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Glaucoma Is Associated with the Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Population-Based Nationwide Cohort Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12122992. [PMID: 36552999 PMCID: PMC9776797 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between glaucoma and the risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has not been fully evaluated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prospective association between glaucoma and OSA. In total, 1437 patients with glaucoma and 5748 patients without glaucoma were enrolled after 1:4 propensity score matching using a nationwide cohort sample. We investigated OSA events during a 10-year follow-up period. Survival analysis, the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate the incidence, disease-free survival rate, and hazard ratio (HR). The incidence of OSA was 12,509.0 person-years among those with glaucoma. The adjusted HR for patients with glaucoma developing OSA events during the follow-up period was 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64-3.621) after other covariates. In a subgroup analysis, primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) showed a significantly increased adjusted HR for OSA events (5.65, 95% CI: 1.65-19.41), whereas we could not find any significant association between primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and OSA. The adjusted HR of OSA events in POAG was considerably increased 4 years after POAG diagnosis. PACG may be associated with an increased incidence of OSA. Clinicians should pay attention to early detection of OSA in patients with PACG.
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The Heritability of Primary Angle Closure Anatomic Traits and Predictors of Angle Closure in South Indian Siblings. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 230:188-199. [PMID: 33992616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the heritability of ocular biometric and anterior chamber morphologic parameters and to determine predictors of angle closure concordance in South Indian probands with angle closure and their siblings DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study METHODS: Subjects received a standardized ophthalmic examination, A-scan ultrasonography, pachymetry, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) imaging. Heritability was calculated using residual correlation coefficients adjusted for age, sex, and home setting. Concordant sibling pairs were defined as both proband and sibling with angle closure. Predictors of angle closure concordance among siblings were calculated using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS A total of 345 sibling pairs participated. All anterior chamber parameters were highly heritable (P < .001 for all). Similarly, all iris parameters, axial length, lens thickness (LT), central corneal thickness, anterior lens curvature, lens vault (LV), spherical equivalent, and intraocular pressure were moderately to highly heritable (P < .004 for all). LV and LT were more heritable among concordant siblings (P < .05 for both). In contrast, ASOCT angle parameters had statistically insignificant heritability estimates. In multivariable analyses, siblings older than their probands were more likely to be concordant for angle closure (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01, 1.09; P = .02) and siblings with deeper anterior chamber depths (ACDs) compared to their proband were less likely to be concordant for angle closure (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.64, 0.86; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Iris, anterior chamber, and lens parameters may be heritable whereas angle parameters were not. LT and LV may play important roles in the pathogenesis of angle closure. Siblings who are older or have a shallower ACD may need more careful disease monitoring.
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Shi H, Chen Y, Lu H, Zhu R, Zhang J, He M, Guan H. In-depth analysis of eight susceptibility loci of primary angle closure glaucoma in Han Chinese. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108350. [PMID: 33227294 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is a multifactorial disease with genetic predisposition. Primary angle closure (PAC) is the early stage of PACG and they share the same anatomical characteristics. We aimed to examine whether the PACG associated-genetic loci identified previously by genome-wide association study (GWAS) were also related to primary angle closure disease (PACD) in Han Chinese. This cross-sectional case-control study consisted of 232 PAC, 264 PACG and 306 controls. Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PACG susceptibility loci within PLEKHA7, COL11A1, PCMTD1-ST18, EPDR1, CHAT, GLIS3, FERMT2, DPM2-FAM102A were genotyped using participants' blood samples. We excluded 3 SNPs for PAC analysis because the data has been reported using the same sample set. Anatomical parameters such as axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and lens thickness (LT) were included as phenotypes for the association analysis. Allelic and genotypic model tests were performed. Three among the eight SNPs were found to be significantly associated with PACG, e.g. PLEKHA7 rs11024102 in additive, dominant and recessive model; and both CHAT rs1258267 and DPM2-FAM102A rs3739821 in dominant model. CHAT rs1258267 showed marginal association with PAC in dominant model. Anatomical parameters were not found to link to the eight SNPs after Bonferroni multiple test correction. Our data suggest that PLEKHA7 and DPM2-FAM102A might exert effect in the late stage of the PACD, while CHAT may play a broad role in both early and late stages of the PACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Shi
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Yunxia Chen
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Junfang Zhang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Mengxuan He
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Huaijin Guan
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Asefa NG, Neustaeter A, Jansonius NM, Snieder H. Heritability of glaucoma and glaucoma-related endophenotypes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 64:835-851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Paul C, Sengupta S, Banerjee S, Choudhury S. Angle closure glaucoma in rural and urban populations in eastern India-The Hooghly River Glaucoma Study. Indian J Ophthalmol 2018; 66:1285-1290. [PMID: 30127142 PMCID: PMC6113807 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_344_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To estimate the prevalence, features, and associations of primary angle closure disease (PACD) in rural and urban populations from West Bengal in eastern India. Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study with two arms, rural and urban. The rural study area consisted of 28 contiguous villages from 13 gram panchayats in Balagarh Police Station, with rural base hospital at Dhobapara, Balagarh Police Station, in the village Kuliapara of Hooghly district. A tertiary eye hospital in central Kolkata was the urban study center. Individuals residing in the study area aged 40 years and above were included in this study using multistage random cluster sampling. All subjects underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination at our base hospitals including applanation tonometry, ultrasound pachymetry, gonioscopy, and frequency doubling technology perimetry. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS 13. Multiple logistic regressions were used to analyze risk factors for PACD. Results: A total of 7,408 and 7,248 subjects aged 40 years or older were enumerated from Hooghly district and Kolkata city, respectively. PACD was detected in 1.9% subjects in rural arm and 1.54% subjects in the urban arm (P < 0.001). In rural arm, 0.3% had PACS, 0.56% had PAC, and 1.03% had PACG. In urban arm, 0.22% had PACS, 0.35% had PAC, and 0.97% had PACG. Conclusion: The study concludes that higher age, higher CCT, and shorter axial length/presence of hyperopia are important independent predictors of ACD. ACD is more common in eastern India than previous estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Paul
- Glaucoma Service, B B Eye Foundation, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Souvik Banerjee
- Glaucoma Service, B B Eye Foundation, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumit Choudhury
- Glaucoma Service, B B Eye Foundation, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Rong SS, Tang FY, Chu WK, Ma L, Yam JCS, Tang SM, Li J, Gu H, Young AL, Tham CC, Pang CP, Chen LJ. Genetic Associations of Primary Angle-Closure Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:1211-21. [PMID: 26854036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
TOPIC Systematic review and meta-analysis of the genetic associations of primary angle-closure disease (PACD). CLINICAL RELEVANCE To confirm the genetic biomarkers for PACD, including primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and related phenotypes. METHODS We searched in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for genetic studies of PACG or other PACD published from the start dates of the databases to May 11, 2015. We estimated the summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each polymorphism in PACG, primary angle-closure suspect (PACS), and primary angle-closure (PAC) using fixed- or random-effect models. We also performed sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of the results. RESULTS Our literature search yielded 6463 reports. Among them, we identified 24 studies that fulfilled the eligibility criteria for meta-analysis, involving 28 polymorphisms in 11 genes/loci. We affirmed the association of PACG and combined PACS/PAC/PACG with 10 polymorphisms in 8 genes/loci, including COL11A1 (rs3753841-G, OR, 1.22; P = 0.00046), HGF (rs17427817-C, OR, 2.02; P = 6.9E-07; rs5745718-A, OR, 2.11; P = 9.9E-07), HSP70 (rs1043618, GG+GC, OR, 0.52; P = 0.0010), MFRP (rs2510143-C, OR, 0.66; P = 0.012; rs3814762-G, OR, 1.40; P = 0.0090), MMP9 (rs3918249-C, OR, 1.35; P = 0.034), NOS3 (rs7830-A, OR, 0.80; P = 0.036), PLEKHA7 (rs11024102-G, OR, 1.24; P = 8.3E-05), and PCMTD1-ST18 (rs1015213-A, OR, 1.59; P = 0.00013). Sensitivity analysis indicated that the results were robust. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we confirmed multiple polymorphisms in 8 genes/loci as genetic biomarkers for PACD, among which 3 were identified in a genome-wide association study (COL11A1, PLEKHA7, and PCMTD1-ST18), and 5 were identified in candidate gene studies (HGF, HSP70, MFRP, MMP9, and NOS3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Song Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fang Yao Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Kit Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason C S Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shu Min Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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Zhang Z, Srivastava R, Liu H, Chen X, Duan L, Kee Wong DW, Kwoh CK, Wong TY, Liu J. A survey on computer aided diagnosis for ocular diseases. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2014; 14:80. [PMID: 25175552 PMCID: PMC4163681 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-14-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD), which can automate the detection process for ocular diseases, has attracted extensive attention from clinicians and researchers alike. It not only alleviates the burden on the clinicians by providing objective opinion with valuable insights, but also offers early detection and easy access for patients. Method We review ocular CAD methodologies for various data types. For each data type, we investigate the databases and the algorithms to detect different ocular diseases. Their advantages and shortcomings are analyzed and discussed. Result We have studied three types of data (i.e., clinical, genetic and imaging) that have been commonly used in existing methods for CAD. The recent developments in methods used in CAD of ocular diseases (such as Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma, Age-related Macular Degeneration and Pathological Myopia) are investigated and summarized comprehensively. Conclusion While CAD for ocular diseases has shown considerable progress over the past years, the clinical importance of fully automatic CAD systems which are able to embed clinical knowledge and integrate heterogeneous data sources still show great potential for future breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Institute for Infocomm Research, 1 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, Singapore.
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Tu YS, Damji KF, Chen ZH, Arora S, Yin ZQ. Phenotypic features of Chinese family members with primary angle closure. Can J Ophthalmol 2013; 48:193-8. [PMID: 23769781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe ocular phenotypic features in Chinese families with primary angle closure (PAC). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS 428 individuals of 103 eligible families. METHODS Probands identified in clinic and their relatives were examined. Measurements included intraocular pressure, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, axial length, and gonioscopic features related to the anterior chamber angle. Electroretinogram (ERG) testing for dark and light adaptation on both eyes of each individual examined was also obtained. RESULTS There were 144 PAC affected patients (33.7%), 60 suspects (14%), and 224 unaffected individuals (52.3%). There were more than 2 affected members in 51 families (49.5%). Compared with unaffected individuals, affected individuals were more likely to be female, have shallower peripheral and central anterior chamber depths, narrower angles, thicker lenses, and shorter axial lengths (p<0.001). Affected patients and suspects had similar axial lengths (p>0.05). Compared with unaffected individuals, affected and suspect individuals showed ERG adaptation abnormalities (p<0.05). Of 45 unaffected individuals with mean axial length ≤ 22.00 mm (10.51%), 20 individuals (4.67%) showed ERG adaptation abnormalities similar to affected patients and suspects (p> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with PAC were significantly more likely to be female, have shorter axial length, and have thicker lenses compared with unaffected individuals. PAC suspects showed similar axial lengths to affected individuals. ERG abnormalities mainly occurred in affected patients and suspects, but also occurred in unaffected individuals with short axial length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shu Tu
- Southwest Eye Hospital/Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Tang NLS, Yeung HY, Hung VWY, Di Liao C, Lam TP, Yeung HM, Lee KM, Ng BKW, Cheng JCY. Genetic epidemiology and heritability of AIS: A study of 415 Chinese female patients. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1464-9. [PMID: 22362628 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent familial segregation studies supported a multifactorial genetic model for the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, the extent of quantitative genetic effects, such as heritability, have not been fully evaluated. This genetic epidemiology study examined the sibling recurrent risk and heritability of AIS in first-degree relatives of 415 Chinese female patients, which is up to now the largest cohort. They were first diagnosed by community screening program and compared to 203 age-matched normal controls. Out of the total 531 sibs of AIS cases, 94 sibs had scoliosis (sibling recurrence risk = 17.7%). The prevalence of AIS among male and female sibs of an index case were 11.5% (95% CI = 7.5-15.5) and 23.0% (95% CI = 18.1-27.9), respectively. Female sibs of an index case had an increased risk of 8.9-fold (95% CI = 3.2-34.4) for developing AIS. These recurrent risks were significantly higher than the risk in the control group (p < 0.0001). Overall, heritability was estimated to be 87.5 ± 11.1%. The results confirmed the prevailing impression of strong genetic influence on the risk of AIS. Here we provided a large-scale study for the genetic aggregation estimates in an Asian population for the first time. The finding also positioned AIS among other common disease or complex traits with a high heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson L S Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Amerasinghe N, Zhang J, Thalamuthu A, He M, Vithana EN, Viswanathan A, Wong TY, Foster PJ, Aung T. The heritability and sibling risk of angle closure in Asians. Ophthalmology 2010; 118:480-5. [PMID: 21035870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the heritability and sibling risk for angle closure. DESIGN Prospective clinical study. PARTICIPANTS Probands with primary angle closure (PAC) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and their first-degree relatives. METHODS One hundred probands with PAC and PACG and their first-degree relatives were examined prospectively. All subjects underwent an ophthalmic evaluation that included slit-lamp examination, optic disc evaluation, and gonioscopy. An angle was classified as narrow if the posterior (usually pigmented) trabecular meshwork could be seen for less than 180° of the angle circumference. The heritability of narrow angles was calculated by threshold models. The sibling recurrence and relative risk of having narrow angles compared with the general population was calculated using estimation of sibling genetic risk parameters, corrected for single ascertainment bias. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Heritability and sibling risk for narrow angles. RESULTS One hundred probands (consisting of 76 subjects with PACG and 24 with PAC) were examined together with 327 first-degree relatives. There were 76 female probands and 24 male probands. Of the first-degree relatives, 146 were male and 181 were female. Of the 327 first-degree relatives, 105 (32.1%) had narrow angles. The heritability of narrow angles was 58.8% overall, with the genetic variance being 2.30 and the phenotypic variance being 3.91. Of the 515 sibling pairs examined, 171 (33.1%) pairs had both siblings unaffected, 113 (21.9%) pairs had both siblings affected, 231 (45.0%) pairs had 1 sibling affected. The sibling recurrence risk for having narrow angles was 49% (95% confidence interval, 41.6%-56.8%), whereas the sibling relative risk for narrow angles was 7.57 (95% confidence interval, 6.41-8.74). CONCLUSIONS A high heritability of narrow angles of almost 60% was found. Siblings of Chinese patients with PAC or PACG have almost a 50% probability of having narrow angles and are more than 7 times more likely to have narrow angles than the general population.
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Sanfilippo PG, Hewitt AW, Hammond CJ, Mackey DA. The heritability of ocular traits. Surv Ophthalmol 2010; 55:561-83. [PMID: 20851442 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation in a population that is attributable to genetic variation among individuals. Many ophthalmic disorders and biometric traits are known to have a genetic basis and consequently much work has been published in the literature estimating the heritability of various ocular parameters. We collated and summarized the findings of heritability studies conducted in the field of ophthalmology. We grouped the various studies broadly by phenotype as follows: refraction, primary open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and others. A total of 82 articles were retrieved from the literature relating to estimation of heritability for an ocular disease or biometric trait; of these, 37 papers were concerned with glaucoma, 28 with refraction, 4 with AMD, 5 with diabetic retinopathy, and 4 with cataract. The highest reported heritability for an ophthalmic trait is 0.99 for the phenotype ≥ 20 small hard drusen, indicating that observed variation in this parameter is largely governed by genetic factors. Over 60% of the studies employed a twin study design and a similar percentage utilized variance components methods and structural equation modeling (SEM) to derive their heritability values. Using modern SEM techniques, heritability estimates derived from twin subjects were generally higher than those from family data. Many of the estimates are in the moderate to high range, but to date the majority of genetic variants accounting for these findings have not been uncovered, hence much work remains to be undertaken to elucidate fully their molecular etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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