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Rossini E, Tamburello M, Abate A, Zini S, Ribaudo G, Gianoncelli A, Calza S, Valcamonico F, Suardi NR, Mirabella G, Berruti A, Sigala S. The CDK Inhibitor Dinaciclib Improves Cisplatin Response in Nonseminomatous Testicular Cancer: A Preclinical Study. Cells 2024; 13:368. [PMID: 38474332 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) are treated with cisplatin (CP)-based chemotherapy. However, some of them may develop CP resistance and therefore represent a clinical challenge. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is involved in chemotherapy resistance in different types of cancer. Here, we investigated the possible role of CDK5 and other CDKs targeted by dinaciclib in nonseminoma cell models (both CP-sensitive and CP-resistant), evaluating the potential of the CDK inhibitor dinaciclib as a single/combined agent for the treatment of advanced/metastatic testicular cancer (TC). METHODS The effects of dinaciclib and CP on sensitive and resistant NT2/D1 and NCCIT cell viability and proliferation were evaluated using MTT assays and direct count methods. Flow cytometry cell-cycle analysis was performed. The protein expression was assessed via Western blotting. The in vivo experiments were conducted in zebrafish embryos xenografted with TC cells. RESULTS Among all the CDKs analyzed, CDK5 protein expression was significantly higher in CP-resistant models. Dinaciclib reduced the cell viability and proliferation in each cell model, inducing changes in cell-cycle distribution. In drug combination experiments, dinaciclib enhances the CP effect both in vitro and in the zebrafish model. CONCLUSIONS Dinaciclib, when combined with CP, could be useful for improving nonseminoma TC response to CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rossini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Tamburello
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Abate
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Zini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ribaudo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Calza
- Unit of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Valcamonico
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Nazareno R Suardi
- Urology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mirabella
- Urology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berruti
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sandra Sigala
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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2
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Cyclin-dependent kinases as potential targets for colorectal cancer: past, present and future. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1087-1105. [PMID: 35703127 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cancer in the world and its prevalence is increasing in developing countries. Deregulated cell cycle traverse is a hallmark of malignant transformation and is often observed in CRC as a result of imprecise activity of cell cycle regulatory components, viz. cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Apart from cell cycle regulation, some CDKs also regulate processes such as transcription and have also been shown to be involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. This article aims to review cyclin-dependent kinases as potential targets for CRC. Furthermore, therapeutic candidates to target CDKs are also discussed.
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Murphy JM, Jeong K, Ahn EYE, Lim STS. Nuclear focal adhesion kinase induces APC/C activator protein CDH1-mediated cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 degradation and inhibits melanoma proliferation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102013. [PMID: 35525274 PMCID: PMC9163754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) can promote unchecked cell proliferation and cancer progression. Although focal adhesion kinase (FAK) contributes to regulating cell cycle progression, the exact molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that FAK plays a key role in cell cycle progression potentially through regulation of CDK4/6 protein expression. We show that FAK inhibition increased its nuclear localization and induced G1 arrest in B16F10 melanoma cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate nuclear FAK associated with CDK4/6 and promoted their ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation through recruitment of CDC homolog 1 (CDH1), an activator and substrate recognition subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome E3 ligase complex. We found the FAK N-terminal FERM domain acts as a scaffold to bring CDK4/6 and CDH1 within close proximity. However, overexpression of nonnuclear-localizing mutant FAK FERM failed to function as a scaffold for CDK4/6 and CDH1. Furthermore, shRNA knockdown of CDH1 increased CDK4/6 protein expression and blocked FAK inhibitor-induced reduction of CDK4/6 in B16F10 cells. In vivo, we show that pharmacological FAK inhibition reduced B16F10 tumor size, correlating with increased FAK nuclear localization and decreased CDK4/6 expression compared with vehicle controls. In patient-matched healthy skin and melanoma biopsies, we found FAK was mostly inactive and nuclear localized in healthy skin, whereas melanoma lesions showed increased active cytoplasmic FAK and elevated CDK4 expression. Taken together, our data demonstrate that FAK inhibition blocks tumor proliferation by inducing G1 arrest, in part through decreased CDK4/6 protein stability by nuclear FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Murphy
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kyuho Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Eun-Young Erin Ahn
- Department of Pathology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ssang-Taek Steve Lim
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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4
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Liang H, Zhu Y, Zhao Z, Du J, Yang X, Fang H, Hou X. Structure-Based Design of 2-Aminopurine Derivatives as CDK2 Inhibitors for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:864342. [PMID: 35592410 PMCID: PMC9110766 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.864342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) regulates the progression of the cell cycle and is critically associated with tumor growth. Selective CDK2 inhibition provides a potential therapeutic benefit against certain tumors. Purines and related heterocycle (e.g., R-Roscovitine) are important scaffolds in the development of CDK inhibitors. Herein, we designed a new series of 2-aminopurine derivatives based on the fragment-centric pocket mapping analysis of CDK2 crystal structure. Our results indicated that the introduction of polar substitution at the C-6 position of purine would be beneficial for CDK2 inhibition. Among them, compound 11l showed good CDK2 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 19 nM) and possessed good selectivity against other CDKs. Further in vitro tests indicated that compound 11l possesses anti-proliferation activity in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulation suggested the favorable binding mode of compound 11l, which may serve as a new lead compound for the future development of CDK2 selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jintong Du
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Xuben Hou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
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5
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Comito F, Pagani R, Grilli G, Sperandi F, Ardizzoni A, Melotti B. Emerging Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Advanced Cutaneous Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:271. [PMID: 35053435 PMCID: PMC8773625 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with advanced cutaneous melanoma has radically changed in the past decade. Nevertheless, primary or acquired resistance to systemic treatment occurs in many cases, highlighting the need for novel treatment strategies. This review has the purpose of summarizing the current area of interest for the treatment of metastatic or unresectable advanced cutaneous melanoma, including data from recently completed or ongoing clinical trials. The main fields of investigation include the identification of new immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-LAG3, GITR agonist and anti-TIGIT), adoptive cell therapy, vaccines, engineered TCR therapy, IL-2 agonists, novel targets for targeted therapy (new MEK or RAF inhibitors, HDAC, IDO, ERK, Axl, ATR and PARP inhibitors), or combination strategies (antiangiogenetic agents plus immune checkpoint inhibitors, intra-tumoral immunotherapy in combination with systemic therapy). In many cases, only preliminary efficacy data from early phase trials are available, which require confirmation in larger patient cohorts. A more in-depth knowledge of the biological effects of the molecules and identifying predictive biomarkers remain crucial for selecting patient populations most likely to benefit from novel emerging treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Comito
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni, 15-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.); (B.M.)
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rachele Pagani
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni, 15-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.); (B.M.)
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giada Grilli
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni, 15-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.); (B.M.)
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Sperandi
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni, 15-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.); (B.M.)
| | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni, 15-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.); (B.M.)
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Melotti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni, 15-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.); (B.M.)
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6
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Li Q, Chen L, Ma YF, Jian XE, Ji JH, You WW, Zhao PL. Development of pteridin-7(8H)-one analogues as highly potent cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors: Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and biological activity. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105324. [PMID: 34509794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CDK4/6 have been validated as the cancer therapeutic targets. Here, we describe a series of pteridin-7(8H)-one analogues as potent CDK4/6 inhibitors. Among them, the most promising compound 7s demonstrated remarkable and broad-spectrum antiproliferative activities toward HCT116, HeLa, MDA-MB-231, and HT-29 cells with IC50 values of 0.65, 0.70, 0.39, and 2.53 μM, respectively, which were more potent than that of the anticancer drug Palbociclib. Interestingly, 7s also manifested the greatest inhibitory activities toward both CDK4/cyclin D3 and CDK6/cyclin D3 (IC50 = 34.0 and 65.1 nM, respectively), which was comparable with Palbociclib. Additionally, molecular simulation indicated that 7s bound efficiently at the ATPbindingsitesofCDK4 and CDK6. Further mechanistic studies revealed that compound 7s could concentration-dependently induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HeLa cells. Takentogether, 7s represents a promising novel CDK4/6 inhibitor for the potential treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yu-Feng Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xie-Er Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jia-Hao Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Wen-Wei You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Pei-Liang Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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7
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Panagiotou E, Gomatou G, Trontzas IP, Syrigos N, Kotteas E. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors in solid tumors: a review of clinical trials. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 24:161-192. [PMID: 34363593 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play a key regulating role in the cell cycle, which is almost universally altered in cancer, leading to sustained proliferation. Early pan-CDK inhibitors showed poor results in clinical trials for solid malignancies, as the lack of selectivity produced significant toxicity. The production of more selective inhibitors led to significant developments in cancer therapy, as CDK4/6 inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy changed the landscape of the treatment of hormone-receptor positive (HR +) metastatic breast cancer. Recently, Trilaciclib demonstrated benefits regarding hematological toxicity compared to placebo when administered in combination with chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer. Newer agents, such as SY-5609, a selective CDK7 inhibitor, have also shown promising results in early clinical trials. In this paper, we review the data from clinical trials of CDK inhibitors in solid tumors, either as a monotherapy or in combination with other agents, with an emphasis on novel agents and potential new indications for this drug class.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Panagiotou
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital, Athens School of Medicine, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - G Gomatou
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital, Athens School of Medicine, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - I P Trontzas
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital, Athens School of Medicine, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - N Syrigos
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital, Athens School of Medicine, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - E Kotteas
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital, Athens School of Medicine, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece
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8
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Karamanou K, Franchi M, Proult I, Rivet R, Vynios D, Brézillon S. Lumican Inhibits In Vivo Melanoma Metastasis by Altering Matrix-Effectors and Invadopodia Markers. Cells 2021; 10:841. [PMID: 33917849 PMCID: PMC8068222 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It was reported that lumican inhibits the activity of metalloproteinase MMP-14 and melanoma cell migration in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, Snail triggers epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the metastatic potential of cancer cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of lumican on Mock and Snail overexpressing melanoma B16F1 cells in vivo. Lung metastasis was analyzed after intravenous injections of Mock-B16F1 and Snail-B16F1 cells in Lum+/+ and Lum-/- mice. At day 14, mice were sacrificed, and lungs were collected. The number of lung metastatic nodules was significantly higher in mice injected with Snail-B16F1 cells as compared to mice injected with Mock-B16F1 cells confirming the pro-metastatic effect of Snail. This effect was stronger in Lum-/- mice as compared to Lum+/+, suggesting that endogenous lumican of wild-type mice significantly inhibits metastasis to lungs. Scanning electron and confocal microscopy investigations demonstrated that lumican inhibits the development of elongated cancer cell phenotypes which are known to develop invadopodia releasing MMPs. Moreover, lumican was shown to affect the expression of cyclin D1, cortactin, vinculin, hyaluronan synthase 2, heparanase, MMP-14 and the phosphorylation of FAK, AKT, p130 Cas and GSK3α/β. Altogether, these data demonstrated that lumican significantly inhibits lung metastasis in vivo, as well as cell invasion in vitro, suggesting that a lumican-based strategy targeting Snail-induced metastasis could be useful for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Karamanou
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, 51100 Reims, France; (K.K.); (I.P.); (R.R.)
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51095 Reims, France
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26501 Patras, Greece;
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47922 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Isabelle Proult
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, 51100 Reims, France; (K.K.); (I.P.); (R.R.)
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Romain Rivet
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, 51100 Reims, France; (K.K.); (I.P.); (R.R.)
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Demitrios Vynios
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26501 Patras, Greece;
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, 51100 Reims, France; (K.K.); (I.P.); (R.R.)
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51095 Reims, France
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9
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Ottaviano M, Giunta EF, Tortora M, Curvietto M, Attademo L, Bosso D, Cardalesi C, Rosanova M, De Placido P, Pietroluongo E, Riccio V, Mucci B, Parola S, Vitale MG, Palmieri G, Daniele B, Simeone E. BRAF Gene and Melanoma: Back to the Future. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073474. [PMID: 33801689 PMCID: PMC8037827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As widely acknowledged, 40-50% of all melanoma patients harbour an activating BRAF mutation (mostly BRAF V600E). The identification of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK (MAP kinase) signalling pathway and its targeting has represented a valuable milestone for the advanced and, more recently, for the completely resected stage III and IV melanoma therapy management. However, despite progress in BRAF-mutant melanoma treatment, the two different approaches approved so far for metastatic disease, immunotherapy and BRAF+MEK inhibitors, allow a 5-year survival of no more than 60%, and most patients relapse during treatment due to acquired mechanisms of resistance. Deep insight into BRAF gene biology is fundamental to describe the acquired resistance mechanisms (primary and secondary) and to understand the molecular pathways that are now being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies with the aim of improving outcomes in BRAF-mutant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Ottaviano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.D.P.); (E.P.); (V.R.); (B.M.); (S.P.)
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (D.B.); (C.C.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Emilio Francesco Giunta
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università Degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marianna Tortora
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Marcello Curvietto
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (M.G.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Laura Attademo
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (D.B.); (C.C.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
| | - Davide Bosso
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (D.B.); (C.C.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
| | - Cinzia Cardalesi
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (D.B.); (C.C.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
| | - Mario Rosanova
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (D.B.); (C.C.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
| | - Pietro De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.D.P.); (E.P.); (V.R.); (B.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Erica Pietroluongo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.D.P.); (E.P.); (V.R.); (B.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Vittorio Riccio
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.D.P.); (E.P.); (V.R.); (B.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Brigitta Mucci
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.D.P.); (E.P.); (V.R.); (B.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Parola
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.D.P.); (E.P.); (V.R.); (B.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Maria Grazia Vitale
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (M.G.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Giovannella Palmieri
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Bruno Daniele
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (D.B.); (C.C.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
| | - Ester Simeone
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (M.G.V.); (E.S.)
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