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Zhang M, Zhao C, Zhang M, Mao S, Yang M, Mao Z, Xing X. Influence of reinforcement learning on the inhibitory control of Internet gaming disorder. Psych J 2024. [PMID: 38965885 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Reward processing dysfunction and inhibition control deficiency have been observed in Internet gaming disorder (IGD). However, it is still unclear whether the previous reinforcement learning depends on reward/punishment feedback influences on the cognitive inhibitory control of IGD. This study compared the differences between an IGD group and healthy people without game experiences in the probability selection task and the subsequent stop signal task by the method of behavioral experiments, in order to explore whether the reward learning ability is impaired in the IGD group. We also discuss the influence of previous reward learning on subsequent inhibition control. The results showed that (1) during the reward learning phase, the IGD group's accuracy was significantly lower than that of the control group; (2) compared with the control group, the IGD group's reaction times were longer in the transfer phase; (3) for no-go trials of the inhibitory control phase after reward learning, the accuracy of the reward-related stimulation in the IGD group was lower than that of punishment-related or neutral stimulation, but there was no significant difference among the three conditions in the control group. These findings indicated that the reinforcement learning ability of the IGD group was impaired, which further caused the abnormal response to reinforcement stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chenyue Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuangshuang Mao
- Department of Basic Education, Hunan Vocational College for Nationalities, Yueyang, China
| | - Mengyao Yang
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ziyu Mao
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoli Xing
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Mari E, Cricenti C, Boccia M, Zucchelli MM, Nori R, Piccardi L, Giannini AM, Quaglieri A. Betting on Your Feelings: The Interplay between Emotion and Cognition in Gambling Affective Task. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2990. [PMID: 38792531 PMCID: PMC11121897 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Gambling Disorder (GD) is a bio-psycho-social disorder resulting from the interaction of clinical, cognitive, and affective factors. Impulsivity is a crucial factor in addiction studies, as it is closely linked to cognitive distortions in GD by encompassing impulsive choices, motor responses, decision-making, and cognitive biases. Also, emotions, mood, temperament, and affective state are crucial in developing and maintaining GD. Gambling can be used as a maladaptive coping strategy to avoid or escape problems and distress. Methods: The aim of the present study is to explore differences in personality traits and emotion regulation of people suffering from GD, substance-dependent gamblers (SDGs), and healthy controls (HCs). Additionally, the study proposes a new experimental task: the "Gambling Affective Task" (GAT) to investigate the influence of affective priming on risk-taking behaviors. Results: Our findings indicate that participants placed lower bets following positive priming. Additionally, SDGs wagered significantly higher amounts than HCs, regardless of priming type. In general, participants exhibited longer response times after positive priming trials, compared to negative and neutral priming trials. These findings suggest that experiencing positive emotions can act as a protective factor by delaying and lengthening gambling behaviors. By comparing gamblers with and without substance comorbidity, we can gain insight into the exclusive factors of GD and improve our understanding of this disorder. Conclusions: By elucidating the impact of emotional states on risk-taking, the research also provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Mari
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (A.M.G.); (A.Q.)
| | - Clarissa Cricenti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (A.M.G.); (A.Q.)
| | - Maddalena Boccia
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (A.M.G.); (A.Q.)
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Nori
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.Z.); (R.N.)
| | - Laura Piccardi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (A.M.G.); (A.Q.)
- San Raffaele Cassino Hospital, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giannini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (A.M.G.); (A.Q.)
| | - Alessandro Quaglieri
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (A.M.G.); (A.Q.)
- Faculty of Social and Communication Sciences, Universitas Mercatorum, Piazza Mattei 10, 00186 Rome, Italy
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Myles D, O'Brien K, Yücel M, Carter A. Three Contrasting Accounts of Electronic Gambling Machine Related Harm: Impacts on Community Views Towards Gambling Policy and Responsibility. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:29-49. [PMID: 37115423 PMCID: PMC10904407 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether there was community support for prominent gambling harm reduction policies, as well as perceived responsibility for electronic gambling machine (EGM) related harm in an Australian sample (n = 906). Using a randomised experimental design, we also explored whether these outcomes were influenced by three alternative explanations for EGM-related harm: a brain-based account of gambling addiction, an account that highlighted the intentional design of the gambling environment focused on the "losses disguised as wins" (LDWs), and a media release advocating against further government intervention in the gambling sector. We observed clear majority support for most policies presented, including mandatory pre-commitment, self-exclusion, and a $1 limit on EGM bets. A substantial majority of participants agreed that individuals, governments, and industry should be held responsible for EGM-related harm. Participants presented with the explanation of LDWs attributed greater responsibility for gambling-related harm to industry and government, less agreement that electronic gambling machines are fair, and more agreement that EGMs are likely to mislead or deceive consumers. There was some limited evidence of greater support for policy intervention in this group, including a blanket ban of EGMs, clinical treatment funded by gambling taxes, mass media campaigns, and mandatory pre-commitment for EGMs. We found no evidence that a brain-based account of gambling addiction substantially undermined support for policy intervention. We predicted that the information about LDWs and the brain-based account of EGM related harm would soften attributions of personal responsibility for gambling harm. Our results did not support either of these predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Myles
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kerry O'Brien
- School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adrian Carter
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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García-Castro J, Cancela A, Cárdaba MAM. Neural cue-reactivity in pathological gambling as evidence for behavioral addiction: a systematic review. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-12. [PMID: 36373116 PMCID: PMC9638381 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Increasing incidence of problem gambling has led to prioritizing the problem from the point of view of public health. Additionally, gambling disorder has been recently classified as a behavioral addiction, with implications for both its diagnosis and treatment. However, the shared neural substrate of addictions, to substances and behavioral, is still discussed. Thus, this systematic review aims to provide up-to-date knowledge from the past five years (2017-2022) concerning the neural correlates of gambling related stimuli (cue-reactivity) on the basis of a previous review (Brevers et al., Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience 18:718-729, 2019). A total of five studies were included in the review. Activation of brain areas related to memory, reward and executive functions could be the underlying mechanism of this behavioral addiction. Specifically, nucleus accumbens and striatum (ventral and dorsal), parahippocampal regions, the right amygdala and several prefrontal cortex regions have systematically been found more active in those subjects exposed to gambling-related cues. Also, the insula could play a pivotal role connecting these three systems in a highly integrated neural network with several implications for reward processing modulation, associative learning and top-down attentional regulation to improve saliency of addiction-related cues. These results are consistent with previous findings on other substance addictions, such as alcohol, tobacco, marijuana or cocaine. The study of neural reactivity to stimuli related to addiction could be useful as a biomarker of the severity of the disorder, the efficacy of the treatment, the risk of relapse, in addition to being an objective criterion to measure the effectiveness of prevention campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Cancela
- Universidad Villanueva, C/Costa Brava, 6 28034, Madrid, Spain
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Torrado M, Bacelar-Nicolau L, Skryabin V, Teixeira M, Eusébio S, Ouakinin S. Emotional dysregulation features and problem gambling in university students: a pilot study. J Addict Dis 2020; 38:550-566. [PMID: 32762419 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2020.1800889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Undergraduate students typically cope with various changes in their lives and experience many stressors associated with academic issues. Distress can make them more vulnerable to particular behavioral patterns in order to cope with negative affect. The association of problematic gambling with particular emotion regulation characteristics-some of which are developmentally dependent-becomes a recent focus of research with clinical and preventive implications. We carried out a pilot study enrolling voluntarily young adults of a public university in the Lisbon area, and 117 Portuguese-speaking individuals were interviewed. Participants, mainly female (M = 20.6; SD = 3.9), were investigated taking into consideration their gambling practices, characteristics of impulsivity and alexithymia, along with the symptoms of depression and anxiety. Portuguese versions of the South Oaks Gambling Scale (SOGS) and Short-Version of Impulsive Behavior Scale (S-UPPSP) were prepared (i.e., translation and back-translation of the original versions were performed). The prevalence of gambling problems in this sample is modest, although they were associated with negative urgency and sensation-seeking, as well as with depression symptoms. Multiple correspondence analysis, a particular multivariate model associating gambling problems with socio-demographic and psychological variables, allowed identifying different profiles of individuals. Trace and state emotional dysregulation features are selectively associated with distinctive gambling patterns, according to some previous findings in studies with other groups. Results may address new findings in terms of morbidity, risk factors and the design of future preventive strategies among such individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Torrado
- Faculty of Medicine, ISAMB (Instituto de Saúde Ambiental), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Leonor Bacelar-Nicolau
- Faculty of Medicine, ISAMB (Instituto de Saúde Ambiental), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Valentin Skryabin
- Department of Healthcare, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions of the Moscow, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariana Teixeira
- Faculty of Medicine, ISAMB (Instituto de Saúde Ambiental), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Eusébio
- Faculty of Medicine, ISAMB (Instituto de Saúde Ambiental), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Silvia Ouakinin
- Faculty of Medicine, ISAMB (Instituto de Saúde Ambiental), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
Research evidence suggests that problematic Facebook use (PFU) affects large numbers of people worldwide. A variety of studies have investigated the relationship between PFU and psychological dysfunction, revealing that negative mood and cognitive self-regulation are common among problematic Facebook users. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of craving, emotion regulation and desire thinking in predicting PFU. An online survey was administered to 750 participants (Mage = 23.38 years; SDage = 5.72). Correlation analyses indicated that all predictor variables were positively associated with PFU. Path analysis showed that imaginal prefiguration was associated with craving, which, in turn, was associated with verbal prefiguration that was directly linked to PFU, beyond the direct effect of emotion regulation. These findings provide further support for the importance of desire thinking in predicting problematic behaviours. Desire thinking and emotion regulation should be considered in the modification of problematic Facebook use.
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