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Sweet JJ, Boone KB, Denney RL, Hebben N, Marcopulos BA, Morgan JE, Nelson NW, Westerveld M. Forensic neuropsychology: History and current status. Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 37:459-474. [PMID: 35658794 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2022.2078740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective:This review provides a summary of historical details and current practice activities related to Forensic Neuropsychology (FN). Under the auspices of the American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology (ABCN), the Forensic Neuropsychology Special Interest Group (FNSIG) views the FN as a subspecialty, which has developed over time as the straightforward result of more than 20 years of numerous publications, extensive continuing education, focused research and growth of forensic practice within neuropsychology. In this article, the FNSIG core work group documents and integrates information that is the basis of efforts to consolidate practice knowledge and facilitate attainment of forensic practice competencies by clinical neuropsychologists. Method:Overview of continuing education topics at professional conferences, search results that identify relevant books and peer-reviewed publications, as well as pertinent findings across years of large-scale national survey results. Results:Relevant evidence has shown for decades that FN is prominent within Clinical Neuropsychology as practiced in the United States and Canada. A majority of U.S. neuropsychologists have received FN training and provide forensic evaluation services. FN practice time per week is considerable for many practitioners, and across survey epochs has been shown to be increasing. Conclusion:The present review leads to the conclusion that in the interest of promoting the acquisition of competence, FN practice should remain a focal point of training and continuing education. Alternate routes to attain competence are discussed, as are ongoing professional activities that undoubtedly will ensure continued growth of, and interest in, the subspecialty of FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Sweet
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kyle Brauer Boone
- Independent Practice, Torrance, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Denney
- Missouri Memory Center, Citizens Memorial Healthcare, Bolivar, MO, USA
| | - Nancy Hebben
- Independent Practice, Newton, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernice A Marcopulos
- Department of Graduate Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel W Nelson
- Morrison Family College of Health, Graduate School of Professional Psychology, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Bodin D, Beebe DW, Fuchs K, Lucas J, Marcopulos B. The American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology (ABCN) and American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN): Recent milestones and future goals 2014-2023. Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 37:784-811. [PMID: 36931232 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2023.2190538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology (ABCN) and the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) have become leading organizations in the credentialing of clinical neuropsychologists and promotion of the field, respectively. This paper updates the literature by summarizing the activities and growth of ABCN and AACN during the period 2014 through 2023. Method: Prior papers have reviewed the history of these organizations up to 2014. In this paper, the authors describe milestones that each organization has reached, provide an update reflecting improved functions and new initiatives, and describe how the organizations have responded to numerous challenges. Conclusions: The past decade has witnessed substantial societal and technological evolution, as well as wrenching events including a global pandemic and public outcry over continued racial injustice. ABCN and AACN have evolved in the face of these changes, positioning each organization well to take on future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Bodin
- Department of Pediatric Psychology and Neuropsychology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dean W Beebe
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen Fuchs
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John Lucas
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Bernice Marcopulos
- Department of Graduate Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Watson WD, Lahey S, Baum KT, Hamner T, Koterba CH, Alvarez G, Chan JB, Davis KC, DiVirgilio EK, Howarth RA, Jones K, Kramer M, Tlustos SJ, Zafiris CM, Slomine BS. The role of the Neuropsychologist across the stages of recovery from acquired brain injury: a summary from the pediatric rehabilitation Neuropsychology collaborative. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:299-320. [PMID: 35726723 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2086691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychologists working in a pediatric neurorehabilitation setting provide care for children and adolescents with acquired brain injuries (ABI) and play a vital role on the interdisciplinary treatment team. This role draws on influences from the field of clinical neuropsychology and its pediatric subspecialty, as well as rehabilitation psychology. This combination of specialties is uniquely suited for working with ABI across the continuum of recovery. ABI recovery often involves a changing picture that spans across stages of recovery (e.g., disorders of consciousness, confusional state, acute cognitive impairment), where each stage presents with distinctive characteristics that warrant a specific evidence-based approach. Assessment and intervention are used reciprocally to inform diagnostics, treatment, and academic planning, and to support patient and family adjustment. Neuropsychologists work with the interdisciplinary teams to collect and integrate data related to brain injury recovery and use this data for treatment planning and clinical decision making. These approaches must often be adapted and adjusted in real time as patients recover, demanding a dynamic expertise that is currently not supported through formal training curriculum or practice guidelines. This paper outlines the roles and responsibilities of pediatric rehabilitation neuropsychologists across the stages of ABI recovery with the goal of increasing awareness in order to continue to develop and formalize this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Watson
- Blythedale Children's Hospital, Valhalla, New York, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Lahey
- Department of Psychology, Brooks Rehabilitation Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Katherine T Baum
- Comprehensive Neuropsychology Services, PLLC, Paoli, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Taralee Hamner
- Pediatric Psychology and Neuropsychology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Christine H Koterba
- Pediatric Psychology and Neuropsychology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Gabrielle Alvarez
- Department of Rehabilitation Services, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jana B Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Neurology, IU School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kimberly C Davis
- Department of Psychology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Robyn A Howarth
- Department of Neuropsychology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kelly Jones
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Megan Kramer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah J Tlustos
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital Colorado and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina M Zafiris
- Department of Neuropsychology, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, Florida, USA
| | - Beth S Slomine
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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4
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Sweet JJ, Klipfel KM, Nelson NW, Moberg PJ. Professional practices, beliefs, and incomes of U.S. neuropsychologists: The AACN, NAN, SCN 2020 practice and "salary survey". Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 35:7-80. [PMID: 33375892 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1849803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This portion of the 2020 survey updates practice information, beliefs, and income data of clinical neuropsychologists who practice within the United States. Methods: Doctoral-level neuropsychology practitioners were invited via numerous methods, with multiple reminders, to participate in a web-based survey from January 17 through April 2, 2020. The useable U.S. sample of 1677 doctoral-level practitioners was 6.2% larger than the comparable group in the prior 2015 practice survey. Results: Whereas women practitioners predominate, which continues a steeply increasing trend across time, increases in overall ethnic/racial diversity continue at a slow pace. Median age has remained very similar over the last 30 years, reflecting a continuous influx of young practitioners. A relatively small minority of neuropsychologists work part time. The proportion of board-certified neuropsychologists continues to show meaningful increase; interest in subspecialization certification is relatively high. Reliance on technicians remains popular, especially for neuropsychologists who work in institutions or are board certified. Although implementation of new CPT codes in 2019 and related payor policies appear to have had more negative than positive effects, psychology-related annual incomes of neuropsychologists have again increased compared to prior surveys. Variables such as specific work setting, state, region, years in practice, forensic practice hours, board certification, and basis for determining income (e.g. hours billed, revenue collected, relative value units) have an impact on income. More than half of practitioners engage in forensic neuropsychology, with the number of related practice hours per week again increasing. There is very high agreement regarding the use of response validity measures in clinical practice and forensic practice. Neurologists remain the number one referral source whether working in an institution, private practice, or a combination of both, and regardless of maintaining a pediatric, adult, or lifespan practice. Career satisfaction ratings for income, job, and work-life balance remain high, with the majority of ratings regarding the future of the specialty in the positive range. Additional data summaries related to a wide range of professional and practice topics are provided. Conclusions: Updating and comparing survey information at five-year intervals continues to provide insights and perspectives regarding relative stabilities and changes in practice activities, beliefs, and incomes of U.S. clinical neuropsychologists. Such information also provides guidance regarding the future of the specialty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Sweet
- Neuropsychology Service, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA.,Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristen M Klipfel
- Neuropsychology Service, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Nelson
- Morrison Family College of Health, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Grote CL, Butts AM, Bodin D. [Formula: see text]Education, training and practice of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States of America. Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 30:1356-1370. [PMID: 27668837 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1213885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This invited paper is intended to give an overview regarding the education and training pathways for the practice of neuropsychology in the United States. It is also meant to describe the types of activities engaged in by neuropsychologists, a description of their work settings and the amounts/ways in which they are compensated for their work. METHOD The authors reviewed the literature and relied on their professional and organizational experiences to collect the necessary data. RESULTS The United States has well-defined pathways for one to follow to gain the experiences and knowledge necessary to practice clinical neuropsychology in a competent way. Compensation varies widely among workplace settings but overall neuropsychologists appear to be well-paid. Challenges now and in the foreseeable future include a need to develop tests that have better ecological validity and that better reflect the demographics of a changing population, and an increasing need for neuropsychologists to identify key roles as members of integrated care teams. CONCLUSIONS The United States has played an important role in the development of the practice and science of neuropsychology. Its continued success will, at least in part, depend on innovations in test development and application, and further demonstration of its relevance to health care and academic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Grote
- a Departments of Behavioral Sciences and Neurological Sciences , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Alissa M Butts
- b Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Division of Neurocognitive Disorders , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Doug Bodin
- c Nationwide Children's Hospital , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA
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