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Bettencourt C, Pires L, Almeida F, Vilar M, Cruz H, Leitão J, Allen Gomes A. Chronotype, Time of Day, and Children's Cognitive Performance in Remote Neuropsychological Assessment. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:310. [PMID: 38667106 PMCID: PMC11047315 DOI: 10.3390/bs14040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on the influence of chronotype and time of day (TOD) on cognitive performance, especially in children, is limited. We explored potential interactive effects, hypothesizing that performance differs when comparing preferred vs. non-preferred TOD. In total, 76 morning-type (MT = 37) or evening-type (ET = 39) children from the third and fourth grades (48.7% girls; M age = 8.05; SD age = 0.51), identified through the Children Chronotype Questionnaire, completed two 30-min neuropsychological assessment sessions via videoconference on the first (9:00) or last hour (16:00) of the school day. The protocol included neuropsychological tests targeting memory, language, and attention/executive domains. The results revealed an interactive effect of medium size between chronotype and TOD on a Rapid Alternating Stimulus (Naming) Task. MT and ET performed faster in asynchrony conditions (morning for ET; afternoon for MT). Additionally, ET outperformed MT in a Backward Digit Span Task, irrespective of TOD. TOD also influenced performance on an Alternating Verbal Fluency Task, with both MT and ET children performing better in the morning. These results underscore the importance of chronotype and TOD in children's cognitive performance, particularly in working memory and verbal fluency. Children assessed during non-preferred TOD exhibited better performance on some cognitive tasks, challenging the assumption that optimal times always yield superior results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Bettencourt
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.P.); (F.A.); (M.V.); (J.L.); (A.A.G.)
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Chronopsychology and Cognitive Systems (ChronCog), University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pires
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.P.); (F.A.); (M.V.); (J.L.); (A.A.G.)
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Chronopsychology and Cognitive Systems (ChronCog), University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Psychology and Education, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-209 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Filipa Almeida
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.P.); (F.A.); (M.V.); (J.L.); (A.A.G.)
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Chronopsychology and Cognitive Systems (ChronCog), University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuela Vilar
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.P.); (F.A.); (M.V.); (J.L.); (A.A.G.)
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hugo Cruz
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Education and Development (CeiED), Lusófona University, 1700-284 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - José Leitão
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.P.); (F.A.); (M.V.); (J.L.); (A.A.G.)
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Chronopsychology and Cognitive Systems (ChronCog), University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Allen Gomes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.P.); (F.A.); (M.V.); (J.L.); (A.A.G.)
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Chronopsychology and Cognitive Systems (ChronCog), University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
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May CP, Hasher L, Healey K. For Whom (and When) the Time Bell Tolls: Chronotypes and the Synchrony Effect. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:1520-1536. [PMID: 37369064 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231178553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are powerful timekeepers that drive physiological and intellectual functioning throughout the day. These rhythms vary across individuals, with morning chronotypes rising and peaking early in the day and evening chronotypes showing a later rise in arousal, with peaks in the afternoon or evening. Chronotype also varies with age from childhood to adolescence to old age. As a result of these differences, the time of day at which people are best at attending, learning, solving analytical problems, making complex decisions, and even behaving ethically varies. Across studies of attention and memory and a range of allied areas, including academic achievement, judgment and decision-making, and neuropsychological assessment, optimal outcomes are found when performance times align with peaks in circadian arousal, a finding known as the synchrony effect. The benefits of performing in synchrony with one's chronotype (and the costs of not doing so) are most robust for individuals with strong morning or evening chronotypes and for tasks that require effortful, analytical processing or the suppression of distracting information. Failure to take the synchrony effect into consideration may be a factor in issues ranging from replication difficulties to school timing to assessing intellectual disabilities and apparent cognitive decline in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn Hasher
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
| | - Karl Healey
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University
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Gordon JK, Chen H. How well does the discrepancy between semantic and letter verbal fluency performance distinguish Alzheimer's dementia from typical aging? NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023; 30:729-758. [PMID: 35612362 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2079602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's dementia (AD), greater declines in semantic fluency (SF) relative to letter fluency (LF) have been assumed to reflect semantic disintegration. However, the same pattern is observed in typical aging and neurodegenerative disorders besides AD. We examined this assumption by comparing different aspects of SF and LF performance in older adults with and without dementia, and identifying which verbal fluency measures most clearly distinguish AD from typical aging. Verbal fluency data were compared from 109 individuals with AD and 66 typically aging adults. Correct items, clusters, and errors were analyzed using both raw counts and proportions. Regression analyses examined Task-by-Group interactions and the impact of demographic variables on verbal fluency measures. ROC analyses examined the sensitivity and specificity of the different outcome measures. In regressions, interactions were found for raw but not proportional data, indicating that different group patterns were driven largely by the number of correct items produced. Similarly, in ROC analyses, raw SF totals showed stronger discriminability between groups than either raw discrepancy scores (SF-LF) or discrepancy ratios (SF/LF). Age and cognitive status (MMSE) were the strongest individual predictors of performance. Findings suggest that AD entails quantitative declines in verbal fluency, but qualitatively similar patterns of performance relative to typically aging adults. Thus, SF declines in AD seem to be at least partially attributable to an exaggeration of the underlying mechanisms common to typical aging, and do not necessarily implicate semantic disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean K Gordon
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Haoxuan Chen
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Herold F, Törpel A, Hamacher D, Budde H, Zou L, Strobach T, Müller NG, Gronwald T. Causes and Consequences of Interindividual Response Variability: A Call to Apply a More Rigorous Research Design in Acute Exercise-Cognition Studies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:682891. [PMID: 34366881 PMCID: PMC8339555 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The different responses of humans to an apparently equivalent stimulus are called interindividual response variability. This phenomenon has gained more and more attention in research in recent years. The research field of exercise-cognition has also taken up this topic, as shown by a growing number of studies published in the past decade. In this perspective article, we aim to prompt the progress of this research field by (i) discussing the causes and consequences of interindividual variability, (ii) critically examining published studies that have investigated interindividual variability of neurocognitive outcome parameters in response to acute physical exercises, and (iii) providing recommendations for future studies, based on our critical examination. The provided recommendations, which advocate for a more rigorous study design, are intended to help researchers in the field to design studies allowing them to draw robust conclusions. This, in turn, is very likely to foster the development of this research field and the practical application of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Hamacher
- Department of Sport Science, German University for Health and Sports (DHGS), Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Budde
- Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tilo Strobach
- Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Maldonado T, Orr JM, Goen JRM, Bernard JA. Age Differences in the Subcomponents of Executive Functioning. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 75:e31-e55. [PMID: 31943092 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Across the life span, deficits in executive functioning (EF) are associated with poor behavioral control and failure to achieve goals. Though EF is often discussed as one broad construct, a prominent model of EF suggests that it is composed of three subdomains: inhibition, set shifting, and updating. These subdomains are seen in both younger (YA) and older adults (OA), with performance deficits across subdomains in OA. Therefore, our goal was to investigate whether subdomains of EF might be differentially affected by age, and how these differences may relate to broader global age differences in EF. METHODS To assess these age differences, we conducted a meta-analysis at multiple levels, including task level, subdomain level, and of global EF. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that there would be overall differences in EF in OA. RESULTS Using 1,268 effect sizes from 401 articles, we found overall differences in EF with age. Results suggested that differences in performance are not uniform, such that variability in age effects emerged at the task level, and updating was not as affected by age as other subdomains. DISCUSSION These findings advance our understanding of age differences in EF, and stand to inform early detection of EF decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Maldonado
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Joseph M Orr
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station.,Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - James R M Goen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station.,Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station
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Taporoski TP, Duarte NE, Pompéia S, Sterr A, Gómez LM, Alvim RO, Horimoto ARVR, Krieger JE, Vallada H, Pereira AC, von Schantz M, Negrão AB. Heritability of semantic verbal fluency task using time-interval analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217814. [PMID: 31185027 PMCID: PMC6559646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual variability in word generation is a product of genetic and environmental influences. The genetic effects on semantic verbal fluency were estimated in 1,735 participants from the Brazilian Baependi Heart Study. The numbers of exemplars produced in 60 s were broken down into time quartiles because of the involvement of different cognitive processes—predominantly automatic at the beginning, controlled/executive at the end. Heritability in the unadjusted model for the 60-s measure was 0.32. The best-fit model contained age, sex, years of schooling, and time of day as covariates, giving a heritability of 0.21. Schooling had the highest moderating effect. The highest heritability (0.17) was observed in the first quartile, decreasing to 0.09, 0.12, and 0.0003 in the following ones. Heritability for average production starting point (intercept) was 0.18, indicating genetic influences for automatic cognitive processes. Production decay (slope), indicative of controlled processes, was not significant. The genetic influence on different quartiles of the semantic verbal fluency test could potentially be exploited in clinical practice and genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. P. Taporoski
- Institute of Psychiatry (LIM-23), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - N. E. Duarte
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departmento de Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Manizales, Colombia
| | - S. Pompéia
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo–Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A. Sterr
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - L. M. Gómez
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R. O. Alvim
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - A. R. V. R. Horimoto
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J. E. Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - H. Vallada
- Institute of Psychiatry (LIM-23), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A. C. Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M. von Schantz
- Institute of Psychiatry (LIM-23), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - A. B. Negrão
- Institute of Psychiatry (LIM-23), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Gordon JK, Young M, Garcia C. Why do older adults have difficulty with semantic fluency? AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2017; 25:803-828. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2017.1374328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean K. Gordon
- Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Megan Young
- Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Carly Garcia
- Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Jildenstål P, Eriksson J, Warren Stomberg M, Jakobsson JG. Evaluation of the Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale test and re-test in Swedish among healthy volunteers. F1000Res 2016; 5:2549. [PMID: 28299175 PMCID: PMC5310376 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9740.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patient outcome measures are required to assess the quality of healthcare. Tools for a patients' self-assessment of quality of recovery, during perioperative care, have been developed during the last decade. The Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale (PostopQRS) questionnaire is one of the most well-accepted and validated tools available. Here we assess the PostopORS questionnaire in Swedish. Methods Sixty-one students from the Bachelor Program in Nursing, (50 female and 11 male; mean age, 25; range, 21-46) filled in the Swedish translation of the PostopQRS questionnaire twice. They also evaluated whether they found the queries easy to understand and respond to .Results The participants found the Swedish translation of the PostopQRS questionnaire easy to read and understand. There were minor differences in test responses between the initial test and the re-test 48 hours later. We found that the PostopQRS questionnaire has some background noise; 12 out of 61 participants (20%) reported mild pain, 25 (41%) scored some depression and 33 scored mild anxiety (54%). The cognitive domain showed a learning effect between tests in "word recall" and "word generation", while "digit recall forward" and "digit recall backward" showed no change. We found a difference in cognitive test performance with age; younger participants had higher mean cognitive test scores compared to participants >30 years. Overall, nine participants showed a decrease in re-test scores; two experienced a mild increase in pain; one experienced a mild increase in anxiety; and six performed more poorly on cognitive tests. Conclusion The Swedish translation of the PostopQRS was found to be adequate for use in the assessment of quality of recovery, and the questions were well understood by participants. Our study shows the importance of baseline testing for assessment of recovery, since recovery is assessed as a return to or improvement in each individual's baseline score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pether Jildenstål
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anaesthesiology, Surgery and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Queen Silvia Children´s Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margareta Warren Stomberg
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan G Jakobsson
- Institution for Clinical Science, Karolinska Institute,, Danderyds University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Intraindividual variability in performance on associative memory tasks is elevated in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia 2016; 90:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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