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Farran N, Darwish H. Validation of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) in Arabic. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:1006. [PMID: 38131862 PMCID: PMC10740462 DOI: 10.3390/bs13121006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reserve is the adaptability of cognitive processes in the face of brain aging and pathology. This study aimed to validate the Arabic version of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) in a healthy Lebanese sample. CRIq assesses cognitive reserve through three domains: education, working activity, and leisure time. Statistical measures, including descriptive and regression analysis along with structural equation modeling, were utilized to investigate the convergent and discriminant validity of the CRIq, incorporating fluid intelligence (Gf) and measures of cognitive function, long-term memory encoding and retrieval (Glr), and processing speed (Gs). Results from 174 participants revealed that the activities assessed by the CRIq-Arabic were comparable to the original CRIq study, with slight cultural differences. The internal consistency of the CRIq-Arabic was good (Cronbach's α = 0.88), indicating reliability. Convergent validity was confirmed, with moderate to high loadings on the cognitive reserve latent construct. Discriminant validity was supported as correlations between cognitive reserve variables and non-target constructs (Gf, Glr, and Gs) were less than 1. The findings provide an initial psychometric validation of the CRIq-Arabic. Further research of clinical samples is needed to enhance its utility in neuropsychological practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Farran
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AB, UK
| | - Hala Darwish
- Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, School of Nursing and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Mondini S, Pucci V, Pastore M, Gaggi O, Tricomi PP, Nucci M. s-CRIq: the online short version of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:2903-2910. [PMID: 37733229 PMCID: PMC10721653 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wide use of the term Cognitive Reserve (CR) is in need of a clear and shared definition of its concept and of the development of new tools, quick and easy to use and updated for the people of today. This study describes the online short CRIq (s-CRIq), the new shorter version of the CRIq, following an item analysis revision, and compares the data distribution of different samples. METHODS The s-CRIq was administered online to 435 people while another 440 filled out the s-CRIq in self-administration. A further 588 participants had been administered the original paper-and-pencil long CRIq and 344 the online long CRIq. RESULTS The major difference in the databases of s-CRIq versus the long versions is an increased score in education and in leisure activity. However, the density distributions of the total score of CRI in the 4 databases share 64% of their areas, and at least two of them share 84%. CONCLUSION The s-CRIq proved to be a simple and easy-to-administer tool. Similarly, to the original version, the s-CRIq is freely available on the web, and it is our hope that it will be of fruitful use for researchers and clinicians alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mondini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, FISPPA, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Veronica Pucci
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, FISPPA, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ombretta Gaggi
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Tricomi
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Nucci
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, DPG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Rosenich E, Hordacre B, Paquet C, Koblar SA, Hillier SL. Cognitive Reserve as an Emerging Concept in Stroke Recovery. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020; 34:187-199. [PMID: 32089097 DOI: 10.1177/1545968320907071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. It is a complex and largely heterogeneous condition. Prognosis for variations in impairment and recovery following stroke continues to be challenging and inaccurate, highlighting the need to examine the influence of other currently unknown variables to better predict and understand interindividual differences in stroke impairment and recovery. The concept of "cognitive reserve," a feature of brain function said to moderate the relationship between brain pathology and clinical outcomes, might provide a partial explanation. This review discusses the potential significance of cognitive reserve in the context of stroke, with reference to reduced burden of disability poststroke, health promotion, intervention and secondary prevention of cognitive impairment, ease and challenges of translation into clinical practice, prognosis and prediction of recovery, and clinical decisions and trial stratification. Discussions from the review aim to encourage stroke clinicians and researchers to better consider the role of premorbid, lifestyle-related variables, such as cognitive reserve, in facilitating successful neurological outcomes and recovery following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rosenich
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brenton Hordacre
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Paquet
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon A Koblar
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Susan L Hillier
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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van Loenhoud AC, van der Flier WM, Wink AM, Dicks E, Groot C, Twisk J, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Ossenkoppele R. Cognitive reserve and clinical progression in Alzheimer disease: A paradoxical relationship. Neurology 2019; 93:e334-e346. [PMID: 31266904 PMCID: PMC6669930 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between cognitive reserve (CR) and clinical progression across the Alzheimer disease (AD) spectrum. METHODS We selected 839 β-amyloid (Aβ)-positive participants with normal cognition (NC, n = 175), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 437), or AD dementia (n = 227) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). CR was quantified using standardized residuals (W scores) from a (covariate-adjusted) linear regression with global cognition (13-item Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale) as an independent variable of interest, and either gray matter volumes or white matter hyperintensity volume as dependent variables. These W scores, reflecting whether an individual's degree of cerebral damage is lower or higher than clinically expected, were tested as predictors of diagnostic conversion (i.e., NC to MCI/AD dementia, or MCI to AD dementia) and longitudinal changes in memory (ADNI-MEM) and executive functions (ADNI-EF). RESULTS The median follow-up period was 24 months (interquartile range 6-42). Corrected for age, sex, APOE4 status, and baseline cerebral damage, higher gray matter volume-based W scores (i.e., greater CR) were associated with a lower diagnostic conversion risk (hazard ratio [HR] 0.22, p < 0.001) and slower decline in memory (β = 0.48, p < 0.001) and executive function (β = 0.67, p < 0.001). Stratified by disease stage, we found similar results for NC (diagnostic conversion: HR 0.30, p = 0.038; ADNI-MEM: β = 0.52, p = 0.028; ADNI-EF: β = 0.42, p = 0.077) and MCI (diagnostic conversion: HR 0.21, p < 0.001; ADNI-MEM: β = 0.43, p = 0.003; ADNI-EF: β = 0.59, p < 0.001), but opposite findings (i.e., more rapid decline) for AD dementia (ADNI-MEM: β = -0.91, p = 0.002; ADNI-EF: β = -0.77, p = 0.081). CONCLUSIONS Among Aβ-positive individuals, greater CR related to attenuated clinical progression in predementia stages of AD, but accelerated cognitive decline after the onset of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Catharina van Loenhoud
- From Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology (A.C.v.L., W.M.v.d.F., E.D., C.G., P.S., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.M.W., F.B., R.O.), Amsterdam Neuroscience, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F., J.T.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden.
| | - Wiesje Maria van der Flier
- From Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology (A.C.v.L., W.M.v.d.F., E.D., C.G., P.S., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.M.W., F.B., R.O.), Amsterdam Neuroscience, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F., J.T.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Alle Meije Wink
- From Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology (A.C.v.L., W.M.v.d.F., E.D., C.G., P.S., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.M.W., F.B., R.O.), Amsterdam Neuroscience, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F., J.T.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ellen Dicks
- From Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology (A.C.v.L., W.M.v.d.F., E.D., C.G., P.S., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.M.W., F.B., R.O.), Amsterdam Neuroscience, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F., J.T.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Colin Groot
- From Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology (A.C.v.L., W.M.v.d.F., E.D., C.G., P.S., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.M.W., F.B., R.O.), Amsterdam Neuroscience, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F., J.T.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Jos Twisk
- From Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology (A.C.v.L., W.M.v.d.F., E.D., C.G., P.S., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.M.W., F.B., R.O.), Amsterdam Neuroscience, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F., J.T.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- From Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology (A.C.v.L., W.M.v.d.F., E.D., C.G., P.S., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.M.W., F.B., R.O.), Amsterdam Neuroscience, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F., J.T.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Philip Scheltens
- From Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology (A.C.v.L., W.M.v.d.F., E.D., C.G., P.S., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.M.W., F.B., R.O.), Amsterdam Neuroscience, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F., J.T.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Rik Ossenkoppele
- From Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology (A.C.v.L., W.M.v.d.F., E.D., C.G., P.S., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.M.W., F.B., R.O.), Amsterdam Neuroscience, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F., J.T.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
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