficient evidence. The purpose of this case report and the national survey was to highlight the potential HRT-related risks and to establish current HRT practice in this group of women. The case was a 45-year-old woman presenting with recurrence of severe chronic pelvic pain while on oestrogen-only HRT (EO-HRT) for five years after subtotal hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy for severe endometriosis. MRI revealed multiple peri-cervical endometriomas and severe right hydroureter/hydronephrosis with complete right renal parenchymal loss. The survey was a 21-item questionnaire administered electronically using SurveyMonkey. It was reviewed and approved by British Menopause Society and British Society of Gynaecological endoscopy and was sent to their members as well as NHS Gynaecologists. A total of 216 physicians responded including 120 (55.6%) Gynaecology Consultants and 96 (44.4%) GPs/Nurses in Menopause clinics. Overall, 68.6% of responders prescribe combined HRT (C-HRT), 11.1% tibolone, 13.0% EO-HRT and 7.8% varied HRT. Fifty-one percent prescribe the progestogen component of C-HRT indefinitely, 22% for 3-6 months and 27% for varied durations. In conclusion, this study highlights the real risk of endometriosis recurrence in EO-HRT users after pelvic clearance for endometriosis. The survey revealed that only two thirds of Gynecologists/Menopause practitioners prescribe combined HRT in this group of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Amer
- Division of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(1332)-787161
| | - Subul Bazmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby DE22 3NT, UK
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Endometriosis and Infertility: A Long-Life Approach to Preserve Reproductive Integrity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106162. [PMID: 35627698 PMCID: PMC9141878 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Laparoscopic surgery was originally considered the gold standard in the treatment of endometriosis-related infertility. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) was indicated as second-line treatment or in the case of male factor. The combined approach of surgery followed by ART proved to offer higher chances of pregnancy in infertile women with endometriosis. However, it was highlighted how pelvic surgery for endometriosis, especially in cases of ovarian endometriomas, could cause iatrogenic damage due to ovarian reserve loss, adhesion formation (scarring), and ischemic damage. Furthermore, in the last few years, the trend to delay the first childbirth, recent technological advances in ultrasound diagnosis, and technological progress in clinical and laboratory aspects of ART have certainly influenced the approach to infertility and endometriosis with, ART assuming a more relevant role. Management of endometriosis should take into account that the disease is chronic and involves the reproductive system. Consequently, treatment and counselling should aim to preserve the chances of pregnancy for the patient, even if it is not associated with infertility. This review will analyse the evolution of the management of infertility associated with endometriosis and propose an algorithm for treatment decision-making based on the most recent acquisitions.
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Gosset A, Susini M, Vidal F, Tanguy-Le-Gac Y, Chantalat E, Genre L, Trémollières F. Quality of life of patients with bilateral oophorectomy before the age of 45 for the treatment of endometriosis. Maturitas 2022; 162:52-57. [PMID: 35561587 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study aimed to evaluate the quality of life and associated factors among women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy (BO) before the age of 45 for the treatment of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out in 52 women who were treated from January 2014 to December 2019 in 2 public and private DIE surgical centers in Toulouse. All women answered the Menopausal Quality of Life questionnaire (MenQOL). Mean MenQOL scores were compared according to age at BO, smoking, BMI, level of education, delay between BO and the survey and post-BO hormone replacement therapy (HRT) using Mann-Whitney and Anova tests. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlations between all the MEnQOL domain scores and clinical variables. The variables associated with the outcomes in univariate analyses with p < 0.2 were jointly evaluated using multiple linear regression. RESULTS The mean age at the time of the survey was 43.4 ± 3.4 years while the mean age at BO was 40.5 ± 3.4 years. The mean MenQOL score was 3.96 (± 1.45), with the highest scores in the sexual (4.77) and vasomotor (4.01) domains. BMI and smoking were independently and significantly associated with the mean total MenQOL score, all domain scores being significantly higher in overweight/obese women. A trend towards worse MenQOL scores was found in patients who had BO before the age of 41. We did not find any difference according to whether or not they were taking HRT. CONCLUSION This is a first study evaluating quality of life in a specific population of oophorectomized women under the age of 45 using MenQOL for DIE. While BO is effective in relieving pain in women with severe DIE, the induced premature menopause is associated with a poor quality of life, which deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gosset
- Centre de Ménopause, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, CHU, Toulouse, France.
| | - M Susini
- Centre de Ménopause, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - F Vidal
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, Clinique Croix du Sud, Quint-Fonsegrive, France
| | - Y Tanguy-Le-Gac
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - E Chantalat
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, Hopital Rangueil, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - L Genre
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, Clinique Pasteur, Toulouse, France
| | - F Trémollières
- Centre de Ménopause, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, CHU, Toulouse, France
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Hamoda H. British menopause society tools for clinicians: Progestogens and endometrial protection. Post Reprod Health 2021; 28:40-46. [PMID: 34841960 DOI: 10.1177/20533691211058030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Progestogen administration is required to oppose naturally produced or administered estrogens to provide endometrial protection. Within HRT regimens, this should be delivered for at least the same duration as that produced during the luteal phase of the monthly cycle and in the recommended doses to protect against the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. This includes progestogens administered for 12-14 days a month in sequential regimens and continuous daily intake in continuous combined HRT regimens. Shorter durations and lower doses of progestogen intake are likely to be associated with an increased risk of breakthrough bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
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- King's College Hospital, London, UK
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Rotenberg O, Kuo DYS, Goldberg GL. Use of aromatase inhibitors in menopausal deep endometriosis: a case report and literature review. Climacteric 2021; 25:235-239. [PMID: 34694933 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2021.1990259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report and review the clinical effectiveness of aromatase inhibitors in a patient with refractory, recurrent and infiltrating endometriosis. We demonstrate excellent clinical, radiological and endoscopic responses after failure of multiple other modalities. Our case and the literature show that single-agent letrozole is capable to treat deep infiltrative endometriosis involving the rectum and the urinary tract. The use of aromatase inhibitor treatment of endometriosis in postmenopausal women makes sense, is safe and is well tolerated. Difficult cases of deep infiltrative endometriosis might require use of combined surgical and medical treatment modalities. Multidisciplinary involvement of the gynecologist, bowel surgeon, urologist and invasive radiologist might be needed. Aromatase inhibitors should be considered to be an integral part of the armamentarium in the management of women with endometriosis, especially in refractory cases that have failed conventional therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rotenberg
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - D Y S Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - G L Goldberg
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell and NorthwellHealth, Hempstead, NY, USA
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Bhat SP, Kaliyat S, Laxminarayana KPH, Srinivas T, Venugopala KPH, Shetty JK. Endometriosis: A Clinicopathological Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital. J Lab Physicians 2020; 12:184-190. [PMID: 33268936 PMCID: PMC7684995 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1720946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Endometriosis (EM) is an estrogen-dependent disease characterized by the presence of endometrial gland and stroma outside the uterus. It is commonly seen in the reproductive age group and is a leading cause of infertility. Patients present with chronic pelvic pain, menstrual abnormalities, dyspareunia, or mass per abdomen. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice with postoperative medications and progesterone agents.
Aims and Objectives
This study aims at determining the distribution of EM in terms of age, parity, symptoms, site, morphological features. We also analyzed the management of EM in these cases.
Methodology
This is a retrospective study done in a tertiary care hospital in Mangalore, India. The case records of 77 histopathologically confirmed cases of EM during the 7 years between June 2012 and May 2019 were studied. Demographic profiles, parity, presenting complaints, site of the lesion, morphological features, treatment given, follow-up, and recurrence were noted and analyzed.
Results
Of the 77 patients with EM, the most common age group was the fourth decade (40%). The majority (31, 40.25%) of the patients in this study were nulliparous. Chronic pelvic pain was the most common symptom. The most frequent site was ovary.
Conclusion
The most frequent site of EM is ovary, leading to infertility. With the advent of laparoscopy, early diagnosis and excision have been feasible. The histopathological examination should be done for confirmation. Awareness of this disease among health care professionals is necessary whenever a woman in reproductive age presents with chronic pelvic pain and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha P Bhat
- Department of Pathology, K.S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte-Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sajitha Kaliyat
- Department of Pathology, K.S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte-Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Teerthanath Srinivas
- Department of Pathology, K.S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte-Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Jayaprakash Kubalady Shetty
- Department of Pathology, K.S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte-Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Garg N, Behbehani S, Kosiorek H, Wasson M. Hormone Replacement Therapy Prescription after Premature Surgical Menopause. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2020; 27:1618-1623. [PMID: 32173578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To assess hormone replacement therapy (HRT) prescription pattern in patients undergoing premature surgical menopause on the basis of surgical indication. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Academic tertiary care center. PATIENTS Surgically menopausal patients aged ≤45 years who underwent a minimally invasive hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy. INTERVENTIONS HRT prescription in the 6-week postoperative period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 63 patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 52% (n = 33) were prescribed HRT in the 6-week postoperative period. Indications for surgical menopause included pelvic pain or endometriosis (31.7%), gynecologic malignancy (20.6%), BRCA gene mutation (17.4%), breast cancer (9.5%), Lynch syndrome (4.8%), and other (15.8%). In total, 80% of patients with pelvic pain, 25% with gynecologic malignancies, 45% with BRCA gene mutations, 33.3% with breast cancer, and 66.6% with Lynch syndrome used HRT postoperatively. In patients who used HRT postoperatively, 76% were offered preoperative HRT counseling. This is in contrast with those patients who did not use HRT postoperatively, of whom only 33% were offered HRT counseling (p <.001). Perioperative complications were not predictive of HRT use postoperatively. In patients who did not use HRT postoperatively, 13.3% used alternative nonhormonal therapy. CONCLUSION In patients who underwent premature surgical menopause, 52% used HRT postoperatively. Patients with pelvic pain and Lynch syndrome were more likely to use HRT, whereas those with gynecologic or breast malignancies and BRCA gene mutations were less likely to use HRT. Preoperative HRT counseling was associated with postoperative HRT use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Garg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine (Dr. Garg)
| | - Sadikah Behbehani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Riverside (Dr. Behbehani), California.
| | - Heidi Kosiorek
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale (Ms. Kosiorek)
| | - Megan Wasson
- Department of Gynecology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix (Dr. Wasson), Arizona
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Zanello M, Borghese G, Manzara F, Degli Esposti E, Moro E, Raimondo D, Abdullahi LO, Arena A, Terzano P, Meriggiola MC, Seracchioli R. Hormonal Replacement Therapy in Menopausal Women with History of Endometriosis: A Review of Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55080477. [PMID: 31416164 PMCID: PMC6723930 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) is effective in treating the symptoms of menopause. Endometriosis is defined as the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity with a tendency towards invasion and infiltration. Being an estrogen-dependent disease, it tends to regress after menopause. Nevertheless, it affects up to 2.2% of postmenopausal women. Conclusive data are not available in the literature on the appropriateness of HRT in women with endometriosis or a past history of the disease. The hypothesis that exogenous estrogen stimulation could reactivate endometriotic foci has been proposed. The aim of this state-of-the-art review was to revise the current literature about endometriosis in perimenopause and menopause and to investigate the possible role of HRT in this setting of patients. An electronic databases search (MEDLINE, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, EMBASE, Sciencedirect, the Cochrane Library at the CENTRAL Register of Controlled Trials, Scielo) was performed, with the date range of from each database’s inception until May 2019. All of the studies evaluating the impact of different HRT regimens in patients with a history of endometriosis were selected. 45 articles were found: one Cochrane systematic review, one systematic review, five narrative reviews, two clinical trials, two retrospective cohort studies, 34 case reports and case series. Some authors reported an increased risk of malignant transformation of endometriomas after menopause in patients assuming HRT with unopposed estrogen. Low-quality evidence suggests that HRT can be prescribed to symptomatic women with a history of endometriosis, especially in young patients with premature menopause. Continuous or cyclic combined preparations or tibolone are the best choices. HRT improves quality of life in symptomatic post-menopausal women, who should not be denied the replacement therapy only due to their history of endometriosis. Based on low-grade literature evidence, we recommend to prescribe combined HRT schemes; tibolone could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Zanello
- Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Borghese
- Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Manzara
- Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Eugenia Degli Esposti
- Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Moro
- Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Diego Raimondo
- Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Layla Omar Abdullahi
- Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arena
- Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Terzano
- Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Meriggiola
- Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Seracchioli
- Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Niiro E, Kawahara N, Yamada Y, Yoshimoto C, Shimada K, Sudo T, Kobayashi H. Immunohistochemical expression of CD44v9 and 8‐OHdG in ovarian endometrioma and the benign endometriotic lesions adjacent to clear cell carcinoma. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2019; 45:2260-2266. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Niiro
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNara Medical University Nara Japan
| | - Naoki Kawahara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNara Medical University Nara Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNara Medical University Nara Japan
| | - Chiharu Yoshimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNara Medical University Nara Japan
| | - Keiji Shimada
- Department of Diagnostic PathologyNara City Hospital Nara Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sudo
- Section of Translational Research, Hyogo Cancer Center Hyogo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNara Medical University Nara Japan
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Marie-Scemama L, Even M, De La Joliniere JB, Ayoubi JM. Endometriosis and the menopause: why the question merits our full attention. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2019; 37:hmbci-2018-0071. [PMID: 30913034 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As an estrogen-dependent disease, endometriosis was thought to become less active or regress with the onset of the menopause. However, based on some new data, we are discovering that this pathology can emerge or reappear at this period of life. Clinicians must consider it as a possible cause for cases of pelvic pain, and heavy bleeding. Authors have described a possibility of transformation of the intraperitoneal proliferation into a malignant type with ovarian, bowel and even lung metastasis. The risk of transformation into an ovarian cancer is around 2 or 3%. The role of menopausal hormonal therapy will be discussed as in recurrence in the case of residue existence, especially after incomplete surgery. Is it possible to prescribe hormonal therapy to a menopausal women suffering climacteric symptoms as it could trigger a recurrence of endometriosis and even an increased risk of malignant degeneration? This remains unclear. It is an unresolved therapeutic dilemma; the choice between surgery or medical treatment?
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Marie-Scemama
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, 40 rue Worth Suresnes, France.,Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Marc Even
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, 40 rue Worth Suresnes, France.,Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Ayoubi
- Gynécologie - Obstétrique & Médecine de la Reproduction, Faculté de Paris Ouest UVSQ Hôpital Foch jm, Suresnes, France
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Vercellini P, Facchin F, Buggio L, Barbara G, Berlanda N, Frattaruolo MP, Somigliana E. Management of Endometriosis: Toward Value-Based, Cost-Effective, Affordable Care. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2018; 40:726-749.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Tan DA, Almaria MJG. Postmenopausal endometriosis: drawing a clearer clinical picture. Climacteric 2018; 21:249-255. [DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1450855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Tan
- Section of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Luke’s Medical Center-Quezon City, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - M. J. G. Almaria
- Section of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Luke’s Medical Center-Quezon City, Quezon City, Philippines
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16
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Arkerson BJ, Wyckoff ET, Moawad NS. Vaginal Cuff Endometriosis with Endometrial Hyperplasia: A Rare Cause of Post-Hysterectomy Vaginal Bleeding. J Gynecol Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/gyn.2017.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erich T. Wyckoff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Nash S. Moawad
- Section of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
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17
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Ozyurek ES, Yoldemir T, Kalkan U. Surgical challenges in the treatment of perimenopausal and postmenopausal endometriosis. Climacteric 2018; 21:385-390. [DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1439913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Ozyurek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bagcilar Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - T. Yoldemir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marmara University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - U. Kalkan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Egemed Hospital, Aydin, Turkey
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18
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Gemmell LC, Webster KE, Kirtley S, Vincent K, Zondervan KT, Becker CM. The management of menopause in women with a history of endometriosis: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 23:481-500. [PMID: 28498913 PMCID: PMC5850813 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is typically regarded as a premenopausal disease, resolving after natural or iatrogenic menopause due to declining oestrogen levels. Nonetheless, case reports over the years have highlighted the incidence of recurrent postmenopausal endometriosis. It is now clear that both recurrence and malignant transformation of endometriotic foci can occur in the postmenopausal period. Postmenopausal women are commonly treated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to treat climacteric symptoms and prevent bone loss; however, HRT may reactivate endometriosis and stimulate malignant transformation in women with a history of endometriosis. Given the uncertain risks of initiating HRT, it is difficult to determine the best menopausal management for this group of women. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONAL The aim of this study was to systematically review the existing literature on management of menopausal symptoms in women with a history of endometriosis. We also aimed to evaluate the published literature on the risks associated with HRT in these women, and details regarding optimal formulations and timing (i.e. initiation and duration) of HRT. SEARCH METHODS Four electronic databases (MEDLINE via OVID, Embase via OVID, PsycINFO via OVID and CINAHL via EbscoHost) were searched from database inception until June 2016, using a combination of relevant controlled vocabulary terms and free-text terms related to 'menopause' and 'endometriosis'. Inclusion criteria were: menopausal women with a history of endometriosis and menopausal treatment including HRT or other preparations. Case reports/series, observational studies and clinical trials were included. Narrative review articles, organizational guidelines and conference abstracts were excluded, as were studies that did not report on any form of menopausal management. Articles were assessed for risk of bias and quality using GRADE criteria. OUTCOMES We present a synthesis of the existing case reports of endometriosis recurrence or malignant transformation in women undergoing treatment for menopausal symptoms. We highlight common presenting symptoms, potential risk factors and outcomes amongst the studies. Sparse high-quality evidence was identified, with few observational studies and only two randomized controlled trials. Given this paucity of data, no definitive conclusions can be drawn concerning risk. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Due to the lack of high-quality studies, it remains unclear how to advise women with a history of endometriosis regarding the management of menopausal symptoms. The absolute risk of disease recurrence and malignant transformation cannot be quantified, and the impact of HRT use on these outcomes is not known. Multicentre randomized trials or large observational studies are urgently needed to inform clinicians and patients alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Gemmell
- Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - K E Webster
- Endometriosis CaRe Centre, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Women's Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - S Kirtley
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - K Vincent
- Endometriosis CaRe Centre, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Women's Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - K T Zondervan
- Endometriosis CaRe Centre, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Women's Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - C M Becker
- Endometriosis CaRe Centre, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Women's Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Streuli I, Gaitzsch H, Wenger JM, Petignat P. Endometriosis after menopause: physiopathology and management of an uncommon condition. Climacteric 2017; 20:138-143. [PMID: 28286987 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2017.1284781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a hormone-dependent inflammatory disease that is usually characterized by infertility and pain symptoms. This disease mainly occurs during the reproductive years and is rarely diagnosed after menopause. We discuss the physiopathology of this condition after menopause as well as treatment options and the risk of malignant transformation. Occurrence or progression of postmenopausal endometriosis lesions could be related to extra-ovarian production of estrogen by endometriosis lesions and adipose tissue, which becomes the major estrogen-producing tissue after menopause. Postmenopausal women with symptomatic endometriosis should be managed surgically because of the risk of malignancy; medical treatments can be used in cases of pain recurrence after surgery. Aromatase inhibitors act by decreasing extra-ovarian estrogen production and by blocking the feed-forward stimulation loop between inflammation and aromatase within endometriosis lesions. The evidence is currently insufficient to support a conclusion about the optimal hormone replacement therapy for women with endometriosis. The question of malignant transformation of endometriosis in response to hormone replacement therapy in women with a history of endometriosis remains unanswered and needs a long-term follow-up study to evaluate the risk of an adverse outcome. Further studies should be performed to determine the optimal management of menopausal women with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Streuli
- a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , University Hospitals of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - H Gaitzsch
- a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , University Hospitals of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - J-M Wenger
- a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , University Hospitals of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - P Petignat
- a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , University Hospitals of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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Polycythaemia Secondary to Hormone Replacement Therapy with Tibolone. Case Rep Hematol 2017; 2017:3476349. [PMID: 29090100 PMCID: PMC5635276 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3476349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the case report of a patient with severe polycythaemia associated with tibolone. In our 65-year-old postmenopausal patient who initially presented with haemoglobin 203 g/L [115–160] and haematocrit 0.63 [0.32–0.47], the cessation of tibolone, a synthetic hormone replacement therapy, led to a dramatic and sustained resolution of this patient's polycythaemia to normal haematological values. Tibolone possesses oestrogenic, androgenic, and progestogenic properties. Tibolone therapy may be an infrequently recognized contributor towards polycythaemia in postmenopausal patients presenting to haematology clinics.
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21
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Thomsen LH, Schnack TH, Buchardi K, Hummelshoj L, Missmer SA, Forman A, Blaakaer J. Risk factors of epithelial ovarian carcinomas among women with endometriosis: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2016; 96:761-778. [DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Line H. Thomsen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Tine H. Schnack
- Gynecologic and Obstetric Department; Rigshospitalet University Hospital of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | - Stacey A. Missmer
- Department of Obstetrics; Gynecology and Reproductive Biology College of Human Medicine; Michigan State University; Boston MA USA
- Department of Epidemiology; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - Axel Forman
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Jan Blaakaer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
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22
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The use of Hormone Therapy after Surgery for Endometriosis: An Analysis. JOURNAL OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND PELVIC PAIN DISORDERS 2016. [DOI: 10.5301/je.5000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Estrogen dependence is considered central to the development and progression of endometriosis, which is often viewed as a disease of the premenopausal years, normally regressing after menopause. However, there have been several reports of postmenopausal endometriosis occurring with and without the use of hormone therapy (HT). Objective This review aimed to answer the question of whether it is prudent to offer HT for women with a past history of surgical endometriosis. What are the risks? What type of HT should be given? Methods A review of the medical literature available in Pubmed, EMBASE, Google scholar, Lilacs, Medline and Cochrane Library databases was performed by selecting articles published in the last ten years, written in any language. The keywords used were endometriosis, menopause, and hormone therapy. In all, 36 articles were found from 2006 to 2016, and their potential relevance to this review was examined. We found 20 literature reviews, 2 retrospective studies, 2 randomized controlled trials and 12 case reports. Results There is some risk of endometriosis recurrence after the menopause in patients who receive HT; particularly with estrogen-only therapy. Conclusions The existing literature is inadequate to firmly answer our questions. However it is clear that some risk of recurrence exists. Nevertheless, it is suggested that it is reasonable to prescribe HT to women with a history of surgical endometriosis. Recurrences may occur even in the absence of using HT. It is suggested that in women with severe disease the use of estrogen plus progestogen is safer than estrogen alone. Malignant transformation may occur 1% of the time and may be of greater concern with using estrogen alone, warranting close surveillance in all women.
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23
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24
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Kent A, Shakir F, Rockall T, Haines P, Pearson C, Rae-Mitchell W, Jan H. Laparoscopic Surgery for Severe Rectovaginal Endometriosis Compromising the Bowel: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016; 23:526-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Krawczyk N, Banys-Paluchowski M, Schmidt D, Ulrich U, Fehm T. Endometriosis-associated Malignancy. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2016; 76:176-181. [PMID: 26941451 PMCID: PMC4771509 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1558239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common condition in women of reproductive age. According to several epidemiological studies endometriosis may be associated with increased risk of various malignancies. However, endometriosis-associated malignancy (EAM) is defined by certain histological criteria. About 80 % of EAM have been found in the ovary, whereas 20 % are localized in extragonadal sites like intestine, rectovaginal septum, abdominal wall, pleura and others. Some authors suggest that EAM arise from atypical endometriosis as an intermediate lesion between endometriosis and cancer. Moreover, a number of genetic alterations, like loss of heterozygosity (LOH), PTEN, ARID1 A and p53 mutations have been found in both endometriosis and EAM. Endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC) is mostly a well or intermediately differentiated tumor of endometrioid or clear cell histological sub-type. Women affected by EAOC are on average five to ten years younger than non-EAOC patients; in most of the cases EAOC is a low stage disease with favorable clinical outcome. Since EAM is a rare condition systematic data on EAM are still missing. A systematic retrospective study on endometriosis-associated malignancies (EAM study) is currently being conducted by the Endometriosis Research Foundation together with the study groups on ovarian and uterine tumors of the working group for gynecological oncology (AGO) (gyn@mlk-berlin.de).
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Krawczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf
| | - M. Banys-Paluchowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marienkrankenhaus Hamburg, Hamburg
| | - D. Schmidt
- Synlab MVZ Pathologie Mannheim GmbH, A2, 2, Mannheim
| | - U. Ulrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Martin Luther Hospital, Berlin
| | - T. Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf
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26
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Hormone replacement therapy after treatment for a gynaecological malignancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2016; 28:32-41. [DOI: 10.1097/gco.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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27
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Ulrich U, Buchweitz O, Greb R, Keckstein J, von Leffern I, Oppelt P, Renner SP, Sillem M, Stummvoll W, De Wilde RL, Schweppe KW. National German Guideline (S2k): Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometriosis: Long Version - AWMF Registry No. 015-045. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2014; 74:1104-1118. [PMID: 26157194 PMCID: PMC4470398 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1383187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this guideline, recommendations and standards for optimum diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis are presented. They are based on the analysis of the available scientific evidence as published in prospective randomized and retrospective studies as well as in systematic reviews. The guideline working group consisted of experts from Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Ulrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Martin Luther Hospital,
Berlin
| | - O. Buchweitz
- Gynecological Outpatient Surgery Altonaer Straße, Hamburg
| | - R. Greb
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Dortmund
| | - J. Keckstein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Hospital,
Villach
| | - I. von Leffern
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albertinen Hospital,
Hamburg
| | - P. Oppelt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Womenʼs and
Childrenʼs Hospital, Linz
| | - S. P. Renner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Erlangen School
of Medicine
| | - M. Sillem
- Gynecological Practice and Clinic Rosengarten, Mannheim
| | - W. Stummvoll
- Departement of Gynecology, Hospital of the Sisters of Mercy,
Linz
| | - R.-L. De Wilde
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Gynecologic Oncology, Pius
Hospital Oldenburg, University of Oldenburg School of Medicine
| | - K.-W. Schweppe
- Endometriosis Center Ammerland, Ammerland Clinic,
Westerstede
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28
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Endometriosis patients in the postmenopausal period: pre- and postmenopausal factors influencing postmenopausal health. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:746705. [PMID: 24987703 PMCID: PMC4058668 DOI: 10.1155/2014/746705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate patients' health status and the course of endometriosis from the premenopausal to the postmenopausal period and evaluate influencing factors that may be relevant. Methods. Questionnaire completed by 35 postmenopausal women in whom endometriosis had been histologically confirmed premenopausally. Correlation and regression analyses were carried out to identify factors relevant to their postmenopausal health status. Results. Overall, there was clear improvement in typical endometriosis symptoms and sexual life. Clear associations (P < 0.005) were observed between premenopausal factors like physical limitations caused by the disease, impaired social contacts and psychological problems, and postmenopausal pain and impairment of sexual life. Three statistical models for assessing pain and impairment of sexual life in the postmenopausal period were calculated on the basis of clinical symptoms in the premenopausal period, with a very high degree of accuracy (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.833/0.857/0.931). Conclusions. The results of the survey strongly suggest that physical fitness and freedom from physical restrictions, a good social environment, and psychological care in both the premenopausal and postmenopausal periods lead to marked improvements in the postmenopausal period with regard to pain, dyspareunia, and influence on sexual life in endometriosis patients.
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29
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Jeon DS, Kim TH, Lee HH, Byun DW. Endometriosis in a postmenopausal woman on hormonal replacement therapy. J Menopausal Med 2013; 19:151-3. [PMID: 25371883 PMCID: PMC4217556 DOI: 10.6118/jmm.2013.19.3.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a benign disease and an estrogen-dependent disease. Postmenopausal endometriosis is rare, because the absence of estrogenic hormone production. We report a case of endometriosis presenting in a postmenopausal woman with no history of endometriosis before hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Su Jeon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Buchon, Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Buchon, Korea
| | - Hae-Hyeog Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Buchon, Korea
| | - Dong Won Byun
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Brosens I, Puttemans P, Benagiano G. Endometriosis: a life cycle approach? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209:307-16. [PMID: 23500453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To improve the still fragmented understanding of endometriosis, a life cycle approach was adopted that revealed unexpected aspects of the natural history of the disease throughout a woman's life. Three age-related stages of endometriosis are distinguished. In premenarcheal and adolescent endometriosis, 2 types can be distinguished: a classic form that can occur before menarche, and a congenital obstructive form that is caused by uterine anomaly and outflow obstruction. The lesions include superficial peritoneal implants, but adhesions and endometrioma can also occur. It is suggested that premenarcheal and possibly adolescent endometriosis develop by activation of resting stem cells shed at the time of neonatal retrograde uterine bleeding. In the adult, endometriosis can be related to uterine preconditioning by cyclic menstruations acting as a priming mechanism for deep placentation. In adult life, the typical lesions are peritoneal, ovarian, and deep or adenomyotic endometriosis. More recently, endometriosis has been associated with endometrial dysfunction and myometrial junctional zone hyperplasia. These uterine changes can be linked with some major obstetrical syndromes. In postmenopause, endometriosis can develop or be reactivated both in the presence or absence of exogenous estrogens and can spread to a variety of organs and structures causing constrictive lesions.
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31
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Ulrich U, Buchweitz O, Greb R, Keckstein J, von Leffern I, Oppelt P, Renner SP, Sillem M, Stummvoll W, Schweppe KW. Interdisciplinary S2k Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometriosis: Short Version - AWMF Registry No. 015-045, August 2013. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2013; 73:890-898. [PMID: 24771938 PMCID: PMC3975317 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1350810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- U Ulrich
- Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Martin-Luther-Krankenhaus, Berlin
| | | | - R Greb
- Kinderwunschzentrum Dortmund, Dortmund
| | - J Keckstein
- Abteilung für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Landeskrankenhaus, Villach
| | - I von Leffern
- Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Albertinen-Krankenhaus, Hamburg
| | - P Oppelt
- Abteilung für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Landesfrauen- und Kinderklinik, Linz
| | - S P Renner
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - M Sillem
- Praxisklinik am Rosengarten, Mannheim
| | - W Stummvoll
- vormals Abteilung für Gynäkologie, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Schwestern, Linz
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32
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Endometriosis in menopause: a single institution experience. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286:1571-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-012-2473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Potential mechanisms of postmenopausal endometriosis. Maturitas 2012; 72:214-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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34
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Haas D, Chvatal R, Reichert B, Renner S, Shebl O, Binder H, Wurm P, Oppelt P. Endometriosis: a premenopausal disease? Age pattern in 42,079 patients with endometriosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286:667-70. [PMID: 22562384 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-012-2361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives of this study were to examine the age distribution among women suffering from endometriosis and to establish that endometriosis is not a disease that occurs only in premenopausal women. The null hypothesis was that there are also postmenopausal women with endometriosis. METHODS In a retrospective epidemiological study, a descriptive analysis of data from the Federal Statistical Office in Germany for 2005 and 2006 was carried out. A total of 42,079 women in Germany were admitted for surgical treatment due to histologically confirmed endometriosis during this period. The patients' age distribution was examined and they were assigned to 5-year age groups and then to premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal subgroups. RESULTS A total of 20,835 women in 2005 and 21,244 in 2006 were admitted to hospital for the treatment of endometriosis. In the premenopausal group (age 0-45 years), there were 33,814 patients (80.36 %); 23 patients (0.05 %) in this premenopausal group were younger than 15. There were 7,191 patients (17.09 %) in the perimenopausal group (45-55 years), and the postmenopausal group (55-95 years) included 1,074 patients (2.55 %). CONCLUSIONS The assumption that endometriosis is a disease of the premenopausal period and in women of reproductive age needs to be called into question, as well as the influence of estrogen in fully developed endometriosis. Due to the relatively high prevalence of the condition in patients aged over 40, physicians should consider endometriosis in cases of unclear pelvic pain in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Haas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linz General Hospital, Krankenhausstrasse 9, 4021, Linz, Austria
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Clinical Management of Ovarian Endometriotic Cyst (Chocolate Cyst): Diagnosis, Medical Treatment, and Minimally Invasive Surgery. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-011-0002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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36
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Medikamentöse Therapie der chronischen Endometriose. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-011-0441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang TT, Jabbour RJ, Girling JC, McDonald PJ. Extraluminal bowel obstruction by endometrioid adenocarcinoma 34 years post-hysterectomy: risks of unopposed oestrogen therapy. J R Soc Med 2011; 104:421-3. [PMID: 21969480 DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.2011.110057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim T Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Northwick Park & St Mark's Hospitals, Harrow, UK.
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38
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Gelbaya TA, Nardo LG. Evidence-based management of endometrioma. Reprod Biomed Online 2011; 23:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Coccia ME, Rizzello F, Gianfranco S. Does Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation in Women with a History of Endometriosis Influence Recurrence Rate? J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010; 19:2063-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2009.1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabetta Coccia
- Department of Gynaecology, Perinatology and Human Reproduction, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzello
- Department of Medical Pathophysiology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Scarselli Gianfranco
- Department of Gynaecology, Perinatology and Human Reproduction, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Biglia N, Maffei S, Lello S, Nappi RE. Tibolone in postmenopausal women: a review based on recent randomised controlled clinical trials. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010; 26:804-14. [PMID: 20586550 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2010.495437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To critically discuss the use of tibolone (T), in light of a series of very recent double-blind placebo (PL) controlled trials (LISA, LIFT, OPAL, THEBES, LIBERATE) conducted worldwide in a large number of postmenopausal women (PMW). METHODS The most relevant publications on T therapy in PMW were considered with emphasis on menopausal symptoms, quality of life, sexuality, bone, cardiovascular system (CVS) and oncologic risk. RESULTS T significantly relieves climacteric symptoms and improves mood and sexual well-being (LISA). T is as effective as estrogen-progestin therapy in preventing bone loss and reducing the relative risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures (LIFT). By using surrogate endpoints of the individual risks for the CVS, studies show mixed results, but a favourable effect on acute miocardial infarction and thromboembolism has been documented (THEBES, LIFT, OPAL). Although findings about endometrial and colon cancer are reassuring, conclusive data on breast cancer risk with T are not available and an increased risk of recurrence in women with previous breast cancer emerged (LIBERATE). CONCLUSIONS T is effective in treating menopausal syndrome with a good tolerability profile. In spite of some unsolved issues in term of safety, T is still a good treatment option for early PMW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Biglia
- Gynecological Oncology Department, University of Turin, Mauriziano Umberto I Hospital, Turin, Italy
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41
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Moen MH, Rees M, Brincat M, Erel T, Gambacciani M, Lambrinoudaki I, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Tremollieres F, Vujovic S, Rozenberg S. EMAS position statement: Managing the menopause in women with a past history of endometriosis. Maturitas 2010; 67:94-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Surgical Management of Recurrent Ureteric Endometriosis Causing Recurrent Hypertension In a Postmenopausal Woman. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2010; 17:100-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Malignant transformation of residual endometriosis after hysterectomy: a case series. Fertil Steril 2009; 92:2037.e19-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Palep-Singh M, Gupta S. Endometriosis: associations with menopause, hormone replacement therapy and cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 15:169-74. [DOI: 10.1258/mi.2009.009041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent condition and is characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue. The pathogenesis of this condition remains an enigma. Endometriosis has well known associations with menopause both in terms of secondary outcomes from medical and surgical therapy in premenopausal women, as well as a natural occurrence/recurrence of the disease in women going through menopause naturally. This review article aims to discuss the current day modalities of management of endometriosis with their pros and cons especially in the context of menopause and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Palep-Singh
- Department of Gynaecology, Saint Mary's University Hospital, CMMC NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Sujata Gupta
- Department of Gynaecology, Saint Mary's University Hospital, CMMC NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
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45
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Ovarian cancer in endometriosis: molecular biology, pathology, and clinical management. Int J Clin Oncol 2009; 14:383-91. [PMID: 19856044 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-009-0935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent molecular and pathological evidence suggests that endometriosis is a monoclonal, neoplastic disease. Moreover, endometriosis serves as a precursor of ovarian cancer (endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer; EAOC), especially of the endometrioid and clear cell subtypes. Although a variety of molecular events, such as p53 alteration, PTEN silencing, K-ras mutations, and HNF-1 activation, have been identified in EAOC, its precise carcinogenic mechanism remains poorly understood. Our recent data indicate that microenvironmental factors, including oxidative stress and inflammation, play an important role in the carcinogenesis and phenotype of EAOC. The management of endometriosis from the standpoint of EAOC is not standardized yet. To this end, clarification of the precise natural course and the risk factors that contribute to malignant transformation remain important goals. Among the phenotypes of EAOC, clear cell carcinoma, seems to require a specific treatment strategy, including molecular targeting.
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Hickey M, Ambekar M, Hammond I. Should the ovaries be removed or retained at the time of hysterectomy for benign disease? Hum Reprod Update 2009; 16:131-41. [PMID: 19793841 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilateral oophorectomy is commonly performed at the time of hysterectomy for benign disease. Indications for oophorectomy vary, but in most cases relatively little high-quality information is available to inform the surgeon or patient regarding the relative risks and benefits of ovarian conservation or removal. This review will address the common clinical situations when oophorectomy may be performed and will evaluate the evidence for risk and benefit in each of these circumstances. The aim of this review is to bring together the evidence regarding oophorectomy in pre- and post-menopausal women and to highlight the areas needing further study. METHODS We searched the published literature for studies related to outcomes following surgical menopause, risk-reducing surgery for ovarian cancer, surgical treatment for endometriosis, bilateral oophorectomy for benign disease and treatment for premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder. RESULTS Rates of oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy for benign disease appear to be increasing. There is good evidence to support bilateral salpingoophorectomy (BSO) as a risk-reducing surgery for women at high risk of ovarian cancer, but relatively little evidence to support oophorectomy or BSO in other circumstances. There is growing evidence from observational studies that surgical menopause may impact negatively on future cardiovascular, psychosexual, cognitive and mental health. CONCLUSION Clinicians and patients should fully consider the relative risks and benefits of oophorectomy on an individual basis prior to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hickey
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia.
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Vercellini P, Somigliana E, Viganò P, Abbiati A, Barbara G, Crosignani PG. Endometriosis: current therapies and new pharmacological developments. Drugs 2009; 69:649-75. [PMID: 19405548 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200969060-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition that is responsive to management with steroids. The establishment of a steady hormonal environment and inhibition of ovulation can temporarily suppress ectopic implants and reduce inflammation as well as associated pain symptoms. In terms of pharmacological management, the currently available agents are not curative, and treatment often needs to be continued for years or until pregnancy is desired. Similar efficacy has been observed from the various therapies that have been investigated for endometriosis. Accordingly, combined oral contraceptives and progestins, based on their favourable safety profile, tolerability and cost, should be considered as first-line options, as an alternative to surgery and for post-operative adjuvant use. In situations where progestins and oral contraceptives prove ineffective, are poorly tolerated or are contraindicated, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues, danazol or gestrinone may be used. Future therapeutic options for managing endometriosis must compare favourably against existing agents before they can be considered for inclusion into current practice. Finally, as reproductive prognosis is not ameliorated by medical treatment, it is not indicated for women seeking conception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Vercellini
- Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica I, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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48
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Vercellini P, Barbara G, Abbiati A, Somigliana E, Viganò P, Fedele L. Repetitive surgery for recurrent symptomatic endometriosis: what to do? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 146:15-21. [PMID: 19482404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the increasing number of operative laparoscopies performed for endometriosis associated pelvic pain, postoperative symptomatic recurrences are very common. Reoperation is often considered the best treatment option, but the extent and duration of the effect of second-line surgery is still unclear. The best available evidence has been reviewed in order to define the results of repetitive conservative surgery, the effects of pelvic denervating procedures and postoperative medical treatments, as well as the long-term outcome of definitive surgery. Because of the paucity of published data, estimating the real risk of symptomatic recurrence and need for reoperation after repetitive conservative surgery for endometriosis is very difficult. Based on the limited information available, the long-term outcome appears suboptimal, with a cumulative probability of pain recurrence between 20% and 40%, and of a further surgical procedure between 15% and 20%. These figures are probably an underestimate related to drawbacks in study design, exclusions of dropouts, and publication bias and should be considered with caution. Systematic complementary performance of denervating procedures in addition to reoperation cannot be recommended, as only a few symptomatic patients complain of predominantly midline, hypo-gastric pain. The outcome of hysterectomy for endometriosis-associated pain at medium-term follow-up seems quite satisfactory. Nevertheless, about 15% of patients had persistent symptoms, and 3-5% experienced worsening of pain. Concomitant bilateral oophorectomy reduced the risk of reoperation due to recurrent pelvic pain by six times. However, at least one gonad should be preserved in young women, especially in those with objections to the use of oestrogen-progestogens. Medical treatment appears to have limited and inconsistent effects when used for only a few months after conservative procedures. Data on the benefit of prolonged drug regimens with oral contraceptives or progestogen are lacking. The risk of recurrence of endometriosis during hormone replacement therapy seems marginal if combined preparations or tibolone are used and oestrogen-only treatments are avoided. The opportune surgical solution in women with recurrent symptoms after previous conservative procedures for endometriosis should be based on the desire for conception as well as on psychological characteristics. Studies on surgical management of recurrent rectovaginal endometriosis are warranted, due to the peculiar technical difficulties as well as the high risk of complications associated with this challenging disease form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Vercellini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milan, Istituto Luigi Mangiagalli, Via Commenda 12-20122 Milan, Italy.
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Nappi RE, Polatti F. Continuing Medical Education: The Use of Estrogen Therapy in Women's Sexual Functioning (CME). J Sex Med 2009; 6:603-16; quiz 618-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Ronga AB, Najia SK, Sahasrabudhe N, Prescott R, Buruiana FE, Heazell A. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma presenting in a patient 18 years after hysterectomy: a potential hazard of unopposed oestrogen therapy. BMJ Case Rep 2009; 2009:bcr05.2009.1829. [PMID: 21841948 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.05.2009.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of endometrioid adenocarcinoma arising from extragonadal endometriosis 18 years after total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. After the primary surgery the patient received 11 years of unopposed oestrogen hormone replacement therapy. She presented with symptoms of urinary retention and pelvic mass. Following resection, histopathology identified the mass as an endometrioid adenocarcinoma. The association between persistent endometriosis and the development of endometrial cancer are discussed here together with the risks of unopposed oestrogen in the development of such lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Bedoya Ronga
- Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Flat C, 17-19 Guildford Street, Luton LU1 2NQ, UK
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