The effect of learning an individualized song on autobiographical memory recall in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease: A pilot study

Cognitive Stimulation with Music in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment: A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

The use of music in cognitive interventions represents a possibility with potential worthy of further investigation in the field of aging, both in terms of prevention from dementia, in the phase of mild cognitive impairment, and in the treatment of overt dementia.

OBJECTIVES

Currently, the types of music-based interventions proposed in the literature are characterized by wide heterogeneity, which is why it is necessary to clarify which interventions present more evidence of effectiveness in stimulating different cognitive domains.

METHOD

The study was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. By searching two different databases, PubMed and the Web of Science, all studies evaluating the cognitive effects of music-based interventions on people at early stages of cognitive decline (MCI or mild-to-moderate dementia) were selected.

RESULTS

The study selection included a total of 28 studies involving n = 1612 participants (mean age ranged from 69.45 to 85.3 years old). Most of the studies analyzed agree with the observation of an improvement, or at least maintenance, of global cognitive conditions (mainly represented by the results of the MMSE test) following music-based interventions, together with a series of other positive effects on verbal fluency, memory, and executive processes.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this review suggest the introduction of music-based interventions as complementary approaches to usual cognitive treatments. Also, the use of standardized and well-defined protocols, in addition to strong methodological research approaches, is suggested. Music-based interventions are recommended in the early stages of dementia, in MCI, and in a preventive sense in healthy older adults.

The use of music and music-related elements in speech-language therapy interventions for adults with neurogenic communication impairments: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

A growing body of research indicates that music-based interventions show promising results for adults with a wide range of speech, language and communication disorders.

AIMS

The purpose of this scoping review is to summarize the evidence on how speech-language therapists (SLTs) use music and music-related elements in therapeutic interventions for adults with acquired neurogenic communication impairments.

METHODS

This scoping review was completed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. A systematic search of three databases (Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and OVID Medline) was conducted and articles were included if they (1) incorporated adult human participants; (2) received an assessment or intervention facilitated by an SLT; (3) incorporated techniques and interventions which included music-related elements (e.g., rhythm, melody, harmony and dynamics); (4) were written in the English language; and (5) were peer-reviewed full-text articles. Data were extracted using the Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System framework.

MAIN CONTRIBUTION

A total of 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies included participants with neurogenic communication impairments secondary to stroke, Parkinson's disease, dementia and traumatic brain injury. Musical interventions identified in the studies were Melodic Intonation Therapy, Modified Melodic Intonation Therapy, choral singing, singing therapy and songwriting. The majority of the studies reported interprofessional collaboration between SLTs and at least one other healthcare clinician and/or musician. Many studies also included music-based interventions lead and facilitated by musically trained SLTs.

CONCLUSION

The results of the studies included in this review indicate that SLTs are using music-based interventions to target therapeutic goals to improve speech, language, voice and quality of life in collaboration with other clinicians and professional musicians.

WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS

What is already known on this subject A growing body of research indicates that interventions using music (i.e., choirs and songwriting) and musical elements (i.e., rhythm and dynamics) show promising results for adults with neurogenic communication impairments. Currently, however, there is no clear indication of how speech-language therapists (SLTs) are using music in their clinical practice. What this study adds This scoping review collates the current evidence on how SLTs use music and musical elements in their clinical practice. SLTs are using music and musical elements for individuals with neurogenic communication impairments in populations such as Parkinson's disease, dementia and traumatic brain injury. Common interventions described in the literature include Melodic Intonation Therapy, choral singing, singing therapy and songwriting. What are the clinical implications of this work? Many SLTs collaborate when delivering music-based interventions, particularly with music therapists (MTs). This scoping review suggests that SLTs should continue to explore music-based interventions in collaboration with MTs and professional musicians to target therapeutic goals to improve speech, language, voice and quality of life.

Sensogenomics of music and Alzheimer's disease: An interdisciplinary view from neuroscience, transcriptomics, and epigenomics

Introduction

The relationship between music and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been approached by different disciplines, but most of our outstanding comes from neuroscience.

Methods

First, we systematically reviewed the state-of-the-art of neuroscience and cognitive sciences research on music and AD (>100 studies), and the progress made on the therapeutic impact of music stimuli in memory. Next, we meta-analyzed transcriptomic and epigenomic data of AD patients to search for commonalities with genes and pathways previously connected to music in genome association, epigenetic, and gene expression studies.

Results

Our findings indicate that >93% of the neuroscience/ cognitive sciences studies indicate at least one beneficial effect of music on patients with neurodegenerative diseases, being improvements on memory and cognition the most frequent outcomes; other common benefits were on social behavior, mood and emotion, anxiety and agitation, quality of life, and depression. Out of the 334 music-related genes, 127 (38%) were found to be linked to epigenome/transcriptome analysis in AD (vs. healthy controls); some of them (SNCA, SLC6A4, ASCC2, FTH1, PLAUR and ARHGAP26) have been reported to be associated e.g. with musical aptitude and music effect on the transcriptome. Other music-related genes (GMPR, SELENBP1 and ADIPOR1) associated to neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative diseases and music performance, emerged as hub genes in consensus co-expression modules detected between AD and music estimulated transcriptomes. In addition, we found connections between music, AD and dopamine related genes, with SCNA being the most remarkable - a gene previously associated with learning and memory, and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease and AD).

Discussion

The present study indicate that the vast majority of neuroscientific studies unambiguously show that music has a beneficial effect on health, being the most common benefits relevant to Alzheimer's disease. These findings illuminate a new roadmap for genetic research in neurosciences, and musical interventions in AD and other neurodegenerative conditions.

Non-drug Therapies for Alzheimer's Disease: A Review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating disease leading to great social and economic burdens worldwide. During the past decades, increasing understanding of this disease enables dynamic trials for disease interventions. Unfortunately, at present, AD still remains uncurable, and therefore, developing intervention strategies for improving symptoms and slowing down the disease process becomes a practical focus in parallel with searching for a disease-modifying medication. The aim of this review is to summarize the outcomes of AD clinical trials of non-drug therapies published in the past decade, including cognitive-oriented interventions, physical exercise interventions, brain stimulation, as well as nutrition supplementations, to find out the most effective interventions in the category by looking through the primary and secondary outcomes. The outcomes of the trials could be varied with the interventional approaches, the tested cohorts, the settings of observing outcomes, and the duration of follow-ups, which are all discussed in this review. Hence, we hope to provide crucial information for application of these interventions in real-world settings and assist with optimization of clinical trial designs in this area.

How Singing can Help People With Dementia and Their Family Care-Partners: A Mixed Studies Systematic Review With Narrative Synthesis, Thematic Synthesis, and Meta-Integration

Background: Recent research on the efficacy of music-based interventions for people with dementia have focused on specific outcomes and methods, and singing has been noted as a particularly beneficial activity. However, due to heterogeneity of research methods, there is a need to synthesise the findings of both quantitative and qualitative research in order to better understand both the impact and potential mechanisms of singing for people in this population. Method: This systematic review included quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods studies, and analysed these using a systematic mixed-studies synthesis (with a results-based convergent approach). Quantitative and qualitative data were initially synthesised using a narrative synthesis and thematic synthesis method, respectively, before a final meta-integration method was used to synthesise common themes across the two data forms. Results: Electronic and hand search strategies revealed 1,815 relevant studies, 40 of which met the full eligibility criteria. Narrative synthesis of quantitative data revealed six key outcome areas (quality of life; psychological well-being; cognition; engagement; activities of daily living; care-partner well-being), and thematic synthesis of qualitative data generated seven themes relating to the impact and mechanisms of singing (pragmatic elements; social benefits; mood; identity; memory; flow-on effects; and relationships). Meta-integration identified four key areas relating to the impact and mechanisms of singing for people with dementia and care-partners: psychological well-being, quality of life, cognition, and care-partner well-being. Conclusion: Results from the syntheses suggest that singing can positively impact the lives of people with dementia and their care-partners, although due to heterogeneity of study design and outcome measures, it is difficult to draw conclusions based on quantitative data alone. Qualitative data provides further context and insights from participant perspectives, and when integrated with quantitative data, contextual factors that may influence the benefits that participants experience from singing are revealed.

The Effectiveness of Facial Expression Recognition in Detecting Emotional Responses to Sound Interventions in Older Adults With Dementia

This research uses facial expression recognition software (FaceReader) to explore the influence of different sound interventions on the emotions of older people with dementia. The field experiment was carried out in the public activity space of an older adult care facility. Three intervention sound sources were used, namely, music, stream, and birdsong. Data collected through the Self-Assessment Manikin Scale (SAM) were compared with facial expression recognition (FER) data. FaceReader identified differences in the emotional responses of older people with dementia to different sound interventions and revealed changes in facial expressions over time. The facial expression of the participants had significantly higher valence for all three sound interventions than in the intervention without sound (p < 0.01). The indices of sadness, fear, and disgust differed significantly between the different sound interventions. For example, before the start of the birdsong intervention, the disgust index initially increased by 0.06 from 0 s to about 20 s, followed by a linear downward trend, with an average reduction of 0.03 per 20 s. In addition, valence and arousal were significantly lower when the sound intervention began before, rather than concurrently with, the start of the activity (p < 0.01). Moreover, in the birdsong and stream interventions, there were significant differences between intervention days (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Furthermore, facial expression valence significantly differed by age and gender. Finally, a comparison of the SAM and FER results showed that, in the music intervention, the valence in the first 80 s helps to predict dominance (r = 0.600) and acoustic comfort (r = 0.545); in the stream sound intervention, the first 40 s helps to predict pleasure (r = 0.770) and acoustic comfort (r = 0.766); for the birdsong intervention, the first 20 s helps to predict dominance (r = 0.824) and arousal (r = 0.891).

Benefits in Alzheimer's Disease of Sensory and Multisensory Stimulation

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious neurodegenerative disease, which seriously affects the behavior, cognition, and memory of patients. Studies have shown that sensory stimulation can effectively improve the cognition and memory of AD patients, and its role in brain plasticity and neural regulation is initially revealed. This paper aims to review the effect of various sensory stimulation and multisensory stimulation for AD, and to explain the possible mechanism, so as to provide some new ideas for further research in this field. We searched the Web of Science and PubMed databases (from 2000 to October 27, 2020) for literature on the treatment of AD with sensory and multisensory stimulation, including music therapy, aromatherapy, rhythmic (e.g., visual or acoustic) stimulation, light therapy, multisensory stimulation, and virtual reality assisted therapy, then conducted a systematic analysis. Results show these sensory and multisensory stimulations can effectively ameliorate the pathology of AD, arouse memory, and improve cognition and behaviors. What's more, it can cause brain nerve oscillation, enhance brain plasticity, and regulate regional cerebral blood flow. Sensory and multisensory stimulation are very promising therapeutic methods, and they play an important role in the improvement and treatment of AD, but their potential mechanism and stimulation parameters need to be explored and improved.

New Long-Term Encoding in Severely Amnesic Alzheimer's Disease Patients Revealed Through Repeated Exposure to Artistic Items

BACKGROUND

Encoding of new information is considered to be impossible in people with Alzheimer's disease (PWAD) at a moderate to severe stage. However, a few case studies reported new learning under special circumstances, especially with music.

OBJECTIVE

This article aims at clarifying PWAD's learning capacities toward unknown material under more ecological settings, which is repeated exposure without encoding instruction.

METHODS

Twenty-three PWAD (Age: m = 84.6(5.2), 5≤MMSE≤19) underwent presentations of unknown artistic pieces (targets) through 8 daily individual sessions. These sessions were followed by a test session, during which their knowledge of the targets was assessed through a verbal and behavioral scale (the sense of familiarity scale) against a series of unknown items (distractors).

RESULTS

Through this design, we were able to objectify encoding of three types of targets (verses, paintings, and music) against distractors the day after exposure sessions, and 2 months after the last presentation (study 1). Music and paintings were eventually well-encoded by most participants, whereas poems encoding was poorer. When compared to distractors, target items were significantly better recognized. We then compared the recognition of target paintings against two types of painting distractors, either perceptually or semantically related (study 2). The targets were better recognized than all three painting distractors, even when they were very close to the targets.

CONCLUSION

Despite massive anterograde amnesia, our results clearly showed that recognition-based learning without conscious memory of the encoding context is preserved in PWAD at a severe stage, revealed through an increasing sense of familiarity following repeated exposure. These findings could open new perspective both for researchers and clinicians and improve the way we understand and care for PWAD living in healthcare facilities.