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Taubman DS, Parikh SV. Understanding and Addressing Mental Health Disorders: a Workplace Imperative. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2023; 25:455-463. [PMID: 37589777 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-023-01443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article seeks to provide a broad overview of the workplace mental health literature, highlight practical implications of current research, and formulate key recommendations for stakeholders. Various aspects of disability related to mental health disorders, their associated financial costs, and the impact of stigma are covered. This article also discusses key strategies for assessing mental health problems among employees and reviews different types of interventions in the workplace. RECENT FINDINGS Workplace mental health is an evolving area, particularly in the wake of the pandemic. While established national workplace mental health standards do not currently exist, mental illness continues to have a severe impact on the health of organizations, employees, and the economy. Additional research is needed to fully understand and address the diversity of mental health needs among the broad range of employees and organizations across the USA. Employers have a responsibility and an opportunity to create workplaces that support the whole person, not just the employee. While research in the area has increased in the last decade, there is still much to learn in terms of the most effective ways to support our workforce.
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Kim S, Jeong W, Jang SI, Park EC, Park S. Is Work Hour Mismatch Associated with Depression? Saf Health Work 2020; 12:96-101. [PMID: 33732533 PMCID: PMC7940142 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have reported noticeable increases in the proportion of employees working either relatively short or relatively long hours. Such trends have been accompanied by an increasing concern regarding work hour mismatches defined as a discrepancy between actual and preferred work hours. The aim of this study was to investigate association between work hour mismatch and depression. Methods Data regarding work hour mismatches for 47,551 adults were extracted from the 2017 Korean Working Conditions Survey. The World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index was used to measure depression. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between work hour mismatch and depression. Results Men and women workers with work hour mismatch were more likely to have depression [underemployed males: odds ratio (OR) = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14–1.49, overemployed males: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.18–1.40; underemployed females: OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.20–1.56, overemployed females: OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02–1.23]. Underemployed workers, workers who worked more than 52 hours per week, and workers with a high income level, all had higher ORs for depression. The greater the discrepancy between actual and preferred work hours, the higher OR for depression among both underemployed and overemployed workers. Conclusions A difference between actual and preferred work hours was associated with depression. Underemployed workers had a higher risk of depression than that of overemployed workers. As a work hour mismatch negatively affected workers' mental health, it is important to reduce work hours mismatches as well as shorten the absolute number of work hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Kim
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjeong Jeong
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-In Jang
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Park
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Park
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biostatistics, Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Smith KE, Bunting AM, Golder S, Hall MT, Higgins GE, Logan TK. Prevalence and Correlates of Disability Among a Sample of Victimized Women on Probation and Parole. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2019; 25:143-161. [PMID: 30866703 DOI: 10.1177/1078345819833387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this exploratory study was to establish the prevalence of disability as measured by self-reported Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) receipt among a sample of women on probation and parole who have experienced interpersonal victimization in childhood and/or adulthood. Women receiving SSDI were more likely to be older, White, to live alone, and to score lower on measures of social support compared to women not receiving SSDI. SSDI recipients were also more likely to report poorer health, chronic pain, and more frequent health care service utilization. High rates of adverse childhood experiences, rape, adult victimization, and an overall greater severity of post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology were observed for women receiving SSDI. Groups had similar overall mental health profiles and diverged primarily on trauma variables. Findings support the need for trauma-informed care and highlight the possibility that some criminal justice system-involved women likely qualify for SSDI, yet are not receiving it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Smith
- 1 Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Amanda M Bunting
- 2 Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Seana Golder
- 1 Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Martin T Hall
- 1 Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - George E Higgins
- 3 Department of Criminal Justice, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - T K Logan
- 4 Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,5 Center on Drug and Alcohol and Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Ojala B, Nygård CH, Huhtala H, Nikkari ST. Effects of a nine-month occupational intervention on health-related quality of life. Scand J Public Health 2017; 45:452-458. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494817695912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vocationally outpatient oriented rehabilitation on an intervention group, compared with a control group that did not take part in the intervention. The groups were compared for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by the quantitative indicator RAND 36. Data were obtained by a self-report at baseline and at nine months follow-up. Differences between base-line and follow-up were analyzed within group and between the groups. The study population consisted of 751 municipal employees aged between 26 and 64 years; an intervention with 463 women and 115 men ( n = 578), and a control group with 138 women and 35 men ( n = 173). In this study we focused on those who had answered to all questions in RAND 36, thus 581 remained. Of these, 388 were in the intervention group (mean age 49.0 years) and 110 in the control group (mean age 48.4 years). Intervention was based on cognitive behavioral therapy. Participants in the 9-month outpatient intervention group showed statistically significant increase in all eight RAND 36 areas. Most improvement was seen in the psychosocial functioning index ( p = 0.002). Although there were no statistically significant changes in RAND 36 components in the control group, difference in changes between groups were seen in energy and fatigue ( p < 0.001), social functioning ( p = 0.032) and general health perceptions 0.027 in favor of the intervention group. The results suggest that a cognitive behavioral intervention as an early rehabilitation program is effective in increasing employees’ quality of life, as measured by RAND 36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Ojala
- Faculty of Social Sciences,University of Tampere, Finland
- Tullinkulma Occupational Health Unit, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences,University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Seppo T. Nikkari
- Tullinkulma Occupational Health Unit, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and FIMLAB Laboratories, University of Tampere, Finland
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Davies EMM, Van der Heijden BIJM, Flynn M. Job Satisfaction, Retirement Attitude and Intended Retirement Age: A Conditional Process Analysis across Workers' Level of Household Income. Front Psychol 2017; 8:891. [PMID: 28620329 PMCID: PMC5450519 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the contemporary workplace, insight into retirement behaviors is of crucial importance. Previous empirical evidence has found mixed results regarding the relationship between work attitudes, such as job satisfaction, and retirement behaviors, suggesting that further scholarly examination incorporating moderating and mediating variables into retirement models is needed. Drawing on comparative models of attitude to retirement, we hypothesized a direct relationship between job satisfaction and intended retirement age for workers with a high household income and an indirect relationship between job satisfaction and intended retirement age, via retirement attitude, for workers with a low or mean household income. We collected data from a sample of 590 United Kingdom workers aged 50+. Using conditional process analysis, we found that the underlying mechanisms in our research model differ according to socio-economic status. We found no direct effect between job satisfaction and intended retirement age. However, an indirect effect was observed between job satisfaction and intended retirement age, via retirement attitude, for both low- and mean-household income individuals. Specifically, the relationship between job satisfaction and retirement attitude differed according to socio-economic group: for high-household income older workers, there was no relationship between job satisfaction and retirement attitude. However, for low- and mean-household income older workers, we observed a negative relationship between job satisfaction and retirement attitude. Otherwise stated, increases in job satisfaction for mean and low household income workers are likely to make the prospect of retirement less attractive. Therefore, we argue that utmost care must be taken around the conditions under which lower income employees will continue their work when getting older in order to protect their sustainable employability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M M Davies
- Huddersfield Business School, University of HuddersfieldHuddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice I J M Van der Heijden
- Institute for Management Research, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands.,Department Organization, Faculty of Management, Science and Technology, Open University of the NetherlandsHeerlen, Netherlands.,Kingston Business School, Kingston University LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Flynn
- Hull University Business School, University of HullHull, United Kingdom
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Nexo MA, Borg V, Sejbaek CS, Carneiro IG, Hjarsbech PU, Rugulies R. Depressive symptoms and early retirement intentions among Danish eldercare workers: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:677. [PMID: 26184519 PMCID: PMC4504417 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression increases the risk of disability pension and represents a health related strain that pushes people out of the labour market. Although early voluntary retirement is an important alternative to disability pension, few studies have examined whether depressive symptoms incur early voluntary retirement. This study examined whether depressive symptoms and changes in depressive symptoms over time were associated with early retirement intentions. Methods We used a cross-sectional (n = 4041) and a prospective (n = 2444) population from a longitudinal study on employees of the Danish eldercare sector. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Major Depression Inventory and the impact of different levels of depressive symptoms (severe, moderately severe, moderate, mild and none) and changes in depressive symptoms (worsened, improved, unaffected) on early retirement intentions were analysed with multinomial logistic regression. Results In the cross-sectional analysis all levels of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with retirement intentions before the age of 62 years. Similar associations were found prospectively. Depressive symptoms and worsened depressive symptoms in the two year period from baseline to follow-up were also significantly associated with early retirement intentions before age 62. The prospective associations lost statistical significance when controlling for early retirement intentions at baseline. Conclusions The whole spectrum of depressive symptoms represents a health related strain that can incur intentions to retire early by early voluntary retirement. In order to change the intentions to retire early, the work related consequences of depressive symptoms should be addressed as early in the treatment process as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Andersen Nexo
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersoe Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Vilhelm Borg
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersoe Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Camilla Sandal Sejbaek
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 5, Post box 2099, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Isabella Gomes Carneiro
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersoe Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Cancer Research UK partnership with the National Cancer Intelligence Network, Wellington House, 133-55 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8UG, U. K.
| | - Pernille U Hjarsbech
- Danish Institute for Local and Regional Government Research. Koebmagergade 22, DK-1150, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Reiner Rugulies
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersoe Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 5, Post box 2099, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark. .,Department of Psychology, Copenhagen University, Oester Farigmagsgade 2A, DK-1353, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Harkonmäki K, Martikainen P, Lahelma E, Pitkäniemi J, Halmeenmäki T, Silventoinen K, Rahkonen O. Intentions to retire, life dissatisfaction and the subsequent risk of disability retirement. Scand J Public Health 2009; 37:252-9. [PMID: 19179449 DOI: 10.1177/1403494808100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To examine the predictive value of intentions to retire early on the process of disability retirement and the contribution of life dissatisfaction to the association between intentions to retire early and disability retirement. METHODS A cohort of 6484 employees over 40 years and working for the City of Helsinki was followed from 2000 to 2004. At baseline, the participants had responded to a questionnaire. Information on disability retirement was obtained from the Local Government Pensions Institution and the State Treasury. We calculated age and gender adjusted incidence rates and estimated Cox regression models. RESULTS During the follow-up 232 (3.6%) participants were granted a disability pension. Clear predictive value of disability retirement was found for strong intentions to retire early (age and gender adjusted hazard ratio HR 6.55, 95% CI 4.64-9.26) and for life dissatisfaction (dissatisfaction with subjective well-being, HR 5.31, 4.11-6.87). After adjusting for life dissatisfaction, the HR for those with strong intentions to retire early attenuated to 3.86 (2.66-5.62). After simultaneous adjustments for various risk factors the associations of intentions to retire early and dissatisfaction with subjective well-being with disability retirement attenuated, but remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The impact of intentions and subjective experience of well-being as measured by life dissatisfaction to the process of disability retirement should be recognized. Intentions to retire and life dissatisfaction should be considered as suitable measures when identifying people with elevated risk of disability retirement.
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Mental Ill-Health and the Differential Effect of Employee Type on Absenteeism and Presenteeism. J Occup Environ Med 2008; 50:1228-43. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31818c30a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dewa CS, McDaid D, Ettner SL. An international perspective on worker mental health problems: who bears the burden and how are costs addressed? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2007; 52:346-56. [PMID: 17696020 DOI: 10.1177/070674370705200603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the burden of poor mental health in workers, who currently bears it, and how the associated rising costs are being addressed, from an international perspective. METHOD We identify the stakeholder groups and the costs they incur as a result of problems related to mental health in 6 different domains. In addition, we offer examples of programs, services, and strategies being used to either decrease costs or enhance benefits. RESULTS Mental illness is associated with a wide range of costs distributed across multiple stakeholders including government, employers, workers and their families, and the health care system. The costs incurred by the groups are interrelated; an attempt to decrease the burden for one group of stakeholders will inevitably affect other stakeholders. Thus the answer to the question of who bears the costs of poor mental health is "everyone." CONCLUSIONS Everyone could benefit from investment in improved mental health in the workplace. However, because the benefits associated with improved worker mental health are often distributed among several stakeholders, the incentives for any single stakeholder to pay for additional services for workers may be diluted. As a consequence, no one invests. Nevertheless, there is a role for all stakeholders, just as there are potential benefits for all. Along with government, employers, employees, and the health care system must invest in promoting good workplace health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn S Dewa
- Centre for Addition and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario.
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Harkonmäki K, Rahkonen O, Martikainen P, Silventoinen K, Lahelma E. Associations of SF-36 mental health functioning and work and family related factors with intentions to retire early among employees. Occup Environ Med 2006; 63:558-63. [PMID: 16601015 PMCID: PMC2078129 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2005.022293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of mental health functioning (SF-36) and work and family related psychosocial factors with intentions to retire early. METHODS Cross sectional survey data (n = 5037) from the Helsinki Health Study occupational cohort in 2001 and 2002 were used. Intentions to retire early were inquired with a question: "Have you considered retiring before normal retirement age?" Mental health functioning was measured by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) mental component summary (MCS). Work and family related psychosocial factors included job demands and job control, procedural and relational justice, conflicts between work and family, and social network size. Multinomial regression models were used to analyse the data. RESULTS Poor mental health functioning, unfavourable psychosocial working conditions, and conflicts between work and family were individually related to intentions to retire early. After adjustments for all work and family related factors the odds ratio for low mental health functioning was halved (from OR = 6.05 to 3.67), but nevertheless the association between poor mental health functioning and strong intentions to retire early remained strong. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight not only the importance of low mental health and unfavourable working conditions but also the simultaneous impact of conflicts between work and family to employees' intentions to retire early.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Harkonmäki
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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