1
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Mello B, Matos P, Albuquerque PB. The role of cue salience in prospective memory commission errors in nonperformed nonfocal tasks. Cogn Process 2024; 25:395-402. [PMID: 38632149 PMCID: PMC11269317 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to execute an intention in the future without having a permanent reminder. These intentions can be performed when they are not relevant or become no-longer needed, the so-called "commission errors". The present study aims to understand the effect of cue salience on PM commission errors with unperformed intentions and on the ongoing task performance-associated costs. Through a between-subjects design, eighty-one participants were assigned to 3 conditions: the no-PM condition, which served as control, and the salient and nonsalient conditions, which were asked to perform a lexical decision task and an incomplete nonfocal prospective memory task (i.e. no PM cues were presented). Subsequently, participants were instructed to no longer execute the prospective intention. In the second phase, a lexical decision task occurred again, including irrelevant PM cues, which should not be answered as such. In the salient condition, cues were salient (i.e. presented in red or blue background). In contrast, in the nonsalient condition, PM cues appeared on a black background, as any other stimuli. In the no-PM control condition, participants only performed an LDT. A commission error occurred when the (irrelevant) intention was performed in this second phase. Results showed that more participants performed a commission error in the presence of salient cues, even when PM intentions became irrelevant. Additionally, when cues were not salient, participants took longer to answer the LDT, as reasoned by the spontaneous retrieval theory. These findings are discussed according to the dual-mechanism account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Mello
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Matos
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- School of Psychology, Technology and Sports, Lusófona University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro B Albuquerque
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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2
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Félix SB, Poirier M, Nairne JS, Pandeirada JNS. The breadth of animacy in memory: New evidence from prospective memory. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:1323-1334. [PMID: 38010456 PMCID: PMC11192816 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Studies using retrospective memory tasks have revealed that animates/living beings are better remembered than are inanimates/nonliving things (the animacy effect). However, considering that memory is foremost future oriented, we hypothesized that the animacy effect would also occur in prospective memory (i.e., memory for future intentions). Using standard prospective memory (PM) procedures, we explored this hypothesis by manipulating the animacy status of the PM targets. Study 1a reports data collected from an American sample; these results were then replicated with a Portuguese sample (Study 1b). Study 2 employed a new procedure, and data were collected from a broader English-speaking sample. In these three studies, animate (vs. inanimate) targets consistently led to a better PM performance, revealing, for the first time, that the animacy advantage extends to PM. These results strengthen the adaptive approach to memory and stress the need to consider animacy as an important variable in memory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Félix
- William James Center for Research, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Department of Psychology, School of Health and Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK.
| | - Marie Poirier
- Department of Psychology, School of Health and Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - James S Nairne
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Josefa N S Pandeirada
- William James Center for Research, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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3
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Blondelle G, Quaglino V, Gounden Y, Dethoor A, Duclos H, Hainselin M. I Won't Forget to Do It If It's Important: A Multinomial Processing Tree Analysis of Social Importance and Monetary Reward on Event-Based Prospective Memory. J Cogn 2024; 7:43. [PMID: 38765760 PMCID: PMC11100544 DOI: 10.5334/joc.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
While previous research has suggested that prospective memory may be enhanced by providing a social motive (i.e., social importance) or by promising a monetary reward for successful performance, to the best of our knowledge, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects are still largely unexplored. In a sample of 96 younger adults, this study investigated how social importance and promising a monetary reward influence the prospective component and the retrospective component of event-based prospective memory separately, with the application of a multinomial modeling approach. Results revealed enhanced prospective memory performance for all importance conditions compared to a standard condition. This improvement was characterized by an increased allocation of resource-demanding attentional processes in performing the prospective memory task at the expense of the ongoing task without an increase in the perceived importance of the prospective memory task. The model-based analyses showed that the beneficial effects of importance arise from an increased engagement of the prospective component, leaving the estimates for the retrospective component unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Blondelle
- CRP-CPO, UR UPJV 7273, Universitéde Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- INSPÉ de l’académie d’Amiens, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Véronique Quaglino
- CRP-CPO, UR UPJV 7273, Universitéde Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Yannick Gounden
- CRP-CPO, UR UPJV 7273, Universitéde Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Anaïs Dethoor
- CRP-CPO, UR UPJV 7273, Universitéde Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Harmony Duclos
- CRP-CPO, UR UPJV 7273, Universitéde Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Mathieu Hainselin
- CRP-CPO, UR UPJV 7273, Universitéde Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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4
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Yoruk A, Yahya M, Cangoz-Tavat B. Do bilinguals have an advantage in prospective memory? JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2159964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asli Yoruk
- Cognitive Psychology, Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mevla Yahya
- Cognitive Psychology, Department of Psychology, International Balkan University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Banu Cangoz-Tavat
- Cognitive Psychology, Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Tse ZCK, Cao Y, Ogilvie JM, Chau BKH, Ng DHC, Shum DHK. Prospective Memory Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2022; 33:347-372. [PMID: 35543836 PMCID: PMC10148783 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM), which enables one to remember to carry out delayed intentions, is crucial for everyday functioning. PM commonly deteriorates upon cognitive decline in older adults, but several studies have shown that PM in older adults can be improved by training. The current study aimed to summarise this evidence by conducting a qualitative systematic analysis and quantitative meta-analysis of the effects of PM training in older adults, for which systematic searches were conducted across seven databases (Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, CINAHL and Scopus). Forty-eight studies were included in the qualitative analysis, and 43% of the assessed PM training interventions showed positive gains in enhancing PM. However, the methodological quality varied across the studies, with 41% of the non-randomised control trials (non-RCTs) rated as having either serious or critical risk of bias. Therefore, only 29 RCTs were included in the subsequent quantitative meta-analysis. We found a significant and moderate immediate efficacy (Hedges' g = 0.54) of PM training in enhancing PM performance in older adults, but no significant long-term efficacy (Hedges' g = 0.21). Two subgroup analyses also revealed a robust training efficacy across the study population (i.e., healthy and clinical population) and the number of training sessions (i.e., single session and programme-based). Overall, this study provided positive evidence to support PM training in older adults. Further studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms by which PM training exerts its effects, and better-quality RCTs are needed to provide more robust evidence supporting our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita C K Tse
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Research Institute for Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - James M Ogilvie
- Grififth Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bolton K H Chau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Daphne H C Ng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - David H K Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. .,Research Institute for Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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6
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Distinct monitoring strategies underlie costs and performance in prospective memory. Mem Cognit 2022; 50:1772-1788. [PMID: 35386055 PMCID: PMC9768009 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) describes the ability to remember to perform goal-relevant actions at an appropriate time in the future amid concurrent demands. A key contributor to PM performance is thought to be the effortful monitoring of the environment for PM-related cues, a process whose existence is typically inferred from a behavioral interference measure of reaction times. This measure, referred to as "PM costs," is an informative but indirect proxy for monitoring, and it may not be sufficient to understand PM behaviors in all situations. In this study, we asked participants to perform a visual search task with arrows that varied in difficulty while concurrently performing a delayed-recognition PM task with pictures of faces and scenes. To gain a precise measurement of monitoring behavior, we used eye-tracking to record fixations to all task-relevant stimuli and related these fixation measures to both PM costs and PM accuracy. We found that PM costs reflected dissociable monitoring strategies: higher costs were associated with early and frequent monitoring while lower costs were associated with delayed and infrequent monitoring. Moreover, the link between fixations and PM costs varied with cognitive load, and the inclusion of fixation data yielded better predictions of PM accuracy than using PM costs alone. This study demonstrates the benefit of eye-tracking to disentangle the nature of PM costs and more precisely describe strategies involved in prospective remembering.
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7
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Krasich K, Gjorgieva E, Murray S, Bhatia S, Faber M, De Brigard F, Woldorff MG. The Impact of Error-Consequence Severity on Cue Processing in Importance-Biased Prospective Memory. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab056. [PMID: 34676368 PMCID: PMC8527855 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) enables people to remember to complete important tasks in the future. Failing to do so can result in consequences of varying severity. Here, we investigated how PM error-consequence severity impacts the neural processing of relevant cues for triggering PM and the ramification of that processing on the associated prospective task performance. Participants role-played a cafeteria worker serving lunches to fictitious students and had to remember to deliver an alternative lunch to students (as PM cues) who would otherwise experience a moderate or severe aversive reaction. Scalp-recorded, event-related potential (ERP) measures showed that the early-latency frontal positivity, reflecting the perception-based neural responses to previously learned stimuli, did not differ between the severe versus moderate PM cues. In contrast, the longer-latency parietal positivity, thought to reflect full PM cue recognition and post-retrieval processes, was elicited earlier by the severe than the moderate PM cues. This faster instantiation of the parietal positivity to the severe-consequence PM cues was then followed by faster and more accurate behavioral responses. These findings indicate how the relative importance of a PM can be neurally instantiated in the form of enhanced and faster PM-cue recognition and processing and culminate into better PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Krasich
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Eva Gjorgieva
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Samuel Murray
- Dept. of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shreya Bhatia
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Myrthe Faber
- Dept. of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe De Brigard
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Marty G Woldorff
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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8
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Abstract
Motivational and emotional changes across adulthood have a profound impact on cognition. In this registered report, we conducted an experimental investigation of motivational influence on remembering intentions after a delay (prospective memory; PM) in younger, middle-aged, and older adults, using gain- and loss-framing manipulations. The present study examined for the first time whether motivational framing in a PM task has different effects on younger and older adults' PM performance (N = 180; age range: 18-85 years) in a controlled laboratory setting. Based on lifespan theories of motivation, we assumed that the prevention of losses becomes more relevant with increasing age: We expected that older adults show relatively higher PM performance in a task with loss-related consequences following PM failure than in a task in which successful PM leads to gains. The opposite pattern of performance was expected for younger adults. The findings suggest that the relevance of reward and positive gain-related consequences for successful remembering appears to decrease with age. As hypothesised, a motivational framing × age interaction indicated that age differences in memory performance were smaller with loss-related than gain-related consequences, supporting a loss-prevention view on motivated cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S Horn
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Matos P, Albuquerque PB. Moving forward: Exploring the role of interference on prospective memory deactivation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 219:103395. [PMID: 34416502 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent prospective memory (PM) studies have shown that an intention may be erroneously executed despite no-longer-needed (i.e., commission errors), especially under demanding ongoing activities. In the current study, we examined whether PM deactivation benefits from a retroactive interference mechanism. For this, we set up a procedure in which participants are first asked to perform a PM task which is critically declared finished afterwards. Next, they encoded a new and dissimilar PM intention to accomplish later (Experiment 1) or performed filler tasks with increased working memory difficulty levels (Experiment 2). Lastly, all participants encountered several (but irrelevant) PM cues. Together, our findings provide evidence that the efficiency of the deactivation process can be modulated by encoding novel and dissimilar PM tasks and by the type of processing after intention completion. These findings are discussed in terms of strategic or spontaneous retrieval processes and linked to a retroactive interference mechanism which helps to overwrite or deteriorate the old-PM task representation.
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10
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Moeller S, Mazachowsky TR, Lavis L, Gluck S, Mahy CEV. Adults' perceptions of forgetful children: the impact of child age, domain, and memory type. Memory 2021; 29:524-537. [PMID: 33847255 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1912101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) tasks have been described as social in nature because carrying out one's intentions often has an impact on others. Despite the claim that PM errors [compared to retrospective memory (RM) errors] are perceived as character flaws, little empirical work has tested this assertion. In particular, no study has examined how adults perceive children's PM errors. Thus, the aim of the current studies was to examine adults' perceptions of children's forgetfulness depending on child age (4 vs. 10-year-olds), domain of the memory error (academic vs. social), and memory type (PM vs. RM). In Study 1, adult participants rated children's PM errors on seven traits. Findings showed that social errors were rated more negatively than academic errors, and age and domain interacted such that 10-year-olds were rated more negatively than 4-year-olds for making social errors but not academic errors. Study 2 examined the impact of child age, domain, and memory type on perceptions of forgetful children to specifically test differences between PM and RM errors. Results showed a larger difference between ratings of 10-year-olds for their academic and social memory errors compared to 4-year-olds, but only for RM errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Moeller
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lydia Lavis
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada
| | | | - Caitlin E V Mahy
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada
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11
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Maldonado T, Orr JM, Goen JRM, Bernard JA. Age Differences in the Subcomponents of Executive Functioning. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 75:e31-e55. [PMID: 31943092 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Across the life span, deficits in executive functioning (EF) are associated with poor behavioral control and failure to achieve goals. Though EF is often discussed as one broad construct, a prominent model of EF suggests that it is composed of three subdomains: inhibition, set shifting, and updating. These subdomains are seen in both younger (YA) and older adults (OA), with performance deficits across subdomains in OA. Therefore, our goal was to investigate whether subdomains of EF might be differentially affected by age, and how these differences may relate to broader global age differences in EF. METHODS To assess these age differences, we conducted a meta-analysis at multiple levels, including task level, subdomain level, and of global EF. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that there would be overall differences in EF in OA. RESULTS Using 1,268 effect sizes from 401 articles, we found overall differences in EF with age. Results suggested that differences in performance are not uniform, such that variability in age effects emerged at the task level, and updating was not as affected by age as other subdomains. DISCUSSION These findings advance our understanding of age differences in EF, and stand to inform early detection of EF decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Maldonado
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Joseph M Orr
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station.,Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - James R M Goen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station.,Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station
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12
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Matos P, Pereira DR, Albuquerque PB, Santos FH. How Does Performing Demanding Activities Influence Prospective Memory? A Systematic Review. Adv Cogn Psychol 2020; 16:268-290. [PMID: 33149797 PMCID: PMC7594016 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is the first systematic review on the role of ongoing task load in prospective remembering, which was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Forty articles published between 1995 and 2020 were included. They evaluated prospective memory (PM) performance (i.e., the ability to remember to execute a delayed intention) in adult samples aged between 19 and 50 years old when the PM cue appeared under cognitively demanding conditions. The results revealed that people are more likely to fail to remember to perform a delayed intention at the appropriate circumstances or time in the future when their cognitive resources are taxed by demanding ongoing activities. We conclude the review by highlighting that the degree of working memory and executive resources seems to account for some of the discrepant findings and by proposing directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Matos
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal1
| | | | | | - Flávia H Santos
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland2
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13
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Matos P, Santos FH, Albuquerque PB. When we must forget: the effect of cognitive load on prospective memory commission errors. Memory 2020; 28:374-385. [PMID: 32043427 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2020.1726399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies consistently show that prospective memory (PM) intentions are not always deactivated when no-longer needed and might be erroneously performed upon encountering the once relevant cue - termed PM commission errors. However, empirical evidence on the potential mechanisms that might lead to this kind of memory failure remains mostly unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the ongoing task demands on PM deactivation of non-performed intentions. Younger adults, except for those in the no-PM condition, were asked to perform a PM task and were then told that the intention was finished. Later, they perform a lexical decision task with some trials containing (irrelevant) PM cues while simultaneously carrying out a counting recall task with two levels of difficulty. The results showed a higher risk of PM commission errors under moderate cognitive load (74%) as compared to the no-load condition (40%). Results also show that commission error risk did not increase in the high-load (54%) compared with the moderate-load condition. Furthermore, comparisons of the ongoign task performance between the no-PM condition and the other conditions with a PM task requirement support that commission errors might arise from a spontaneous PM retrieval. The implications of these findings are discussed within the dual-mechanisms account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Matos
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Flávia H Santos
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Ballhausen N, Lauffs MM, Herzog MH, Kliegel M. Investigating prospective memory via eye tracking: No evidence for a monitoring deficit in older adults. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 146:107-116. [PMID: 31655183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) refers to remembering to perform intended actions in the future. Older adults in particular have been shown to be negatively affected by PM tasks that require a high amount of attentional resources (i.e., nonfocal tasks). This age-related PM deficit has been attributed to reduced target monitoring in this age group older adults. However, this conclusion was based on indirect measures of monitoring, such as costs of the ongoing task. The present study set out to 1) investigate older adults' PM target monitoring by, for the first time, employing a direct measure (i.e., eye tracking), 2) assess differences in monitoring between PM tasks that differ in their focality, and 3) examine whether differences in PM monitoring can indeed explain older adults' reduced PM performance in nonfocal tasks. Results demonstrate that while older, but not younger adults, showed reduced performance in a nonfocal PM task, overt monitoring (eye movements) of these groups did not differ between focality conditions. Further analyses showed that older adults' performance was still reduced on the strategically more demanding task after controlling for overt target monitoring (i.e., including only trials in which the participant monitored). In contrast to indirect measures of cue monitoring, our findings illustrate that older adults' deficits on nonfocal PM tasks cannot (exclusively) be explained by reduced monitoring. Instead, processing that takes place after target monitoring are discussed as possible mechanisms underlying older adults' reduced PM performance in nonfocal tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ballhausen
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss National Centre of Competences in Research LIVES-Overcoming vulnerability: life course perspectives, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - M M Lauffs
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - M H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - M Kliegel
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss National Centre of Competences in Research LIVES-Overcoming vulnerability: life course perspectives, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Guo Y, Liu P, Huang X. The Practice Effect on Time-Based Prospective Memory: The Influences of Ongoing Task Difficulty and Delay. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2002. [PMID: 31555183 PMCID: PMC6722217 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The practice effect on prospective memory refers to the phenomenon that prospective memory performance can improve with behavior training. Some studies have found that event-based prospective memory (EBPM) can benefit from practice. However, only a few studies have focused on the practice effect on time-based prospective memory (TBPM). In the present study, we planned to explore whether the practice effect on TBPM existed and what its processing mechanism was. In Experiment 1, we tested whether the practice effect existed at all under different background task conditions. The results showed that the practice effect existed only under an easy ongoing task condition. When a 600 ms delay was added after each difficult ongoing task in Experiment 2, we found the same effect as for the easy ongoing task condition in Experiment 1. In addition, the results also suggested that the practice effect was closely related to the improvement in the effectiveness of time monitoring. The present study confirmed the existence of practice effect of TBPM under some conditions of sufficient attention resources and further explored its causes for the first time, which made us have a deeper understanding of the plasticity of TBPM caused by behavior training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peiduo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Altgassen M, Sheppard DP, Hendriks MPH. Do importance instructions improve time-based prospective remembering in autism spectrum conditions? RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 90:1-13. [PMID: 31015072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the impact of motivation on the memory for delayed intentions (so-called, prospective memory, PM) in autistic individuals. Specifically, we were interested in the effects of personal (i.e., receiving a reward) as compared to social motivation (i.e., performing a favour for someone). Given the well-established theory of mind deficits in autism, we expected autistic individuals to benefit more strongly from personal than social importance manipulations, whereas the opposite pattern was predicted for controls. Sixty-one adolescents with autism and 61 typically developing adolescents participated, with each group distributed equally to one of the three motivation conditions of standard, social and personal reward. Participants worked on a 2-back picture-based ongoing task in which a time-based PM task was embedded. A mixed 2 (Group) x 3 (Motivation condition) analysis of covariance with age, verbal and non-verbal abilities as covariates and correct PM responses as dependent variable indicated solely a main effect of group, with controls outperforming the autism group. In contrast to our expectations, there was no main effect of condition, no significant interaction, and none of the covariates had any significant impact. However, further planned analyses revealed that controls only outperformed autistic individuals in the personal reward condition. Controls performed significantly best when a personal reward was promised, whereas there were no significant differences between the motivation conditions for autistic individuals. Findings are discussed in terms of underlying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Altgassen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, the Netherlands.
| | - Daniel P Sheppard
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, the Netherlands
| | - Marc P H Hendriks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, the Netherlands; Academic Centre for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Peter
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kliegel
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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The interplay of intention maintenance and cue monitoring in younger and older adults' prospective memory. Mem Cognit 2018; 45:1113-1125. [PMID: 28600628 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-017-0720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The retention phase of a prospective memory (PM) task poses different challenges, including demands to store or maintain an intended action and to realize the right moment for action execution. The interplay of these processes in younger and older adults has not been explored so far. In this study, the authors examined the impact of maintenance load and task focality on PM in 84 younger and in 83 older adults. Results indicated that PM performance and ongoing task response times were strongly affected by maintenance load and age. However, a focality effect only emerged when maintenance load was low but not when attentional resources were deployed for maintaining a more demanding intention. These findings suggest that maintenance and monitoring requirements compete for similar attentional resources. Furthermore, maintenance load may affect postretrieval processes through its impact on working-memory resources, which can restrain the typical advantage of focal over nonfocal PM tasks.
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19
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Ball BH, Aschenbrenner AJ. The importance of age-related differences in prospective memory: Evidence from diffusion model analyses. Psychon Bull Rev 2018; 25:1114-1122. [PMID: 28600714 PMCID: PMC5796868 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-017-1318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Event-based prospective memory (PM) refers to relying on environmental cues to trigger retrieval of a deferred action plan from long-term memory. Considerable research has demonstrated PM declines with increased age. Despite efforts to better characterize the attentional processes that underlie these decrements, the majority of research has relied on measures of central tendency to inform theoretical accounts of PM that may not entirely capture the underlying dynamics involved in allocating attention to intention-relevant information. The purpose of the current study was to examine the utility of the diffusion model to better understand the cognitive processes underlying age-related differences in PM. Results showed that emphasizing the importance of the PM intention increased cue detection selectively for older adults. Standard cost analyses revealed that PM importance increased mean response times and accuracy, but not differentially for young and older adults. Consistent with this finding, diffusion model analyses demonstrated that PM importance increased response caution as evidenced by increased boundary separation. However, the selective benefit in cue detection for older adults may reflect peripheral target-checking processes as indicated by changes in nondecision time. These findings highlight the use of modeling techniques to better characterize the processes underlying the relations among aging, attention, and PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hunter Ball
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in Saint Louis, CB 1125, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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20
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21
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Smith RE, Hunt RR, Murray AE. Prospective memory in context: Moving through a familiar space. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2016; 43:189-204. [PMID: 27504679 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Successful completion of delayed intentions is a common but important aspect of daily behavior. Such behavior requires not only memory for the intended action but also recognition of the opportunity to perform that action, known collectively as prospective memory. The fact that prospective memory tasks occur in the midst of other activities is captured in laboratory tasks by embedding the prospective memory task in an ongoing activity. In many cases the requirement to perform the prospective memory task results in a reduction in ongoing performance relative to when the ongoing task is performed alone. This is referred to as the cost to the ongoing task and reflects the allocation of attentional resources to the prospective memory task. The current study examined the pattern of cost across the ongoing task when the ongoing task provided contextual information that in turn allowed participants to anticipate when target events would occur within the ongoing task. The availability of contextual information reduced ongoing task response times overall, with an increase in response times closer to the target locations (Experiments 1-3). The fourth study, drawing on the Event Segmentation Theory, provided support for the proposal made by the Preparatory Attentional and Memory Processes theory of prospective memory that decisions about the allocation of attention to the prospective memory task are more likely to be made at points of transition. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E Smith
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - R Reed Hunt
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Amy E Murray
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio
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22
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Meier B, Zimmermann TD. Loads and loads and loads: the influence of prospective load, retrospective load, and ongoing task load in prospective memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:322. [PMID: 26082709 PMCID: PMC4451344 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In prospective memory tasks different kinds of load can occur. Adding a prospective memory task can impose a load on ongoing task performance. Adding ongoing task load (OTL) can affect prospective memory performance. The existence of multiple target events increases prospective load (PL) and adding complexity to the to-be-remembered action increases retrospective load (RL). In two experiments, we systematically examined the effects of these different types of load on prospective memory performance. Results showed an effect of PL on costs in the ongoing task for categorical targets (Experiment 2), but not for specific targets (Experiment 1). RL and OTL both affected remembering the retrospective component of the prospective memory task. We suggest that PL can enhance costs in the ongoing task due to additional monitoring requirements. RL and OTL seem to impact the division of resources between the ongoing task and retrieval of the retrospective component, which may affect disengagement from the ongoing task. In general, the results demonstrate that the different types of load affect prospective memory differentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Meier
- Institute of Psychology and Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas D Zimmermann
- Institute of Psychology and Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
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23
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Arnold NR, Bayen UJ, Smith RE. Hierarchical Multinomial Modeling Approaches: An Application to Prospective Memory and Working Memory. Exp Psychol 2015; 62:143-52. [PMID: 25804241 PMCID: PMC4544831 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical extensions of multinomial processing tree (MPT) models have been developed to deal with heterogeneity in participants or items. In this study, the beta-MPT model ( J. B. Smith & Batchelder, 2010 ) and the latent-trait approach ( Klauer, 2010 ) were used to estimate individual model parameters for prospective and retrospective components of prospective memory (PM), which requires remembering to perform an action in the future. The data from two experiments investigating the relationship between PM and working memory ( R. E. Smith & Bayen, 2005 , Experiment 1; R. E. Smith, Persyn, & Butler, 2011 ) were reanalyzed using the two hierarchical modeling approaches, both of which provide parameter estimates for individual participants. The results showed a positive correlation of the prospective component of PM with working-memory span and provide the first direct comparisons of the two hierarchical extensions of an MPT model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina R Arnold
- 1 Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Task importance affects event-based prospective memory performance in adults with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and HIV-infected young adults with problematic substance use. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2014; 20:652-62. [PMID: 24834469 PMCID: PMC4103958 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617714000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of task importance on event-based prospective memory (PM) in separate samples of adults with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and HIV-infected young adults with substance use disorders (SUD). All participants completed three conditions of an ongoing lexical decision task: (1) without PM task requirements; (2) with PM task requirements that emphasized the importance of the ongoing task; and (3) with PM task requirements that emphasized the importance of the PM task. In both experiments, all HIV+ groups showed the expected increase in response costs to the ongoing task when the PM task's importance was emphasized. In Experiment 1, individuals with HAND showed significantly lower PM accuracy as compared to HIV+ subjects without HAND when the importance of the ongoing task was emphasized, but improved significantly and no longer differed from HIV+ subjects without HAND when the PM task was emphasized. A similar pattern of findings emerged in Experiment 2, whereby HIV+ young adults with SUD (especially cannabis) showed significant improvements in PM accuracy when the PM task was emphasized. Findings suggest that both HAND and SUD may increase the amount of cognitive attentional resources that need to be allocated to support PM performance in persons living with HIV infection.
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25
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Walter S, Meier B. How important is importance for prospective memory? A review. Front Psychol 2014; 5:657. [PMID: 25018743 PMCID: PMC4071817 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Forgetting to carry out an intention as planned can have serious consequences in everyday life. People sometimes even forget intentions that they consider as very important. Here, we review the literature on the impact of importance on prospective memory performance. We highlight different methods used to manipulate the importance of a prospective memory task such as providing rewards, importance relative to other ongoing activities, absolute importance, and providing social motives. Moreover, we address the relationship between importance and other factors known to affect prospective memory and ongoing task performance such as type of prospective memory task (time-, event-, or activity-based), cognitive loads, and processing overlaps. Finally, we provide a connection to motivation, we summarize the effects of task importance and we identify important venues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Walter
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Cognition, Learning, and Memory, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beat Meier
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Cognition, Learning, and Memory, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Smith RE, McConnell Rogers MD, McVay JC, Lopez JA, Loft S. Investigating how implementation intentions improve non-focal prospective memory tasks. Conscious Cogn 2014; 27:213-30. [PMID: 24929276 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Implementation intentions are a self-regulatory strategy broadly studied in the area of social cognition that can improve realization of one's goals and improve performance on prospective memory tasks. Three experiments, using a non-focal task for which the prospective memory targets were specified at the time of intention formation, investigated whether (and how) implementation intentions can improve non-focal prospective memory performance. An improvement in prospective memory performance was accompanied by an increase in the allocation of conscious resources to the prospective memory task, but not by an increase in perceived importance of the prospective memory task. The third experiment also investigated the effects of implementation intentions on recall of the appropriate action and found that accurate action recall was improved by implementation intentions. Finally, the effect of implementation intention instructions on cognitive processes that underlie non-focal prospective memory performance was investigated using a multinomial model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E Smith
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | | | - Jennifer C McVay
- Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1400 Spring Garden Street, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - Joshua A Lopez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Shayne Loft
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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27
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Smith RE, Loft S. Investigating the cost to ongoing tasks not associated with prospective memory task requirements. Conscious Cogn 2014; 27:1-13. [PMID: 24780347 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between prospective memory (PM) and consciousness by examining cost to ongoing activities, with cost assumed to reflect a direction of conscious resources away from the ongoing task in service of the PM task. Ongoing task blocks in which the PM task was relevant or irrelevant were alternated to achieve three aims: determine if cost would persist in irrelevant blocks when relevant and irrelevant blocks were clearly demarcated and irrelevant stimuli were incompatible with the PM task; investigate if costs would be greatest at the start of irrelevant blocks; and determine whether costs would occur when the irrelevant block preceded any relevant blocks. Costs were found in irrelevant blocks and greater cost at the start of the irrelevant blocks suggest the cost may be due in part to participants making decisions about the engagement of conscious resources at transition points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E Smith
- Dept of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States.
| | - Shayne Loft
- School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, Australia.
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