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Pippione AC, Kovachka S, Vigato C, Bertarini L, Mannella I, Sainas S, Rolando B, Denasio E, Piercy-Mycock H, Romalho L, Salladini E, Adinolfi S, Zonari D, Peraldo-Neia C, Chiorino G, Passoni A, Mirza OA, Frydenvang K, Pors K, Lolli ML, Spyrakis F, Oliaro-Bosso S, Boschi D. Structure-guided optimization of 3-hydroxybenzoisoxazole derivatives as inhibitors of Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) to target prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116193. [PMID: 38364714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
AKR1C3 is an enzyme that is overexpressed in several types of radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-resistant cancers. Despite AKR1C3 is a validated target for drug development, no inhibitor has been approved for clinical use. In this manuscript, we describe our study of a new series of potent AKR1C3-targeting 3-hydroxybenzoisoxazole based inhibitors that display high selectivity over the AKR1C2 isoform and low micromolar activity in inhibiting 22Rv1 prostate cancer cell proliferation. In silico studies suggested proper substituents to increase compound potency and provided with a mechanistic explanation that could clarify their different activity, later confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Both the in-silico studies and the crystallographic data highlight the importance of 90° rotation around the single bond of the biphenyl group, in ensuring that the inhibitor can adopt the optimal binding mode within the active pocket. The p-biphenyls that bear the meta-methoxy, and the ortho- and meta-trifluoromethyl substituents (in compounds 6a, 6e and 6f respectively) proved to be the best contributors to cellular potency as they provided the best IC50 values in series (2.3, 2.0 and 2.4 μM respectively) and showed no toxicity towards human MRC-5 cells. Co-treatment with scalar dilutions of either compound 6 or 6e and the clinically used drug abiraterone led to a significant reduction in cell proliferation, and thus confirmed that treatment with both CYP171A1-and AKR1C3-targeting compounds possess the potential to intervene in key steps in the steroidogenic pathway. Taken together, the novel compounds display desirable biochemical potency and cellular target inhibition as well as good in-vitro ADME properties, which highlight their potential for further preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Chiara Pippione
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Sandra Kovachka
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Chiara Vigato
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Bertarini
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Iole Mannella
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Sainas
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Denasio
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Helen Piercy-Mycock
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Linda Romalho
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edoardo Salladini
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Adinolfi
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Zonari
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Caterina Peraldo-Neia
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Alice Passoni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Osman Asghar Mirza
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karla Frydenvang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Marco Lucio Lolli
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Donatella Boschi
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
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Verma P, Shukla N, Kumari S, Ansari M, Gautam NK, Patel GK. Cancer stem cell in prostate cancer progression, metastasis and therapy resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188887. [PMID: 36997008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most diagnosed malignancy in the men worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the sub-population of cells present in the tumor which possess unique properties of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation thus thought to be major cause of therapy resistance, disease relapse, and mortality in several malignancies including PCa. CSCs have also been shown positive for the common stem cells markers such as ALDH EZH2, OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, Nanog etc. Therefore, isolation and characterization of CSCs specific markers which may discriminate CSCs and normal stem cells are critical to selectively eliminate CSCs. Rapid advances in the field offers a theoretical explanation for many of the enduring uncertainties encompassing the etiology and an optimism for the identification of new stem-cell targets, development of reliable and efficient therapies in the future. The emerging reports have also provided unprecedented insights into CSCs plasticity, quiescence, renewal, and therapeutic response. In this review, we discuss the identification of PCa stem cells, their unique properties, stemness-driving pathways, new diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions.
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Dasgupta A. Significant Improvement in Digoxin Immunoassays Over Four Decades: Newer Assays are Less Affected by Interferences. Ther Drug Monit 2023; 45:26-34. [PMID: 36624574 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digitalis glycosides derived from foxglove plants have been used for medicinal purposes since the 16th century. Currently, digoxin derived from foxgloves is used clinically. Owing to the narrow therapeutic range, therapeutic drug monitoring is essential; however, digoxin immunoassays suffer from interference. METHODS The issue of interference was reviewed for both older polyclonal antibody-based digoxin assays and newer monoclonal antibody-based digoxin assays. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and ResearchGate for studies on digoxin immunoassays published in the English language from 1969 to the present. RESULTS Radioimmunoassays for digoxin in the 1970s and, later, first-generation nonradioimmunoassay methods were liable to several interferences, including digoxin-like immunoreactive substances, spironolactone, potassium canrenoate, and various digoxin metabolites. However, for the last 10-15 years, next next-generation digoxin immunoassays have been virtually free from such interferences. Nevertheless, certain herbal supplements, as well as both Digibind and DigiFab, interfere with serum digoxin measurement, even with the more recently developed digoxin assays. CONCLUSIONS More recently introduced monoclonal antibody-based digoxin assays are superior to the older polyclonal antibody-based digoxin assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Pippione AC, Kilic-Kurt Z, Kovachka S, Sainas S, Rolando B, Denasio E, Pors K, Adinolfi S, Zonari D, Bagnati R, Lolli ML, Spyrakis F, Oliaro-Bosso S, Boschi D. New aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) inhibitors based on the hydroxytriazole scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Crosstalk between Long Non Coding RNAs, microRNAs and DNA Damage Repair in Prostate Cancer: New Therapeutic Opportunities? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030755. [PMID: 35159022 PMCID: PMC8834032 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-coding RNAs are a type of genetic material that doesn’t make protein, but performs diverse regulatory functions. In prostate cancer, most treatments target proteins, and resistance to such therapies is common, leading to disease progression. Targeting non-coding RNAs may provide alterative treatment options and potentially overcome drug resistance. Major types of non-coding RNAs include tiny ‘microRNAs’ and much longer ‘long non-coding RNAs’. Scientific studies have shown that these form a major part of the human genome, and play key roles in altering gene activity and determining the fate of cells. Importantly, in cancer, their activity is altered. Recent evidence suggests that microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs play important roles in controlling response to DNA damage. In this review, we explore how different types of non-coding RNA interact to control cell DNA damage responses, and how this knowledge may be used to design better prostate cancer treatments and tests. Abstract It is increasingly appreciated that transcripts derived from non-coding parts of the human genome, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are key regulators of biological processes both in normal physiology and disease. Their dysregulation during tumourigenesis has attracted significant interest in their exploitation as novel cancer therapeutics. Prostate cancer (PCa), as one of the most diagnosed malignancies and a leading cause of cancer-related death in men, continues to pose a major public health problem. In particular, survival of men with metastatic disease is very poor. Defects in DNA damage response (DDR) pathways culminate in genomic instability in PCa, which is associated with aggressive disease and poor patient outcome. Treatment options for metastatic PCa remain limited. Thus, researchers are increasingly targeting ncRNAs and DDR pathways to develop new biomarkers and therapeutics for PCa. Increasing evidence points to a widespread and biologically-relevant regulatory network of interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs, with implications for major biological and pathological processes. This review summarises the current state of knowledge surrounding the roles of the lncRNA:miRNA interactions in PCa DDR, and their emerging potential as predictive and diagnostic biomarkers. We also discuss their therapeutic promise for the clinical management of PCa.
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Fontana F, Limonta P. Dissecting the Hormonal Signaling Landscape in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:1133. [PMID: 34067217 PMCID: PMC8151003 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer (PCa) progression towards its most aggressive, castration-resistant (CRPC) stage is urgently needed to improve the therapeutic options for this almost incurable pathology. Interestingly, CRPC is known to be characterized by a peculiar hormonal landscape. It is now well established that the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) axis is still active in CRPC cells. The persistent activity of this axis in PCa progression has been shown to be related to different mechanisms, such as intratumoral androgen synthesis, AR amplification and mutations, AR mRNA alternative splicing, increased expression/activity of AR-related transcription factors and coregulators. The hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), by binding to its specific receptors (GnRH-Rs) at the pituitary level, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the reproductive functions. GnRH and GnRH-R are also expressed in different types of tumors, including PCa. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that, in CRPC cells, the activation of GnRH-Rs is associated with a significant antiproliferative/proapoptotic, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic activity. This antitumor activity is mainly mediated by the GnRH-R-associated Gαi/cAMP signaling pathway. In this review, we dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of the androgen/AR and GnRH/GnRH-R axes in CRPC progression and the possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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