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Gutiérrez-Cuevas J, López-Cifuentes D, Sandoval-Rodriguez A, García-Bañuelos J, Armendariz-Borunda J. Medicinal Plant Extracts against Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Associated with Obesity: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:967. [PMID: 39065815 PMCID: PMC11280341 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity has increasingly become a worldwide epidemic, as demonstrated by epidemiological and clinical studies. Obesity may lead to the development of a broad spectrum of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. In addition to hypertension, there are other cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) such as visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, elevated levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, and others, all of which increase the risk of CVD events. The mechanisms involved between obesity and CVD mainly include insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and adipokine dysregulation, which cause maladaptive structural and functional alterations of the heart, particularly left-ventricular remodeling and diastolic dysfunction. Natural products of plants provide a diversity of nutrients and different bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, carotenoids, anthocyanins, vitamins, minerals, fibers, and others, which possess a wide range of biological activities including antihypertensive, antilipidemic, antidiabetic, and other activities, thus conferring cardiometabolic benefits. In this review, we discuss the main therapeutic interventions using extracts from herbs and plants in preclinical and clinical trials with protective properties targeting CRFs. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets of herb and plant extracts for the prevention and treatment of CRFs are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gutiérrez-Cuevas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.L.-C.); (A.S.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Daniel López-Cifuentes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.L.-C.); (A.S.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Doctorate in Sciences in Molecular Biology in Medicine, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana Sandoval-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.L.-C.); (A.S.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Jesús García-Bañuelos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.L.-C.); (A.S.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Juan Armendariz-Borunda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.L.-C.); (A.S.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud (EMCS), Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan 45201, Jalisco, Mexico
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Gujjala S, Bangeppagari M, Devarakonda VLNP, Bellamkonda R, Bhadramraju R, Kameswaran S, Ramaswamy R, Desireddy S. Pleiotropic effects of Salacia reticulata and Simvastatin on oxidative stress and insulin resistance in a rat model. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114960. [PMID: 37290186 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigated the effects of Salacia reticulata and simvastatin on oxidative stress and insulin resistance in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. We compared the protective effect of a methanolic extract of Salacia reticulata (SR) with simvastatin (SVS) in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS AND RESULTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following five different groups: control (C), C+SR, HFD, HFD+SR, and HFD+SVS. High-fat diet fed rats showed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, dyslipidemia, and hypoadiponectinemia after 90 days. Treatment of high-fat diet fed rats with SR/SVS significantly (p < 0.05) reduced high-fat diet induced increases in plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and decreased high- density lipoprotein (HDL) accompanied by an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein oxidation. In addition, a significant decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and enzymes of the polyol pathway was observed in rats fed high-fat diet. SR was found to be more effective than SVS. Moreover, infiltration of inflammatory cells and fibrosis in the liver of high-fat diet fed rats by SR/SVS were also prevented. CONCLUSIONS The present study confirms that SR/SVS may be a new and promising remedial approach because of its beneficial effects on the pathophysiological processes of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakara Gujjala
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Manjunatha Bangeppagari
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to Be University), Tamaka, Kolar 563103, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ramesh Bellamkonda
- Department of Food Technology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Kakutur, SPSR Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramu Bhadramraju
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Srinivasan Kameswaran
- Department of Botany, Vikrama Simhapuri University College, Kavali, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Saralakumari Desireddy
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Delving the Role of Caralluma fimbriata: An Edible Wild Plant to Mitigate the Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5720372. [PMID: 35770046 PMCID: PMC9236770 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5720372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS), commonly known as syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome, is a collection of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and type II diabetes. MS is believed to impact over a billion individuals worldwide. It is a medical condition defined by visceral obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and abnormal cholesterol levels, according to the World Health Organization. The current dietary trends are more focused on the use of functional foods and nutraceuticals that are well known for their preventive and curative role against such pathological disorders. Caralluma fimbriata is one such medicinal plant that is gaining popularity. It is a wild, edible, succulent roadside shrub with cactus-like leaves. Besides its main nutrient contents, various bioactive constituents have been identified and linked with positive health outcomes of appetite-suppressing, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anticancer potentials. Hence, such properties make C. fimbriata an invaluable plant against MS. The current review compiles recent available literature on C. fimbriata's nutritional composition, safety parameters, and therapeutic potential for MS. Summarized data in this review reveals that C. fimbriata remains a neglected plant with limited food and therapeutic applications. Yet various studies explored here do prove its positive health-ameliorating outcomes.
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