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Hope L, Gabbert F. Memory at the Sharp End: The Costs of Remembering With Others in Forensic Contexts. Top Cogn Sci 2018; 11:609-626. [PMID: 30073777 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In many applied contexts where accurate and reliable information informs operational decision-making, emergency response resource allocation, efficient investigation, judicial process, and, ultimately, the delivery of justice, the costs of unfettered conversational remembering can be high. To date, research has demonstrated that conversations between co-witnesses in the immediate aftermath of witnessed events and co-witness retellings of witnessed events often impair both the quality and quantity of information reported subsequently. Given the largely negative impact of conversational remembering on the recall of both individual witnesses and groups of witnesses in this context, this review explores the reasons why these costs occur, the conditions under which costs are exacerbated, and how, in practical terms, the costs can be reduced in order to maximize the accuracy and completeness of witness accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Gabbert
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London
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Hua Y, Yuan C, Monroe K, Hinzman ML, Alqahtani S, Alwahbi AA, Kern AM. Effects of the Reread-Adapt and Answer-Comprehend and goal setting intervention on decoding and reading comprehension skills of young adults with intellectual disabilities. Dev Neurorehabil 2018; 21:279-289. [PMID: 27003676 DOI: 10.3109/17518423.2016.1139011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reread-Adapt and Answer-Comprehend (RAAC) + Goal Setting intervention is a reading intervention that addresses both oral reading fluency (ORF) and reading comprehension while supporting persistence and motivation for learners who struggle with reading. METHOD We delivered the RAAC + Goal Setting intervention to five young adult learners with intellectual disabilities (ID) in a postsecondary education setting. In the study, we investigated the effects of the intervention on generalization of reading skills to novel passages. RESULTS Utilizing a response-guided and randomized multiple-baseline across the participants' design, we failed to reject the null hypothesis of no treatment effects based on the computed p-value. Traditional visual analysis of the data also reached a similar conclusion, however, we found that two participants' decoding skills improved during the intervention. CONCLUSIONS We did not find a functional relation between the intervention and student reading performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Hua
- a Department of Teaching and Learning , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Chengan Yuan
- a Department of Teaching and Learning , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Kristin Monroe
- a Department of Teaching and Learning , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Michelle L Hinzman
- a Department of Teaching and Learning , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Saeed Alqahtani
- a Department of Teaching and Learning , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | | | - Amanda M Kern
- a Department of Teaching and Learning , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
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Grassi M, Meneghetti C, Toffalini E, Borella E. Auditory and cognitive performance in elderly musicians and nonmusicians. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187881. [PMID: 29186146 PMCID: PMC5706664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Musicians represent a model for examining brain and behavioral plasticity in terms of cognitive and auditory profile, but few studies have investigated whether elderly musicians have better auditory and cognitive abilities than nonmusicians. The aim of the present study was to examine whether being a professional musician attenuates the normal age-related changes in hearing and cognition. Elderly musicians still active in their profession were compared with nonmusicians on auditory performance (absolute threshold, frequency intensity, duration and spectral shape discrimination, gap and sinusoidal amplitude-modulation detection), and on simple (short-term memory) and more complex and higher-order (working memory [WM] and visuospatial abilities) cognitive tasks. The sample consisted of adults at least 65 years of age. The results showed that older musicians had similar absolute thresholds but better supra-threshold discrimination abilities than nonmusicians in four of the six auditory tasks administered. They also had a better WM performance, and stronger visuospatial abilities than nonmusicians. No differences were found between the two groups' short-term memory. Frequency discrimination and gap detection for the auditory measures, and WM complex span tasks and one of the visuospatial tasks for the cognitive ones proved to be very good classifiers of the musicians. These findings suggest that life-long music training may be associated with enhanced auditory and cognitive performance, including complex cognitive skills, in advanced age. However, whether this music training represents a protective factor or not needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Grassi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Meneghetti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Toffalini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Borella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, Padova, Italy
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Stine-Morrow EAL. Commentary on Mata and von Helversen: Foraging Theory as a Paradigm Shift for Cognitive Aging. Top Cogn Sci 2015; 7:535-42. [PMID: 25994491 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mata and von Helversen's integrative review of adult age differences in search performance makes a good case that cognitive control may impact certain aspects of self-regulation of search. However, information foraging as a framework also offers an avenue to consider how adults of different ages adapt to age-related changes in cognition, such as in cognitive control.
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Howard JH, Howard DV. Aging mind and brain: is implicit learning spared in healthy aging? Front Psychol 2013; 4:817. [PMID: 24223564 PMCID: PMC3819524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often held that although explicit learning declines in the course of normal aging, implicit learning is relatively preserved. Here we summarize research from our group which leads us to argue that some forms of implicit learning do decline with adult age. In particular, we propose that there are age-related declines in implicit learning of probabilistic sequential relationships that occur across the adult lifespan, and that they reflect, at least in part, age-related striatal dysfunction. We first review behavioral evidence supporting this age-related decline and then evidence from patient groups, genetics, and neuroimaging supporting this striatal dysfunction hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Howard
- Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashington, DC, USA
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown UniversityWashington, DC, USA
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Miller LMS, Zirnstein M, Chan PK. Knowledge differentially supports memory for nutrition information in later life. J Health Psychol 2013; 18:1141-52. [PMID: 23109476 PMCID: PMC10703397 DOI: 10.1177/1359105312459896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the extent to which prior knowledge about nutrition moderates age differences in remembering newly learned nutrition information. Younger and older adults with varying levels of knowledge read an article on fats and cholesterol and then completed a memory task. Participants responded to statements that were-or were not-presented in the text, which enabled us to examine memory accuracy overall as well as hits and memory errors. Results showed age differences were present in the low-knowledge group but not in the high-knowledge group. Findings illustrate the importance of knowledge for older adults' memory for health information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Soederberg Miller
- Department of Human and Community Development, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Payne BR, Gao X, Noh SR, Anderson CJ, Stine-Morrow EAL. The effects of print exposure on sentence processing and memory in older adults: Evidence for efficiency and reserve. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2011; 19:122-49. [PMID: 22149149 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2011.628376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study was an examination of how exposure to print affects sentence processing and memory in older readers. A sample of older adults (N = 139; Mean age = 72) completed a battery of cognitive and linguistic tests and read a series of sentences for recall. Word-by-word reading times were recorded and generalized linear mixed effects models were used to estimate components representing attentional allocation to word-level and textbase-level processes. Older adults with higher levels of print exposure showed greater efficiency in word-level processing and in the immediate instantiation of new concepts, but allocated more time to semantic integration at clause boundaries. While lower levels of working memory were associated with smaller wrap-up effects, individuals with higher levels of print exposure showed a reduced effect of working memory on sentence wrap-up. Importantly, print exposure was not only positively associated with sentence memory, but was also found to buffer the effects of working memory on sentence recall. These findings suggest that the increased efficiency of component reading processes that come with life-long habits of literacy buffer the effects of working memory decline on comprehension and contribute to maintaining skilled reading among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan R Payne
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820-6990, USA.
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Causse M, Dehais F, Arexis M, Pastor J. Cognitive aging and flight performances in general aviation pilots. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2011; 18:544-61. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2011.586018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
Consistent with technological advances, the role of the operator in many human factors domains has evolved from one characterized primarily by sensory and motor skills to one characterized primarily by cognitive skills and decision making. Decision making is a primary component in problem solving, human-automation interaction, response to alarms and warnings, and error mitigation. In this chapter we discuss decision making in terms of both front-end judgment processes (e.g., attending to and evaluating the significance of cues and information, formulating a diagnosis, or assessing the situation) and back-end decision processes (e.g., retrieving a course of action, weighing one's options, or mentally simulating a possible response). Two important metatheories—correspondence (empirical accuracy) and coherence (rationality and consistency)—provide ways to assess the goodness of each phase (e.g., Hammond, 1996, 2000; Mosier, 2009). We present several models of decision making, including Brunswik's lens model, naturalistic decision making, and decision ladders, and discuss them in terms of their point of focus and their primary strategies and goals. Next, we turn the discussion to layers in the decision context: individual variables, team decision making, technology, and organizational influences. Last, we focus on applications and lessons learned: investigating, enhancing, designing, and training for decision making. Drawing heavily on sources such as the Human Factors journal, we present recent human factors research exploring these issues, models, and applications.
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Stine-Morrow EA, Miller LM. Chapter 8 Aging, Self-Regulation, and Learning from Text. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-7421(09)51008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Schriver AT, Morrow DG, Wickens CD, Talleur DA. Expertise differences in attentional strategies related to pilot decision making. HUMAN FACTORS 2008; 50:864-878. [PMID: 19292010 DOI: 10.1518/001872008x374974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated expertise differences in pilot decision making by examining a hypothesized attention-action link. During simulated flight we measured the accuracy and latency of more and less expert pilots' decision outcomes and used eye tracking to measure their attention. We also examined whether decision outcomes and attentional strategies were influenced by properties of the cues indicating problems. BACKGROUND Errors in decision making contribute to many accidents and incidents, especially among inexperienced pilots. Although much is known about decision errors in terms of their outcomes, less is known about the cognitive processes that underlie expert differences in aviation decision making. METHOD Fourteen more expert and 14 less expert pilots flew 16 flights in a simulator. Half of the flights contained a failure requiring diagnosis and action in response to the failure. Cues signaling the failures varied in how diagnostic and/or correlated they were. RESULTS The more expert pilots generally made better decisions in terms of speed and accuracy. Both groups made faster correct decisions when cues were high versus low in diagnosticity. Only the more expert pilots made faster correct decisions when cues were correlated. More attention was allocated to relevant cues (measured by percentage dwell time on areas of interest) when a failure was present, primarily among expert pilots. Moreover, the amount of attention to cues was associated with decision accuracy. CONCLUSION The findings support the link between greater attention and more effective decision making. APPLICATION The expert advantage in attention underlying decision outcomes may provide targets for improving pilot training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela T Schriver
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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