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Brien DC, Riek HC, Yep R, Huang J, Coe B, Areshenkoff C, Grimes D, Jog M, Lang A, Marras C, Masellis M, McLaughlin P, Peltsch A, Roberts A, Tan B, Beaton D, Lou W, Swartz R, Munoz DP. Classification and staging of Parkinson's disease using video-based eye tracking. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 110:105316. [PMID: 36822878 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 83% of those diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease (PD) eventually progress to PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) followed by dementia (PDD) - suggesting a complex spectrum of pathology concomitant with aging. Biomarkers sensitive and specific to this spectrum are required if useful diagnostics are to be developed that may supplement current clinical testing procedures. We used video-based eye tracking and machine learning to develop a simple, non-invasive test sensitive to PD and the stages of cognitive dysfunction. METHODS From 121 PD (45 Cognitively Normal/45 MCI/20 Dementia/11 Other) and 106 healthy controls, we collected video-based eye tracking data on an interleaved pro/anti-saccade task. Features of saccade, pupil, and blink behavior were used to train a classifier to predict confidence scores for PD/PD-MCI/PDD diagnosis. RESULTS The Receiver Operator Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC-AUC) of the classifier was 0.88, with the cognitive-dysfunction subgroups showing progressively increased AUC, and the AUC of PDD being 0.95. The classifier reached a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 78%. The confidence scores predicted PD motor and cognitive performance scores. CONCLUSION Biomarkers of saccade, pupil, and blink were extracted from video-based eye tracking to create a classifier with high sensitivity to the landscape of PD cognitive and motor dysfunction. A complex landscape of PD is revealed through a quick, non-invasive eye tracking task and our model provides a framework for such a task to be used as a supplementary screening tool in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Heidi C Riek
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Rachel Yep
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Jeff Huang
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Brian Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Corson Areshenkoff
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - David Grimes
- Ottawa Hospital, uOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Mandar Jog
- PF Centre of Excellence, London Movement Disorders Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Anthony Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network and the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Connie Marras
- Toronto Western Hospital Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Medicine (Neurology), Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Paula McLaughlin
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Alicia Peltsch
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Angela Roberts
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Department of Computer Science, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Brian Tan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Derek Beaton
- Data Science & Advanced Analytics (DSAA), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Wendy Lou
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Richard Swartz
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Gallo F, DeLuca V, Prystauka Y, Voits T, Rothman J, Abutalebi J. Bilingualism and Aging: Implications for (Delaying) Neurocognitive Decline. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:819105. [PMID: 35185498 PMCID: PMC8847162 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.819105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of advances in healthcare, the worldwide average life expectancy is steadily increasing. However, this positive trend has societal and individual costs, not least because greater life expectancy is linked to higher incidence of age-related diseases, such as dementia. Over the past few decades, research has isolated various protective "healthy lifestyle" factors argued to contribute positively to cognitive aging, e.g., healthy diet, physical exercise and occupational attainment. The present article critically reviews neuroscientific evidence for another such factor, i.e., speaking multiple languages. Moreover, with multiple societal stakeholders in mind, we contextualize and stress the importance of the research program that seeks to uncover and understand potential connections between bilingual language experience and cognitive aging trajectories, inclusive of the socio-economic impact it can have. If on the right track, this is an important line of research because bilingualism has the potential to cross-over socio-economic divides to a degree other healthy lifestyle factors currently do not and likely cannot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gallo
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics (CNPL), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincent DeLuca
- PoLaR Lab, AcqVA Aurora Centre, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yanina Prystauka
- PoLaR Lab, AcqVA Aurora Centre, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Toms Voits
- PoLaR Lab, AcqVA Aurora Centre, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jason Rothman
- PoLaR Lab, AcqVA Aurora Centre, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), University Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jubin Abutalebi
- Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics (CNPL), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- PoLaR Lab, AcqVA Aurora Centre, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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