Resveratrol accelerates wound healing by inducing M2 macrophage polarisation in diabetic mice

Macrophage plasticity: signaling pathways, tissue repair, and regeneration

Macrophages are versatile immune cells with remarkable plasticity, enabling them to adapt to diverse tissue microenvironments and perform various functions. Traditionally categorized into classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes, recent advances have revealed a spectrum of macrophage activation states that extend beyond this dichotomy. The complex interplay of signaling pathways, transcriptional regulators, and epigenetic modifications orchestrates macrophage polarization, allowing them to respond to various stimuli dynamically. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the signaling cascades governing macrophage plasticity, focusing on the roles of Toll-like receptors, signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins, nuclear receptors, and microRNAs. We also discuss the emerging concepts of macrophage metabolic reprogramming and trained immunity, contributing to their functional adaptability. Macrophage plasticity plays a pivotal role in tissue repair and regeneration, with macrophages coordinating inflammation, angiogenesis, and matrix remodeling to restore tissue homeostasis. By harnessing the potential of macrophage plasticity, novel therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage polarization could be developed for various diseases, including chronic wounds, fibrotic disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning macrophage plasticity will pave the way for innovative regenerative medicine and tissue engineering approaches.

Boosting wound healing in diabetic rats: The role of nicotinamide riboside and resveratrol in UPR modulation and pyroptosis inhibition

BACKGROUND

Diabetes-related skin ulcers provide a substantial therapeutic issue, sometimes leading to amputation, needing immediate practical treatments for efficient wound care. While the exact mechanisms are unknown, pyroptosis and deregulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) are known to exacerbate inflammation. Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) and Resveratrol (RV), which are known for their Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) boosting and anti-inflammatory properties, are being studied as potential treatments. The purpose of this study was to shed light on the underlying molecular mechanisms and explore the medical application of NR and RV in diabetic wound healing.

METHODS

54 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into control, diabetic (DM), Gel Base, DM-NR, DM-RV, and DM-NR + RV. Rats were orally administered 50 mg/kg/day of RV and 300 mg/kg/day of NR for 5 weeks. Following diabetes induction, their wounds were topically treated with 5 % NR and RV gel for 15 days. The wound closure rate, body weight, and serum lipid profiles were examined. Gene expression study evaluated UPR and pyroptosis-related genes (BIP, PERK, ATF6, IRE1α, sXBP1, CHOP, NLRP3, caspase-1, NFκB, and IL1-β) in wound tissues, alongside histological assessment of cellular changes.

RESULTS

NR and RV treatments greatly enhanced wound healing. Molecular investigation demonstrated UPR and pyroptosis marker modifications, suggesting UPR balance and anti-inflammatory effects. Histological investigation demonstrated decreased inflammation and increased re-epithelialization. The combination of NR and RV therapy had better results than either treatment alone.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that NR and RV have therapeutic promise in treating diabetic wounds by addressing UPR dysregulation, and pyroptosis. The combination therapy is a viable strategy to improving the healing process, providing a multimodal intervention for diabetic skin ulcers. These findings pave the way for additional investigation and possible therapeutic applications, giving hope for better outcomes in diabetic wound care.

Resveratrol Promotes Diabetic Wound Healing by Inhibiting Notch Pathway

INTRODUCTION

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a severe complication that threatens the daily lives of patients with diabetes and represents a serious challenge to the global health system. Considering that impaired wound healing is the leading cause of DFU, exploring the mechanism of diabetic wound healing is beneficial for improving DFU treatment. Resveratrol (RES) is a native polyphenol with various pharmacological characteristics, and recent studies have indicated an accelerated function of RES in diabetic wound healing. As human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) play a significant role in diabetic wound healing, this study aimed to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of RES in HDFs.

METHODS

To mimic diabetic wound healing in vitro, the HDFs were stimulated with high glucose (HG). Our findings revealed that RES reversed HG-induced suppression of HDF proliferation and migration caused by HG. RES inhibits the Notch signaling pathway. More importantly, we demonstrated that the activation of the Notch pathway abrogated the effects of RES on HG-induced HDFs.

RESULTS

In vivo assays also illustrated that RES contributed to wound healing in diabetic mice by blocking the Notch pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, RES improved diabetic wound healing by targeting the Notch pathway, which offers novel insights into DFU therapy.

The transformation of multifunctional bio-patch to hydrogel on skin wounds for efficient scarless wound healing

Hydrogels have been widely used in various biomedical applications, including skin regeneration and tissue repair. However, the capability of certain hydrogels to absorb exudate or blood from surrounding wounds, coupled with the challenge in their long-term storage to prevent bacterial growth, can pose limitations to their efficacy in biological applications. To address these challenges, the development of a multifunctional aloin-arginine-alginate (short for 3A) bio-patch capable of transforming into a hydrogel upon absorbing exudate or blood from neighboring wounds for cutaneous regeneration is proposed. The 3A bio-patch exhibits outstanding features, including an excellent porous structure, swelling properties, and biodegradability. These characteristics allow for the rapid absorption of wound exudates and subsequent transformation into a hydrogel that is suitable for treating skin wounds. Furthermore, the 3A bio-patch exhibits remarkable antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, leading to accelerated wound healing and scarless repair in vivo. This study presents a novel approach to the development of cutaneous wound dressing materials.

Peptide TK-HR from the Skin of Chinese Folk Medicine Frog Hoplobatrachus Rugulosus Accelerates Wound Healing via the Activation of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor

Wound healing is a complex process and remains a considerable challenge in clinical trials due to the lack of ideal therapeutic drugs. Here, a new peptide TK-HR identified from the skin of the frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus was tested for its ability to heal cutaneous wounds in mice. Topical application of TK-HR at doses of 50-200 μg/mL significantly accelerated wound closure without causing any adverse effects in the animals. In vitro and in vivo investigations proved the regulatory role of the peptide on neutrophils, macrophages, keratinocytes, and vein endothelial cells involved in the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases of wound healing. Notably, TK-HR activated the MAPK and TGF-β-Smad signaling pathways by acting on NK1R in RAW264.7 cells and mice. The current work has identified that TK-HR is a potent wound healing regulator that can be applied for the treatment of wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers and infected wounds, in the future.

MiR-223-3p overexpressed adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote wound healing via targeting MAPK10

BACKGROUND

Adipose mesenchymal stem cell (AMSC)-derived exosomes are promising novel factors for wound repair and regeneration. This study aimed to explore the potential roles and underlying mechanisms of specific miRNA in wound healing using AMSC-derived exosomes as carriers.

METHODS

The expression profiles of GSE197840 were downloaded to screen for differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs), and the corresponding genes of the identified miRNAs were predicted. Next, miRNA-mRNA co-expression networks were constructed and the genes in these networks were subjected to functional analysis. miR-223-3p overexpressed AMSCs were then established to isolate exosomes, and the effects of AMSC-derived exosomes carrying miR-223-3p on wound healing and the related potential mechanisms were further investigated in vivo.

RESULTS

35 DEmiRNAs were identified and a co-expression network containing 22 miRNAs and 91 target genes was constructed. Based on the network, miR-223-3p was the hub node and the genes were significantly enriched in 15 GO terms of biological processes and 14 KEGG pathways, including cAMP, PI3K-Akt, cGMP-PKG, neurotrophin signaling pathway, and dopaminergic synapse. Then, miR-223-3p overexpressed AMSCs-derived exosomes were successfully extracted, and miR-223-3p was found to directly bind with MAPK10. In vivo experiments validated that AMSCs-derived exosomal miR-223-3p could promote wound healing, and up-regulated α-SMA, CD31, COL1A1, COL2A1, COL3A1, and down-regulated MAPK10, TNF-α, IL-β, and IL-6.

CONCLUSIONS

AMSC-derived exosomal miR-223-3p may accelerate wound healing by targeting MAPK10.

Mechanisms of resveratrol against diabetic wound by network pharmacology and experimental validation

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol (RSV) that possesses anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenic effects is an effective drug for diabetic wound (DW), while its pharmacological mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we apply network pharmacology and experimental validation approach to reveal the potential mechanism of RSV against DW.

METHODS

We obtained potential targets for RSV and DW from the publicly available database. Using interaction networks and conducting GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, we constructed target-pathway networks to explore the relationship between RSV and DW. To validate the pharmacological mechanism of RSV, we induced the DW model.

RESULTS

Ninety overlapped targets between RSV and DW were obtained, and the hub genes of the PPI network included TNF, IL-6, CASP3, MAPK3, VEGFA, IL-1β, AKT1, and JUN. Based on target-pathway networks, the AGE-RAGE signalling pathway was involved in the RSV treatment of DW. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that RSV significantly promoted wound healing in diabetic mice and attenuated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in wound tissue. Meanwhile, RSV could inhibit the AGE-RAGE signalling pathway and thus reduce the activation of NF-κB.

CONCLUSION

This study initially revealed the biological mechanism of RSV for treating DW through multi-target and multi-pathway. AGE-RAGE, FoxO, MAPK, PI3K-AKT and other signalling pathways may be the main pathways of RSV in treating DW. RSV reduces the inflammatory response by inhibiting the AGE-RAGE signalling pathway, which in turn promotes DW healing.

The protective role of resveratrol in diabetic wound healing

Diabetic wounds are severe complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), which have difficulty in healing. Although diverse treatments have been used, the prognosis of diabetic wounds is not satisfactory; therefore, an effective therapy to accelerate diabetic wound healing is urgently needed. In our review, we summarized that resveratrol can promote diabetic wound healing by protecting against hyperglycemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular pathology, infection, and peripheral neuropathy. To clarify it clearly, we highlighted its underlying mechanisms of protective effects of resveratrol against diabetic wounds, and high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish its clinical efficacy. Otherwise, with the development of material sciences, resveratrol can exert its therapeutic effectiveness efficiently; however, more high-quality studies are needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of resveratrol on diabetic wounds.

Dasatinib Ointment Promotes Healing of Murine Excisional Skin Wound

Dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been shown to produce anti-inflammatory activity and impair vascular integrity in vivo, including during skin wound healing, potentially promoting the repair process. Given that dasatinib is a lipophilic small molecule capable of penetrating skin, topical dasatinib might provide benefits in wound healing. In the present study, we investigated the impact of dasatinib ointments in skin wound healing in mice. A full thickness excisional skin wound (4 mm diameter) was generated on the shaved dorsum of eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Dasatinib ointment (0.1 or 0.2% w/w) or ointment base was applied twice daily (every 12 h) for 10 days. Elizabethan collars were used to prevent animal licking. The wound size was monitored daily for 14 days. The results showed that dasatinib ointments, particularly 0.1% dasatinib, promoted a 16-23% reduction in wound size (p < 0.05) during day 2 to day 6 postinjury compared to controls. Immunohistochemistry analyses demonstrated a reduction in wound neutrophils (38% reduction, p = 0.04), macrophages (47% reduction, p = 0.005), and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (73% reduction, p < 0.01), together with an induction of vascular leakage-mediated fibrin(ogen) accumulation (2.5-fold increase, p < 0.01) in the wound during day 3 postinjury (an early phase of repair) in 0.1% dasatinib-treated mice relative to control mice. The anti-inflammatory and vascular hyperpermeability activities of dasatinib were associated with an enhanced healing process, including increased keratinocyte proliferation (1.8-fold increase in Ki67+ cells, p < 0.05) and augmented angiogenesis (1.7-fold increase in CD31+ area, p < 0.05), compared to the ointment base-treated group. Following treatment with 0.2% dasatinib ointment, minor wound bleeding and scab reformation were observed during the late phase, which contributed to delayed healing. In conclusion, our data suggest that dasatinib ointment, mainly at 0.1%, promotes the repair process by reducing inflammation and producing a local and temporal vascular leakage, leading to an increase in fibrin(ogen) deposition, re-epithelialization, and angiogenesis. Therefore, topical dasatinib might be a potential novel candidate to facilitate skin wound healing.

Analysis of the mechanism underlying diabetic wound healing acceleration by Calycosin-7-glycoside using network pharmacology and molecular docking

BACKGROUND

Diabetic wounds represent a severe clinical challenge in which impaired M2 macrophage polarization and continuous macrophage glycolysis play crucial roles. Calycosin-7-glucoside (CG) is an isoflavone component in Astragali Radix (AR), which has become a research focus for treating diabetic wounds following reports indicating that it has anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanism through which CG can treat diabetic wounds is yet to be deciphered.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of CG on diabetic wounds and its underlying mechanism.

METHODS

The potential mechanism underlying the treatment of diabetic wounds by CG was screened using bioinformatics. The therapeutic effects of CG were then investigated using a db/db diabetic wound model. Moreover, an LPS- and IFN-γ-induced RAW264.7 cell inflammation model was used to elucidate the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of CG against diabetic wounds.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology predicted that the AMPK pathway could be the main target through which CG treats diabetic wounds. In db/db diabetic mice, CG could accelerate wound healing and promote granulation tissue regeneration. Protein chip technology revealed that CG increased the production of M-CSF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-4 but not that of MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-1α, TNF-α, and TNF-RII. Moreover, CG elevated the proportion of Ly6C^Lo/- anti-inflammatory monocytes in peripheral blood and M2 macrophages in the wound. The ELISA and flow cytometry analyses revealed that CG enhanced the levels of IL-10, VEGF, CD206, and Arg-1 expression whereas it considerably reduced the levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, CD86, and iNOS expression. Meanwhile, CG increased the macrophage mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased the mitochondrial ADP/ATP ratio and glycolysis rate of M1 macrophages through the ROS/AMPK/STAT6 pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

The network pharmacology and molecular dockin identified the AMPK pathway as a critical pathway for treating diabetic wounds using topical CG application. CG was found to promote anti-inflammatory monocyte recruitment and decrease the mitochondrial glycolysis rate to induce M2 macrophage polarization via the ROS/AMPK/STAT6 pathway. These results suggest that CG might be a promising therapeutic agent for diabetic wounds.