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Lima YC, Kurauti MA, da Fonseca Alves G, Ferezini J, Piovan S, Malta A, de Almeida FLA, Gomes RM, de Freitas Mathias PC, Milani PG, da Costa SC, Mareze-Costa CE. Whey protein sweetened with Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Bert.) increases mitochondrial biogenesis markers in the skeletal muscle of resistance-trained rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:65. [PMID: 31528184 PMCID: PMC6743177 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A combination of resistance training and whey protein supplementation is a common practice among athletes and recreational exercisers to enhance muscle growth and strength. Although their safety as food additives is controversial, artificial sweeteners are present in whey protein supplements. Thus, natural sweeteners extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana are a potential alternative, due to their safety and health benefits. Here, we investigated the effects of whey protein sweetened with S. rebaudiana on physical performance and mitochondrial biogenesis markers in the skeletal muscle of resistance-trained rats. Methods Forty male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: sedentary rats, trained rats, trained rats receiving whey protein and trained rats receiving whey protein sweetened with S. rebaudiana leaf extracts. Resistance training was performed by climbing a ladder 5 days per week, during 8-weeks. The training sessions consisted of four climbs carrying a load of 50, 75, 90, and 100% of the maximum load-carrying capacity which we determined before by performing a maximum load-carrying test for each animal. After this period, we collected plasma and tissues samples to evaluate biochemical, histological and molecular (western blot) parameters in these rats. Results Dietary supplementation with whey protein sweetened with S. rebaudiana significantly enhanced the maximum load-carrying capacity of resistance-trained rats, compared with non-sweetened whey protein supplementation. This enhanced physical performance was accompanied by an increase in the weight of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle pads. Although the muscle pad of the biceps brachii was not altered, we observed a significant increase in PGC-1α expression, which was followed by a similar pattern in TFAM protein expression, two important mitochondrial biogenesis markers. In addition, a higher level of AMPK phosphorylation was observed in these resistance-trained rats. Finally, supplementation with whey protein sweetened with S. rebaudiana also induced a significant decrease in retroperitoneal adipocyte diameter and an increase in the weight of brown adipose tissue pads in resistance-trained rats. Conclusion The addition of Stevia rebaudiana leaf extracts to whey protein appears to be a potential strategy for those who want to increase muscular mass and strength and also improve mitochondrial function. This strategy may be useful for both athletes and patients with metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Carvalho Lima
- 1Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá(UEM), Av. Colombo 5790, Zona 7, Bloco H79, Maringá, PR 87020900 Brazil
| | - Mirian Ayumi Kurauti
- 1Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá(UEM), Av. Colombo 5790, Zona 7, Bloco H79, Maringá, PR 87020900 Brazil
| | - Gabriel da Fonseca Alves
- 1Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá(UEM), Av. Colombo 5790, Zona 7, Bloco H79, Maringá, PR 87020900 Brazil
| | - Jonathan Ferezini
- 1Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá(UEM), Av. Colombo 5790, Zona 7, Bloco H79, Maringá, PR 87020900 Brazil
| | - Silvano Piovan
- 1Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá(UEM), Av. Colombo 5790, Zona 7, Bloco H79, Maringá, PR 87020900 Brazil
| | - Ananda Malta
- 2Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Mello Gomes
- 4Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | | | - Paula Gimenez Milani
- 5Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR Brazil
| | | | - Cecilia Edna Mareze-Costa
- 1Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá(UEM), Av. Colombo 5790, Zona 7, Bloco H79, Maringá, PR 87020900 Brazil
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Sretenovic J, Ajdzanovic V, Zivkovic V, Srejovic I, Corbic M, Milosevic V, Jakovljevic V, Milosavljevic Z. Nandrolone decanoate and physical activity affect quadriceps in peripubertal rats. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:429-437. [PMID: 29759662 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are synthetic analogs of testosterone often used by athletes to increase the skeletal muscle mass. Our goal was to examine the effects of physical activity and physical activity combined with supraphysiological doses of nandrolone on functional morphology of the quadriceps muscle. The study included 32 peripubertal Wistar rats, divided into 4 groups: control (T-N-), nandrolone (T-N+), physical activity (T+N-) and physical activity plus nandrolone (T+N+) groups. The T+N- and T+N+ group swam for 4 weeks, 1 h/day, 5 days/week. The T-N+ and T+N+ groups received nandolone decanoate (20 mg/kg b.w.) once per week, subcutaneously. Subsequently, the rats were sacrificed and muscle specimens were prepared for the processing. Tissue sections were histochemically and immunohistochemically stained, while the image analysis was used for quantification. Longitudinal diameter of quadriceps muscle cells was increased for 21% in T-N+, for 57% in T+N- and for 64% in T+N+ group while cross section muscle cell area was increased in T-N+ for 19%, in T+N- for 47% and in T+N+ group for 59%, compared to the control. Collagen fibers covered area was increased in T-N+ group for 36%, in T+N- for 109% and in T+N+ group for 159%, compared to the control. Erythrocyte depots were decreased in T-N+ group and increased in T+N- and T+N+ group, in comparison with T-N-. VEGF depots were increased in all treated groups. Chronic administration of supraphysiological doses of AASs alone or in combination with physical activity induces hypertrophy and significant changes in the quadriceps muscle tissue structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Sretenovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ajdzanovic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Srejovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milena Corbic
- Clinic of Neurology, KRH Klinikum Agnes Karll Laatzen, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verica Milosevic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zoran Milosavljevic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent data on the adverse reproductive consequences of androgen abuse, focusing on the recovery of reproductive function following androgen discontinuation. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence is mostly based on case reports and observational studies. Androgen abuse leads to a state of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with impaired spermatogenesis, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia as well as menstrual irregularities, virilization and subfertility. Recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis following androgen withdrawal depends on the type and characteristics of androgen administration (dose, duration of use) as well as those of the user (age, previous reproductive function). Biochemical and clinical features of hypogonadism may be evident months or even years following androgen discontinuation. To prevent androgen-related adverse effects and accelerate recovery of gonadal function, users take androgens in a cyclical fashion and use drugs such as human chorionic gonadotropin, antiestrogens and aromatase inhibitors, even though there is limited evidence to support efficacy of these strategies. As few studies refer to female androgen users, there is a lack of data concerning recovery from androgen-related reproductive side effects in women. SUMMARY Androgen abuse has profound and commonly under-recognized effects on the reproductive system; recovery following androgen withdrawal may be prolonged and occasionally incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Christou
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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