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Kubo K, Hama S, Furui A, Mizuguchi T, Soh Z, Yanagawa A, Kandori A, Sakai H, Morisako Y, Orino Y, Hamai M, Fujita K, Yamawaki S, Tsuji T. Cognitive screening test for rehabilitation using spatiotemporal data extracted from a digital trail making test part-A. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33135. [PMID: 39035550 PMCID: PMC11259799 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated a newly developed digitized Trail Making Test using an iPad (iTMT) as a brief cognitive function screening test. We found that the iTMT part-A (iTMT-A) can estimate generalized cognitive function in rehabilitation inpatients examined using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Forty-two hospitalized participants undergoing rehabilitation (rehab participants), 30 of whom had cerebral infarction/hemorrhage (stroke participants), performed the iTMT five times (first three times: iTMT-A; fourth: paper version of TMT-A; fifth: the inverse version of iTMT-A) and the MMSE once. Each iTMT-A trial's completion time was divided into the move and dwell times. A linear mixed model following post-hoc tests revealed that the completion time of the third and fourth iTMT-A was faster compared to that of the first iTMT-A, suggesting the presence of a learning effect. In the partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis, the coefficient of determination for estimating the MMSE score was increased by using the dwell and move times extracted from the repeated iTMT-A and the availability of TMT-B, even for subjects with low MMSE scores. These findings indicate that the dwell time of iTMT-A may be important for estimating cognitive function. The iTMT-A extracts significant factors temporally and spatially, and by incorporating the learning effect of repeated trials, it may be possible to screen cognitive and physical functions for rehabilitation patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Kubo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiji Hama
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Center for Brain, Mind and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Furui
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Mizuguchi
- New Business Producing Division, Business Development Department, Maxell, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zu Soh
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Akiko Yanagawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kandori
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research and Development Group, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Sakai
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Yutaro Morisako
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Orino
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Maho Hamai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kasumi Fujita
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Center for Brain, Mind and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshio Tsuji
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
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Libon DJ, Swenson R, Tobyne S, Jannati A, Schulman D, Price CC, Lamar M, Pascual-Leone A. Dysexecutive difficulty and subtle everyday functional disabilities: the digital Trail Making Test. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1354647. [PMID: 38633534 PMCID: PMC11021769 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1354647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Digital neuropsychological tests reliably capture real-time, process-based behavior that traditional paper/pencil tests cannot detect, enabling earlier detection of neurodegenerative illness. We assessed relations between informant-based subtle and mild functional decline and process-based features extracted from the digital Trail Making Test-Part B (dTMT-B). Methods A total of 321 community-dwelling participants (56.0% female) were assessed with the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) and the dTMT-B. Three FAQ groups were constructed: FAQ = 0 (unimpaired); FAQ = 1-4 (subtle impairment); FAQ = 5-8 (mild impairment). Results Compared to the FAQ-unimpaired group, other groups required longer pauses inside target circles (p < 0.050) and produced more total pen strokes to complete the test (p < 0.016). FAQ-subtle participants required more time to complete the entire test (p < 0.002) and drew individual lines connecting successive target circles slower (p < 0.001) than FAQ-unimpaired participants. Lines connecting successive circle targets were less straight among FAQ-mild, compared to FAQ-unimpaired participants (p < 0.044). Using stepwise nominal regression (reference group = FAQ-unimpaired), pauses inside target circles classified other participants into their respective groups (p < 0.015, respectively). Factor analysis using six dTMT-B variables (oblique rotation) yielded a two-factor solution related to impaired motor/cognitive operations (48.96% variance explained) and faster more efficient motor/cognitive operations (28.88% variance explained). Conclusion Digital assessment technology elegantly quantifies occult, nuanced behavior not previously appreciated, operationally defines critical underlying neurocognitive constructs related to functional abilities, and yields selected process-based scores that outperform traditional paper/pencil test scores for participant classification. When brought to scale, the dTMT-B test could be a sensitive tool to detect subtle-to-mild functional deficits in emergent neurodegenerative illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Libon
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, New Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University-School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Rod Swenson
- University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | | | - Ali Jannati
- Linus Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Catherine C. Price
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Linus Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, and Eleanor and Herbert Bearak Memory Wellness for Life Program, Hebrew Senior Life, Boston, MA, United States
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Baykara E, Kuhn C, Linz N, Tröger J, Karbach J. Validation of a digital, tablet-based version of the Trail-Making-Test in the ∆elta platform. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:461-467. [PMID: 34811827 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using digital technology for neuropsychological assessment is gaining popularity in both clinical and research settings. Digital neuropsychology offers many benefits over the traditional paper-pencil assessments; however, their comparability requires further validation. The aim of this study was to compare a digital, tablet-based Trail Making Test to the standard paper version. In a within-subject design, 108 healthy adults completed both digital and paper Trail Making Test in a counterbalanced order. Each participant also performed other tasks measuring core executive abilities (inhibition, working memory, flexibility) on the tablet. Our findings indicated that the Trail Making Test performance on the two different modalities correlated significantly. Furthermore, correlations of Trail Making Test performance with other cognitive tasks revealed that digital Trail Making Test is comparable to the paper version. However, the modality had a significant effect on Trail Making Test performance, i.e. participants were generally faster on the digital platform. Taken together, our findings suggest that with new normative data, traditional Trail Making Test can be adapted successfully to a digital platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Baykara
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-, Landau, Germany
| | - Caroline Kuhn
- Clinical Neuropsychology & Neuropsychological Outpatient Unit, Saarland University, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Tröger
- ki elements UG, Saarland, Germany.,German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH, Saarland, Germany
| | - Julia Karbach
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-, Landau, Germany
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Jung S, Moeller K, Klein E, Heller J. Mode effect: An issue of perspective? Writing mode differences in a spelling assessment in German children with and without developmental dyslexia. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2021; 27:373-410. [PMID: 33615629 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Digital technology has an increasing influence on writing processes. In this context, the question arises whether changes in writing mode (i.e., handwriting vs. computer-keyboard typing) also require changes in writing assessments. However, data directly comparing writing mode influences in children with and without developmental writing deficits are scarce. This study investigated the influence of writing mode in German-speaking, typically developing children and children with developmental dyslexia (DD) from two different levels. Results showed on a general level that writing mode influenced overall spelling accuracy, writing time, and self-corrections comparably in children with and without DD. On a rule-specific level, outcomes for writing time and self-corrections substantiated these findings. However, as regards spelling accuracy, a mode effect was only apparent for capitalization, whereas other spelling rules were resistant to writing mode influences. Present findings suggest that a mode effect is present only for typing specific aspects (e.g., capitalization) rather than reflecting a general influence on orthographic principles (e.g., grapheme-phoneme assignment, morphologic principles). These mode-specific aspects seem to comparably affect the writing performance of typically developing children and children with DD. We recommend writing assessments to consider that different writing modes may influence individual spelling rules differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Jung
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Korbinian Moeller
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Mathematical Cognition, School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elise Klein
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
- LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Juergen Heller
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Park SY, Schott N. The trail-making-test: Comparison between paper-and-pencil and computerized versions in young and healthy older adults. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2021; 29:1208-1220. [PMID: 33397159 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1864374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the key challenges in assessing cognitive performance is to detect not only apparent impairment but to also pick up on subtle differences. Computerized tests benefit especially from the acquisition of fine-grained outcome measures. However, the equivalency of paper-based and computerized tests cannot be assumed. The Trail-Making-Test is a paper-pencil cognitive assessment tool (ppTMT) that has been used in many research studies to evaluate visuomotor abilities and mental flexibility. A digital version of the extended TMT (including a condition measuring fine motor speed) called the dTMT has been developed. This study aims to test (1) reliability, (2) equivalence, and (3) agreement of the ppTMT and dTMT. A total of 53 healthy individuals aged 19 to 82 years of age (22 men, 31 women; mean age 42.2, SD = 22.8) completed three trials per ppTMT and dTMT condition. Part M involves following a predefined path, Part A links numbers randomly distributed in space, in ascending order, and Part B alternates between linking numbers and letters. dTMT scores were highly reproducible, correlated strongly with paper-pencil administered durations, and discriminated young from older adults. Measures of reliability, sensitivity, and clinical meaning for dTMT scores were favorable compared with ppTMT-based testing. Our findings support the comparability of TMT-indices in computerized assessments. While many digital biomarker efforts are in progress (e.g., neurodegenerative disorders), the dTMT sets itself apart through its high sensitivity, the alternate forms, and the additional component measures. In this light, it could serve as a starting point for an early diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yong Park
- Institute of Sport and Movement Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadja Schott
- Institute of Sport and Movement Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Hannukkala MS, Mikkonen K, Laitinen E, Tuononen T. Staying on the digitalized trail. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12553-020-00425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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